SENSITIVITY EXPERIMENTS ON INFLUENCES OF UPLIFT OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU ON CIRCULATION IN SUMMER*

A coupled general circulation model in a zonal belt is used to simulate the variation of circulation features in the process of uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.The results reveal that the heating rates of the Plateau increase with the rising of the Plateau topography,and the latent heating component in the heating field tends to be the most important heating factor.The uplift of the Plateau enhances the upward motion,intensifies the pressure systems in the high and low level atmosphere,reinforces Southeast Asia monsoon strength,increases precipitation and severely decreases the surface temperature over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.However.the basic structures of the general circulation do not vary much due to the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.and it is the land-sea distribution that is the decisive factor to form the present circulation pattern and monsoon.Therefore,to simulate the paleoclimate during the geological period people should consider more factors,especially the land-sea distribution.     

青藏高原隆升影响夏季大气环流的敏感性试验

本文用球带范围的大气环流耦合模式，模拟了青藏高原隆升过程中大气环流的变化。模拟的结果表明，高原对大气的加热作用随着高原地形的升高而加强，而其中潜热加热的贡献占据第一位。高原隆升加剧了高原上空大气的上升运动，使高低空的高低压系统得到了加强，增强了南亚和东亚的季风强度，并且引起高原地区降水明显增加，地表面平均温度剧烈下降。尽管如此，青藏高原的隆升并没有从根本上改变大气环流形势，海陆分布才是形成当代大气环流及季风的根本因子。因此，要模拟地质历史时期气候状况，除了高原地形外，还须考虑更多的因子，尤其是海陆分布的变化。     

青藏高原对亚洲季风平均环流影响的数值试验

利用垂直方向具有９层σ面、水平方向菱形截断波数为１５的全球大气环流谱模式和有、无青藏高原大地形两种情况下１０年积分的模拟结果，研究了青藏高原大地形对亚洲季风平均环流的影响。结果表明：有、无青藏高原大地形，亚洲冬、夏季季风平均环流均存在很大的差异。去除地形，使夏季高层的南亚高压、低层的大陆热低压、副热带高压及冬季的大陆冷高压在位置或强度上发生了改变；地形的有、无决定着冬季东亚大槽的强度；索马里越赤道气流有地形时明显较无地形时强；地形的有无还影响着降水强度和雨带的分布。另外，副热带高压中心及雨带的季节性移动与高原大地形的存在与否亦有很大的关系     

青藏高原隆升对亚洲季风形成和全球气候与环境变化的影响

综合介绍了青藏高原隆升对亚洲季风形成,半半球大气定常行星波建立,区域和全球气候变迁及环境演化的影响,并对近年来的研究进展作了较为详细的评述;指出今后需要深入研究的若干问题。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE INFLUENCES OF GENERAL CIRCULATION ANOMALY OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND SURFACE ALBEDO CHANGE IN NORTHWEST CHINA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION

An advanced three-level global atmospheric general circulation model has been used to studythe summer precipitation anomaly in Northwest China.based on the synoptic fact and thestatistical analysis of the precipitation,the surface albedo in Northwest China,and the synopticsystems over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang)Plateau.The results show that either the anticycloneintensified over the plateau or the surface alhedo enhanced in Northwest China results in summerprecipitation reduction east of Northwest China.Especially.when both of them appearsimultaneously,summer precipitation was obviously reduced and severe drought occurred in mostareas of Northwest China.Moreover.the simulated difference of precipitation rate of NorthwestChina is similar to the actural precipitation distribution in Northwest China in 1995,which is themost severe drought year in Northwest China in the past fifty years.So the tendency in droughtseverity intensified,drought frequency accelerated,drought persistence period extended,anddrought areas expanded in Northwest China in recent years is maybe a result of the influences ofhuman activities(e.g.vegetation was reduced,and desertification worsened)on droughtcirculation pattens over the Tibetan Plateau.     

青藏高原地表反射率变化对东亚夏季风影响的数值试验

本文通过两组数值试验的对比分析，说明当青藏高原主体范围内的地表反射率增大时将造成东亚夏季风减弱，表现在东亚陆地上的海平面气压升高，从春到夏地面南区北上缓慢，对流层上导风急流建立推迟。中国东部季风降水减少。     

夏季青藏高原500hPa高压活动期间大气加热状况与大气环流特征

由于青藏高原500hPa层出现高压系统的活动,使高原大气产生“上高下高”的气压场结构,从而东亚大气环流也发生某些相应的变化。本文统计分析了高原500hPa高压的散度与垂直速度分布、高原大气热源的演变和100hPa层涡度、纬向风以及经圈环流的变化等。结果认为,由于夏季高原500hPa高压的活动,使高原上空垂直上升运动和对流加热受到抑制,100hPa南亚高压强度减弱、位置北抬、有向西部型过渡的特征。高原北侧西风急流减弱,东风急流南支与北支合并后位于原北文东风急流位置以南,侵入高原南麓的西南季风减弱。与此同时,孟加拉湾上空上升运动有所增强,其对流加热对维持东风急流乃至南亚季风将起重要作用。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEATING ANOMALY EFFECTS OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON CIRCULATION IN SUMMER

A 5-layer numerical model with p-σ incorporated coordinate system and primitive equations is used to simulatethe effects of heating anomaly at and over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang)Plateau on the circulations in East Asia in sum-mer,The model is described briefly in the text and the results are analysed in somewhat detail.Results show that the sur-face albedo,the drag coefficient,the evaporation rate and the ground temperature all have large influences on the circula-tion near the Plateau and in East Asia.When the heating at the surface increases,the Tibetan high in the uppertroposphere intensifies,too.Its area enlarges and its axis tilts to northwest.The upper tropical easterly increase andshifts to north.The southwesterly in the lower troposphere,in consistence,also increases.The cross-equatorial low-lev-el currents along Somali and South India are influenced to increase their speeds while those over North Australia de-crease.The land low over the Asian Continent deepens.Meanwhile the upward motions over the land of east China andover the Indo-China Peninsula intensify and therefore the precipitation over those areas increases.However,along thecoastal area of China the upward motions and therefore the precipitation decrease.Atmospheric heat source anomaly has large influence on the circulation,too.Simulated results indicate that heatsource anomaly in the lower atmosphere over the Plateau influences the intensity and the position of the monsoon circu-lation while that in the upper atmosphere only affects the intensity.The heating status over the Plateau has slight influ-ence on the westerly jet,north of the Plateau,while it has strong effect on the subtropical jet at the mid and low latitudes.     

青藏高原冬春季雪盖对东亚夏季大气环流影响的研究

通过分析青藏高原积雪的基本特征，指出高原冬春季雪盖在东亚夏季气候形成与异常中的重要作用，同时分别总结了高原冬春季积雪对东亚夏季大气环流影响的诊断研究和数值试验进展，提出了高原冬春季雪盖对气候影响的可能机制。     

青藏高原OLR的气候特征及其对北半球大气环流的影响

利用１９７４－１９９０年青藏高原地区地－气系统月平均射出长波辐射资料，采用ＥＯＦ方法分析了前３个特征向量场，得到了青藏高原地区地－气系统射出长波辐射的几种异常形式，阐述了它们的天气气候特征，并对不同气候区的持续 及其与北半球大气环流的关系作了研究。     

论青藏高原隆起作用于大气的临界高度

在以前工作的基础上，从大气动力学、热力学及气候学的角度，进一步论证了在青茂高原隆起过程中存在一个临界高度ｈｃ（－１．５－２ｋｍ）。当高原隆起突破这一临界高度时才开始对大气产生强烈的作用，从而造成大气环流、大气热力结构、亚洲区域以及全球气候等一系列巨大转变。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF QINGHAIXIZANG PLATEAU SNOW COVER ON SUMMER MONSOON FORMATION

The calculating schemes of underlying surface processes in the model described by Li et al.(1989)are modified with inclusion of simple land surface processes and oceanic mixed layer processes,then a simulation on the zonal wind along 90°E from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere with moun-tains is performed.Comparisons of the results and the observations show that the modified model not onlyhas an excellent stability in calculation but also can better display the seasonal change of the wind field,theability of the present model is improved as compared with that of the previous one.Based on the simulations,the authors investigate the effects of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau snow cover on theformation of South Asian monsoon by thickcning the snow depth and by increasing the snow albedo.Themain results arc as follows:The summer meridional circulation over the south of the Plateau and its vicinityis weakeued,and the precipitation reduced.However,over the northern tropics,the circulation is enhanced,and the ecipitation is increased,and the land and the air above it become warmer,the tropical easterly jetis weakened.     

青藏高原动力和热力作用对季节转换期全球大气环流影响的数值研究

利用ＣＣＭ１（Ｒ１５Ｌ７）－ＬＮＷＰ模式，以１９９６年３月１７日的国家气象中心客观分析资料为初始场，分别采用有、无青藏高原两种方案，数值研究了青藏高原对５月份全球大气环流季节转换的影响。试验结果表明：北半球初夏，青藏高原区域用同纬度地区的一个中空热源，其作用可以在２００ｈＰａ层形成一个２２４Ｋ的暖中心，使大气增暖７Ｋ以上。高原地形的动力和非绝热作用使得南极大陆２００ｈＰａ层大部分地区降温６Ｋ左右，最大负中心可达－８．２８Ｋ，这对于南半球由夏至冬过程中，环极涡旋的强度加深和范围扩大是有利的。高原地形作用对北半球大气环流平均槽脊的形成和维持有十分重要的影响，它加强了高原所在纬度带北侧（减弱了南侧）由南向北的正温度梯度，同时也增强了３０°Ｓ附近由北向南的正温度梯度，从而有利于季节转换过程中全球中纬西风带的整体北移和初夏亚洲季风环流的形成。同时高原地形作用在赤道及低纬地区形成的位势增加区，有利于南半球热带高压脊的北退和北半球副高增强北移。此外，它还有利于南半球极地东风带的增强和５００ｈＰａ层环极低压带的强度减弱，同时增加了罗斯海附近的极涡强度，对赤道的索马里急流的形成也有重要影响     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF QINGHAI-XIZANG (TIBETAN) PLATEAU ON SEASONAL TRANSITION OF GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION

It is a worthwhile attempt to address the role of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in the seasonal transition of general circulation from a global prospective. In this paper, the CCM1 (R15L7)-LNWP spectral model is used to study the influences of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on the seasonal transfer of the general circulation, with the objective analysis form the State Meteorological Center for March 17, 1996 as the initial field. A mid-level heating source in regions on the same latitudes is shown to cause a warming center of 224 K to form on the level of 200 hPa that warms up the atmosphere by more than 7 K and a drop of temperature by about 6 K on most of the 200-hPa layer over the Antarctic continent, with the largest negative center being-8.28 K. It is favorable to the deepening and widening of the polar vortexes in the course of transition from summer to winter. The topographic effect of the plateau plays a vital role in forming and maintaining the mean troughs and ridges of the atmospheric circulation in Northern Hemisphere such that it strengthens (weakens) the south-north positive gradient of temperature on the northern (southern) side of the latitude zone in which the plateau sits and increases the north-south gradient of temperature near 30°N. The seasonal transition is thus favored so that the bulk travel of global westerly at the middle latitudes and the formation of Asian monsoon in early summer are made possible. In the equatorial and low-latitude areas where the geopotential is increased, the effect of the plateau terrain is also evident in that it is favorable for the northern withdrawal of the tropical high ridge in Southern Hemisphere and the northern shift of the subtropical high in Northern Hemisphere. In addition, the effect also helps increase the polar easterly over the Southern Hemisphere and weaken the low zone at 500 hPa. It acts as an increasing factor for the polar vortex around the Ross Sea and contributes to the genesis of the Somali Jet on the equator.     

夏季青藏高原水汽输送特征

使用ＧＭＳ－５的６．７μｍ水汽图、云图及天气图等资料，综合分析了１９９５年６月中旬至７月上旬青藏高原上空的水汽输送过程，总结出中、高层水汽输送的三种环流型特征（脊东型、脊西型和反相型）；并初步分析了它们与降雨的关系。     

1990年夏季青藏高原加热场与100hPa青藏高压

对青藏高原加热场与青藏高压发展和维持的影响程度进行了一些阐述，着重分析青藏高原的热量变化以及热量传递的主要方式，并对青藏高原加热场与青藏高压位置对应等方面进行了一些探讨     

盛夏青藏高原低涡发展东移的动能收支过程

本文计算了5次发展东移和原地生消的青藏高原低涡的动能收支。分析表明,由于环境场对低涡的作用不同,使得高原低涡或发展东移,或原地生消。在此基础上提出了高原低涡发展东移的动能收支过程。这种分析对天气预报和数值模式是有益的。