中国地热资源及其潜力评估

笔者在阐述中国地热资源特征的基础上,针对中国不同类型的地热资源,采用不同的计算方法对浅层地热能、水热型地热资源和干热岩地热资源进行了潜力评估。结果表明,中国287个地级以上重点城市浅层地热能为2.78×1020J,每年浅层地热能可利用资源量为2.89×1012kWh;中国主要平原(盆地)沉积盆地地热资源储量为2.5×1022J,可开采资源量为7.5×1021J;中国温泉区放热量共计1.32×1017J,可采资源为6.6×1017J/年;中国大陆3.0~5.0 km深处干热岩资源总计为2.5×1025J,是中国目前年度能源消耗总量的2.6×105倍。     

中国沉积盆地型地热资源特征

地热资源作为一种可再生清洁能源,对可持续发展有着重要的意义。本文通过分析中国沉积盆地型地热资源特点,对主要热储层分布进行了论述,并在此基础上对不同热储的水化学特征进行了总结,评价了我国主要沉积盆地型地热资源潜力。沉积盆地型地热资源主要为中低温地热资源,是中国水热型地热资源的主要类型,约占水热型地热资源总量的89%,具有储集空间广、厚度大,地热资源热储类型多、储量大,赋存中低温地热水,资源可利用程度高等特点。沉积盆地型地下热水水化学类型一般由补给区HCO_3-Na型、HCO_3·Cl-Na型等低矿化水,逐渐过渡为Cl·HCO_3-Na型,最终到排泄区或封闭状态下变为Cl-Na型等高矿化水。沉积盆地中热盆地热资源储存量较大,占到主要沉积盆地总储存量的54%,地热资源可开采量占到主要沉积盆地总可开采量的59%,温盆地热资源储存量占到42%,可开采量占到40%,冷盆地热资源储存量仅占到4%,可开采量占到1%。应进一步加强地热资源勘查工作;积极开展地热资源回灌,保证可持续开发利用;推进地热资源梯级综合利用;建立地热资源监测网。     

云南地热资源—以腾冲地区为重点进行解剖

位于中国西南部的云南省，具有丰富的地热资源。这些地热资源大致可分炻类：１．高温水热系统，２－中低－低温水热系统；２．“隐伏型”地热资源。根据地热背景的热显示，本研究首先对各构造单元中的地热资源进行了评价，然后重点分析了腾冲地热区的地热资源及其热源和水源的成因。     

中国地热资源融资模式的探讨

运用能源投资模式分析了中国地热资源投资的最佳规模及融资的最佳模式。结果表明: 地热投资基金作为新型的金融产品可以集社会资金, 通过专业人士的运筹, 对地热资源进行有效开发和合理利用, 从而达到地热资源的可持续发展。     

中国地热资源的地理分布与勘探

地热是地球内部一定层位或地质构造的热储－可供人类开发利用的一种新能源形式,中国有较丰富的地热资源,从地质地理条件特征论述了中国地热资源的分布和勘探开发利用的前景。     

中国地热资源潜力评价

中国地热资源分布广泛,资源种类繁多,分布具有明显的规律性和地带性。针对中国不同类型的地热资源,采用不同的评价方法分别对浅层地热能、水热型地热资源和干热岩资源进行了潜力评估,并对地热资源的开发利用现状及地热资源开发利用的经济环境效益进行了分析。我国地热资源量相对较为丰富,出露温泉2 334处,地热开采井5 818眼。水热型地热资源量折合标准煤12 500亿吨,每年可开采量折合标准煤18.65亿吨;336个地级以上城市浅层地热能资源每年可开采量折合标准煤7亿吨;干热岩远景资源量折合标准煤856万亿吨。目前我国地热资源每年利用量折合标准煤0.21亿吨,其中水热型地热资源开采率仅为0.2%,浅层地热能开采率仅为2.3%,地热资源开发利用潜力巨大。在现有技术条件下科学开发利用地热资源,每年可节煤10亿吨,其中336个地级以上城市浅层地热能资源高效利用每年可节煤2.5亿吨;地下热水资源高效利用每年可节煤7.5亿吨,地热资源节能减排效果显著,能有效缓解雾霾。     

中国地热资源类型和特征探讨

为了更好地分析和研究地热资源的分布特征和富集规律,评价资源,优选有利区,需要对我国地热资源的类型和特征进行总结,对地热资源进行区划研究。本文在以往水文地质、地热地质、地球物理、大地构造研究的基础上,从中国大地构造演化与地热资源成藏特征出发,对我国地热资源类型和特征进行了初步探讨。认为我国水热型地热资源可分为隆起山地对流型(火山型、深循环型)和沉积盆地传导型(中、新生代断陷盆地型,中、新生代坳陷盆地型和中生代坳陷盆地型);火山型多分布于板块边缘、板块活动边缘,利用方向以发电为主;断裂-深循环型和区域性深大断裂关系密切,可用于采暖、发电等;中、新生代断陷盆地型一般位于板内裂谷地区,以中、低温地热资源为主,利用方向主要为供暖;中、新生代坳陷盆地型一般实用意义小;中国地热资源的分布与中国岩石圈、上地幔动力学演化密切相关,区域构造又控制、影响了地热流体的运移、富集和成藏,可以将其简单的划分为7个成矿域15个成矿带(区)。     

地热资源的利用及其面临的若干问题

地热资源是一种具有巨大开发前景和潜力的清洁替代再生资源,在当前我国乃至全球面临能源短缺＂瓶颈＂时期,研究其分布、形成、储藏、运移机理、开采模式,及其对生态环境的影响等,具有重要的意义。通过分析国内外地热资源的分布、研究和开发利用现状,初步探讨了中国地热资源开发与研究中面临的若干问题,并对地热资源的开发与研究前景等方面提出相应的建议。     

双碳目标下地热资源开发利用的创新思路探析

本文以地热能行业为切入点,就双碳目标下地热资源开发利用的创新思路进行详细探究。首先探讨了双碳目标下中国能源发展路径与消费结构,进而总结了双碳目标下地热资源开发利用面临的机遇和挑战,最后提出双碳目标下地热资源开发利用面临的创新思路,具体包括探索特色路径、强化创新策源、推动产业集聚、打造生态系统等。     

中国地热资源现状及发展趋势

中国地热资源禀赋良好,分布广泛且具有明显的规律性和地带性。本文系统总结了国内取得的地热资源勘查开发成果:浅层地热能资源在全国范围内普遍分布,我国336个地级以上城市规划区范围内浅层地热能资源年可开采量折合标准煤7亿吨;水热型地热资源年可开采量折合标准煤19亿吨;干热岩远景资源量折合标准煤856万亿吨。阐明了有代表性的水热型地热资源成因机制和干热岩资源成藏模式。地热开发利用技术发展迅速,浅层地热能和水热型地热资源利用量逐年攀升,但在地热资源成藏模式研究、勘查开发及管理利用等方面仍有亟须突破的技术瓶颈和需要改进的环节。文章分析了存在问题并提出了我国地热发展战略路线,下一步应加强热源机理与控热构造研究,推进地热探测技术和开发利用示范,开展重点地区浅层地热能、水热型地热资源勘查评价,完善干热岩勘查开发技术体系,推动地热产业健康有序发展。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861