海绿石质凝缩层－克拉通盆地层序地层划分对比的关键──华北寒武系凝缩层的特征和含义

凝缩层（ＣＳ）是当代层序地层学和沉积学研究的热点之一。作者首次在华北地台寒武纪层序中发现了一系列海绿石质凝缩层（段）。文中重点论述了凝缩层的相带分布、地球化学及其特征自生海绿石的形成演化等，给出了一个克拉通盆地Ⅲ级海平面变化周期的层序地层、年代地层模型及其凝缩间断时间过程。富钾海绿石及其丰度是鉴定凝缩层、其时限和级别的最佳标准。本文从全球海平面变化观点给凝缩层赋予新定义。研究证明，海绿石质凝缩层是克拉通盆地识别最大海泛期和进行层序地层对比的关键。     

海绿石质凝缩层－克拉通盆地层序地层划分对比的关键──华北寒武系凝缩层的特征和含义

凝缩层（ＣＳ）是当代层序地层学和沉积学研究的热点之一。作者首次在华北地台寒武纪层序中发现了一系列海绿石质凝缩层（段）。文中重点论述了凝缩层的相带分布、地球化学及其特征自生海绿石的形成演化等，给出了一个克拉通盆地Ⅲ级海平面变化周期的层序地层、年代地层模型及其凝缩间断时间过程。富钾海绿石及其丰度是鉴定凝缩层、其时限和级别的最佳标准。本文从全球海平面变化观点给凝缩层赋予新定义。研究证明，海绿石质凝缩层是克拉通盆地识别最大海泛期和进行层序地层对比的关键。关键词     

新疆塔中石炭系层序地层学研究：一个克拉通内坳陷盆地的层序地层…

塔中地区石炭纪原型沉积盆地属挤压性克拉通内坳陷盆地。在石炭系中可识别出３个Ｉ型层序界面和３个Ⅱ型层序界面，据此，划分出５个沉积层序。它们具有标准层序所具有的地层特征，相当于三级海平面升降旋回的沉积单元。在区域上或全球范围内这些旋回基本上具可对比性。与被动大陆边缘型盆地相比，其层序地层框架具有明显的差异，主要表现为缺失低闰早、中期的沉积体系，深切河谷不发育，代表最大海泛期的凝缩层不发育；Ⅱ型层序界面     

新疆塔中石炭系层序地层学研究——一个克拉通内坳陷盆地的层序地层框架模式

塔中地区石炭纪原型沉积盆地属挤压性克拉通内坳陷盆地。在石炭系中可识别出3个Ⅰ型层序界面和3个Ⅱ型层序界面,据此,划分出5个沉积层序。它们具有标准层序所具有的地层特征,相当于三级海平面升降旋回的沉积单元。在区域上或全球范围内这些旋回基本上具可对比性。与被动大陆边缘型盆地相比,其层序地层框架具有明显的差异,主要表现为缺失低水位早、中期的沉积体系,深切河谷不发育,代表最大海泛期的凝缩层不发育;Ⅱ型层序界面较普遍,海岸平原沉积体系发育,在潮湿气候条件下常与陆架型扇三角洲体系共生,组成海陆交互的岩相框架。     

峡东地区奥陶系庙坡组地球化学异常与海平面变化研究

通过对峡东地区陈家河剖面奥陶系庙坡组笔石动物群及稀土元素地球化学、有机碳同位素异常和Ce异常的研究，讨论了庙坡组沉积时期的海平面变化及相应的层序地层的划分，整个庙坡组可以划分为一个三级层序，其海侵域相当于H.teretiusculus带的沉积，当海平面达到最大海泛面附近时的凝缩沉积及其后的高住域则与N.gracilis带的沉积相当。并认为这一时期笔石的生态差异主要受温度的控制而非地理阻隔的影响。     

中国晚寒武世长山期最大海泛事件及其全球对比意义

在华北地台寒武-奥陶系层序地层研究中发现了不同层序中的海绿石质凝缩层。长山期最大海泛凝缩层系以富钾海绿右的双层结构复合层系为特征,富集多种金属元素和磷、锰、K_2O为特点。长山期海泛事件具有全球对比意义。笔者已在北欧,北美及亚洲26个洲际剖面点发现了长山事件记录。详细的比较沉积学、微相、米级旋回和Fischer图解研究均证明长山期最大海泛事件系起因干二级与三、四级海平面变化周期复合叠加作用,形成时限为1.2-3Ma,最后提出长山期全球海泛事件的洲际模式。     

淹没不整合型碳酸盐三级旋回层序——兼论碳酸盐台地的“凝缩作用”

与层序地层学定义的类型Ⅰ层序（ＬＳＴ＋ＴＳＴ＋ＣＳ＋ＨＳＴ）及类型Ⅱ层序（ＳＭＴ＋ＴＳＴ＋ＣＳ＋ＨＳＴ）不同，淹没不整合型碳酸盐三级旋回层序以凝缩段直接覆盖在层序界面之上形成的，“ＣＳ＋ＨＳＴ”序列为特征，而且其底界面为一淹没不整合面或加深饥饿间断面。该类型三级旋回层序是碳酸盐台地淹没事件产生的凝缩作用过程的产物，它以总体向上变浅的非对称相序为特征。华北北部晚寒武世地层中发育的四个淹没不整合型三级旋回层序的相序特征表明，台地淹没事件及其相关的凝缩作用，只要沉积背景适合，并非三级旋回层序所独有，高频率海平面变化也常产生“瞬时淹没”，因而凝缩段并非都发育在最大海侵期，并且凝缩段也存在级别归属问题。     

徐州贾汪地区中—上寒武统藻礁,风暴层与海平面变化

笔者详细研究了徐州贾汪地区中－上寒武统的二郎山等剖面,将张夏组－凤山组划分为３个各具特色的三级层序,根据各层序内副层序的堆叠形式进一上划分出海侵体系域（ＴＳＴ）凝缩段（ＣＳ）及高位体系域（ＨＳＴ）其中张夏层序的藻礁为中－晚寒武世期间发育的最大规模碳酸盐岩缓坡藻礁,崮山层序凝胶缩代表中－晚寒武世最大海泛（海侵）期沉积,长山－凤山层序顶部白云岩代表中－晚寒武世最小海平面（海退）时期的沉积。     

四川西昌盆地下二叠统层序地层及其演化

运用层序地球化学方法和原理,结合详细的露头层序地层学研究,对西昌盆地下二叠统进行了层序划分和对比。结果表明西昌盆地下二叠统地层可划分为1个二级层序、2个层序组和6个三级层序。P1q层序组(三级层序1、2、3)构成该二级层序的LST和TST,三级层序4下部发育的(茅口组底部)凝缩层相当于二级层序的最大海泛面,而P1m中上部(三级层序4中上部和三级层序5、6)则构成该二级层序的HST。西昌地区下二叠统层序发育形成过程,总体表现为海平面上升和盆地不断向古陆超覆。沉积序列、古氧相含量、锶含量、碳氧同位素和TOC的变化旋回揭示西昌盆地早二叠世经历了6次三级海平面变化旋回(6个三级层序),在华南地区乃至全球范围内均可进行对比。建立的层序充填模式揭示出Hercynian早期全球海平面上升,盆地不断向古陆超覆,奠定了早二叠世西昌海域盆地的轮廓。     

黔中早二叠世茅口晚期断裂陆缘层序地层分析

黔中早二叠世晚期发育变异多姿的硅质岩－碳酸盐岩和火山岩，笔者通过大地构造学、火山岩岩石学和岩石地球化学、层序地层学的综合分析认为，与一般的被动大陆边缘不同，该区这种断裂大陆边缘的层序地层特征主要依据纵向上反映海平面变化的岩性突变来识别，而岩性突变又是构造变动的反映。据此，将该区茅口组二段划分为一个准层序组和两个准层序，每个准层序以突变最大海泛面为基础，包含了凝缩层和加积高位体系域；横向上解释为破裂碳酸盐台地型层序地层格架，即把构造作用与层序地层格架的形成以及沉积体系的分异统一起来，提出了断裂陆缘层序层分析的实例。     

沉积体系域控矿机制讨论——以华南泥盆纪某些沉积层控矿床为例

七十年代末期,由于地震地层学的扩展,层序地层学应运而生并已成为沉积地质学研究领域的前沿学科,也是全球沉积地质计划(GSGP)的重要内容之一和第十三届国际沉积学大会的中心议题之一,由此可见地质工作者对进行层序地层研究的热衷程度。七·五期间,在刘宝珺教授领导的《中国南方岩相古地理及沉积、层控矿产远景预测》项目中,运用层序地层学的理论和方法对中国南方震旦纪至二叠纪的沉积层序进行了研究,并建立了离散型被动大陆边缘、汇聚型挤压盆地和板内盆地中的沉积层序模式和海平面升降曲线。在进行《湖南     

华北晚古生代海平面变化研究

本文通过对华北板块沉积层序的研究，认为晚古生代沉积建造形成于一个二级海平面变化周期内，其中包括４个三级海平面变化旋回，分别发育于晚石炭世早期早时，晚石炭世早期晚时至晚石炭世晚期，早二在世和中二在早期至晚二叠世早期。每个三级海平面变化周期内又包含了若干个四级升降旋回。海平面变化具有全球性和等时住，本区的二级和三级海平面变化可与俄罗斯地台和北美地台等对比。     

Third-order depositional sequences reflecting Milankovitch cyclicity

The origin of third-order depositional sequences remains debatable, and in many cases it is not clear whether they were controlled by tectonic activity and/or by eustatic sea-level changes. In Oxfordian and Berriasian–Valanginian carbonate-dominated sections of Switzerland, France, Germany and Spain, high-resolution sequence-stratigraphic and cyclostratigraphic analyses show that the sedimentary record reflects Milankovitch cyclicity. Orbitally induced insolation changes translated into sea-level fluctuations, which in turn controlled accommodation changes. Beds and bedsets formed in rhythm with the precession and 100-kyr eccentricity cycles, whereas the 400-kyr eccentricity cycle contributed to the creation of major depositional sequences. Biostratigraphical data allow the correlation of many of the 400-kyr sequence boundaries with third-order sequence boundaries recognized in European basins. This implies that climatically controlled sea-level changes contributed to the formation of third-order sequences. Furthermore, this cyclostratigraphical approach improves the relative dating of stratigraphic intervals.     

Facies, cycles, and controls on the evolution of a keep-up carbonate platform (Kimmeridgian, Swiss Jura)

During the Late Jurassic, accelerated ocean-floor spreading and associated sea-level rise were responsible for a worldwide transgression, which reached its maximum in the Late Kimmeridgian. In many Western European basins, this major sea-level rise led to the formation of marly and condensed sections. In the Swiss Jura, however, a shallow carbonate platform kept growing and only subtle changes in the stratigraphic record suggest an increasingly open-marine influence. Field observations and thin-section analyses reveal that the central Swiss Jura was at that time occupied by tidal flats and by more or less open marine lagoons where shoals and bioherms developed. The evolution through time of sedimentary facies and bed thicknesses permits the definition of small-, medium-, and large-scale depositional sequences. The diagnostic features of these sequences are independent of scale and seem largely controlled by the Kimmeridgian second-order transgression. A high-resolution sequence-stratigraphic correlation with biostratigraphically well-dated hemipelagic and pelagic sections in the Vocontian Basin in France reveals that: (i) The most important increase in accommodation recorded in the Kimmeridgian of the central Swiss Jura occurs in the Eudoxus ammonite zone (Late Kimmeridgian) and corresponds to the second-order maximum flooding recognized in many sedimentary basins. (ii) The small- and medium-scale sequences have time durations corresponding to the first and second orbital eccentricity cycle (i.e. 100 and 400 ka, respectively), suggesting that sedimentation on the platform and in the basin was at least partly controlled by cyclic environmental changes induced by insolation variations in the Milankovitch frequency band. The comparison of the high-resolution temporal framework defined in the Swiss Jura and Vocontian Basin with the sequence-stratigraphic interpretation realized in other Western European basins shows that the large-scale sequence boundaries defined in the Kimmeridgian of the Swiss Jura appear in comparable biostratigraphic positions in most Western European basins. Discrepancies that occur are probably because of local or regional tectonics.     

四川江油马角坝地区上石炭统层序地层研究

应用露头层序地层学基本原理和方法、结合碳酸盐岩微相、古生物学、成岩作用、沉积相和沉积事件等理论,对江油马角坝地区上石炭统碳酸盐岩地层进行了露头层序地层研究。研究表明,研究区晚石炭世为典型的陆表海沉积,地形平坦,地壳下降相对缓慢,海水较浅,沉积物界面与海平面接近,主体为碳酸盐岩开阔台地和浅滩沉积环境。水体主体深度为0~50m,为低幅高频低速的海平面变化。根据沉积层序界面的露头和镜下标志,共划分出7个三级层序,反映了研究区晚石炭世具有7次相对较大的海平面升降旋回。发育TST和HST,普遍缺失LST,局部CS难以识别。平均每个层序时限约为2.7Ma,并伴随着多次四级、五级乃至高频海平面变化,共同组成了研究区简单而复杂的碳酸盐岩地层格架。动力机制主要源于晚古生代冰川型全球海平面变化,其原因可能为晚古生代冰期(大洋水体积的周期型变化或大陆冰盖的增长和衰减)和风暴事件共同作用的结果,同时受到古地形、物源和沉积物供应量变化的制约。其中,CSQ1、CSQ3和CSQ4对应的海平面变化幅度较大,海平面变化速率主要为突发性的快递上升到缓慢下降或缓慢上升到相对下降的特点。CSQ2、CSQ5、CSQ6和CSQ7对应的海平面变化幅度不大,为缓慢上升和缓慢下降的特点。     

安徽中南部震旦纪-三叠纪二级层序的划分

安徽中南部震旦纪至三叠纪各时期为陆源碎屑沉积环境和碳酸盐沉积环境的交替,据沉积盆地内或滨、浅海交接地带沉积相序的变化、相的叠置变化关系,结合关键部位的层序界面和凝缩层特征,将其分为８个二级层序,每一个二级层序在盆地内或滨、浅诲交接部位,在沉积相序上总的趋势均表现为由浅→深→浅的变化,且与海平面变化曲线相吻合。二级层序的界线和凝结层往往是该二级层序内若干个三级层序中海平面下降或上升最为显著的转折部位,这些界面类型往往与构造运动、海平面变化、冰川事件有关。     

滇黔桂盆地及其邻区二叠系与三叠系之交的淹没不整合面

滇黔桂盆地及其邻区在晚二叠世长兴晚期发生快速海侵,导致了第I幕淹没事件,研究区内的连陆台地大部分被淹没,形成大隆组硅质泥页岩系凝缩段地层和其下相对局限发育的第I幕淹没不整合面;在早三叠世印度初期发生更大规模的快速海侵,导致更大的第Ⅱ幕淹没事件,研究区内的连陆台地和孤立台地均被淹没,形成罗楼组、马脚岭组等同时异相沉积地层底部的钙质泥页岩系凝缩段地层和其下全区普遍发育的较为典型的第Ⅱ幕淹没不整合面。这两幕淹没不整合面合称二叠系与三叠系之交的淹没不整合面,它们是三级层序SQ₂₆的底界面,具有明显的穿时性;凝缩段是它们的主要标志。中二叠世冷坞末期和晚二叠世吴家坪末期的两幕东吴运动导致的研究区古地理背景的重大改变对淹没不整合面的发育有重要的影响。淹没不整合面的形成与二叠纪末期发生的全球淹没事件基本同步,是全球海平面急剧上升的结果,它对研究区的石油勘探具有积极的地质意义。     

Facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis in an intracratonic, thermal-relaxation basin: the Early Proterozoic, Lower Quilalar Formation and Ballara Quartzite, Mount Isa Inlier, Australia

The Quilalar Formation and correlative Mary Kathleen Group in the Mount Isa Inlier, Australia, conformably overlie rift-related volcanics and sediments and non-conformably overlie basement rocks. They represent a thermal-relaxation phase of sedimentation between 1780 and 1740 Ma. Facies analysis of the lower siliciclastic member of the Quilalar Formation and the coeval Ballara Quartzite permits discrimination of depositional systems that were restricted areally to either N-S-trending marginal platform or central trough palaeogeographic settings. Four depositional systems, each consisting of several facies, are represented in the lower Quilalar Formation-Ballara Quartzite; these are categorized broadly as storm-dominated shelf (SDS), continental (C), tide-dominated shelf (TDS) and wave-dominated shoreline (WDS). SDS facies consist either of black pyritic mudstone intervals up to 10 m thick, or mudstone and sandstone associated in 6–12-m-thick, coarsening-upward parasequences. Black mudstones are interpreted as condensed sections that developed as a result of slow sedimentation in an outer-shelf setting starved of siliciclastic influx. Vertical transition of facies in parasequences reflects flooding followed by shoaling of different shelf subenvironments; the shoreface contains evidence of subaerial exposure. Continental facies consist of fining-upward parasequences of fluvial origin and tabular, 0·4–4-m-thick, aeolian parasequences. TDS facies are represented by stacked, tabular parasequences between 0·5 and 5 m thick. Vertical arrangement of facies in parasequences reflects flooding and establishment of a tidal shelf followed by shoaling to intertidal conditions. WDS facies are preserved in 0·5–3-m-thick, stacked, tabular parasequences. Vertical transition of facies reflects initial flooding with wave reworking of underlying arenites along a ravinement surface, followed by shoaling from lower shoreface to foreshore conditions. Parasequences are stacked in retrogradational and progradational parasequence sets. Retrogradational sets consist of thin SDS parasequences in the trough, and C, TDS and probably WDS parasequences on the platforms. Thick SDS parasequences in the trough, and TDS, subordinate C and probably WDS parasequences on the platforms make up progradational parasequence sets. Depositional systems are associated in systems tracts that make up 40–140-m-thick sequences bounded by type-2 sequence boundaries that are disconformities. Transgressive systems tracts consist of C, TDS and probably WDS depositional systems on the platforms and the SDS depositional system and suspension mudstone deposits in the trough. The transgressive systems tract is characterized by retrogradational parasequence sets and developed in response to accelerating rates of sea-level rise following lowstand. Condensed-section deposits in the trough, and the thickest TDS parasequences on the platforms reflect maximum rates of sea-level rise and define maximum flooding surfaces. Highstand systems tract deposits are progradational. Early highstand systems tracts are represented by TDS and probably WDS depositional systems on the platforms and suspension mudstone deposits in the trough and reflect decreasing rates of sea-level rise. Later highstand systems tracts consist of the progradational SDS depositional system in the trough and, possibly, thin continental facies on the platforms. This stage of sequence development is related to slow rates of sea-level rise, stillstand and slow rates of fall. Lowstand deposits of shelf-margin systems tracts are not recognized but may be represented by shoreface deposits at the top of progradational SDS parasequence sets.     

湖南泥盆纪露头层序地层研究

湖南及相邻地区泥盆纪地层发育，其地层划分对比清楚，沉积类型丰富，地层裸露良好，是进行露头层序地层研究的理想场所。本文运用层序地层学的理论和方法，在详细的沉积学研究和精细的地层划分对比基础上，对湖南泥盆纪进行了精细的露头层序地层研究，详细阐述了层序建立和各种界面的露头标志，探讨了湖南泥盆纪的层序划分、海平面变化及全球对比，从而解释泥盆里各沉积层序的形成控制因素。