A simple model for reconstructing geomagnetic field intensity with (10)~Be production rate and its application in Loess studies

A simple model for reconstructing the paleomagnetic field intensity with (10)~Be production rate was used for the first time in Loess (10)~Be studies of Luochuan profile. Using the LGM (Last Glacial Maxmium) method, the climatic effects and geomagnetic modulation effects on loess (10)~Be was separated and in turn the 80 ka geomagnetic excursion sequence reconstructed, of which the globally remarkable geomagnetic excursion events such as the Laschamp (42 ka), Mono Lake (32 ka) during the Last Glacial period were revealed and the paleo-geomagnetic intensity curve from Loess (10)~Be over the past 80 ka was quantitatively reconstructed. The reconstructed paleo-intensity fits well with the paleo-intensity curves (SINT200 and NAPIS75), which indicates the significance of global criterion of the (10)~Be paleo- intensity curve and the future direction of loess (10)~Be tracing studies. Results show the irregular vari-ability of the East Asian monsoon precipitation in Loess Plateau is the main cause that has resulted in the ambiguity of the geomagnetic modulation of the (10)~Be record in the loess, and the intrinsic source component of the loess (10)~Be and inherited fraction of magnetic susceptibility (SUS) are characterized by the "quasi-homogeneous distribution" manner.     

Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in the polluted Adyar River and estuary, SE India

We measured dissolved N(2)O, CH(4), O(2), NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-) and NO(2)(-) on 7 transects along the polluted Adyar River-estuary, SE India and estimated N(2)O and CH(4) emissions using a gas exchange relation and a floating chamber. High NO(2)(-) implied some nitrification of a large anthropogenic NH(4)(+) pool. In the lower catchment CH(4) was maximal (6.3+/-4.3 x 10(4)nM), exceeding the ebullition threshold, whereas strong undersaturation of N(2)O and O(2) implied intense denitrification. Emissions fluxes for the whole Adyar system approximately 2.5 x 10(8) g CH(4)yr(-1) and approximately 2.4 x 10(6)gN(2)O yr(-1) estimated with a gas exchange relation and approximately 2 x 10(9) g CH(4)yr(-1) derived with a floating chamber illustrate the importance of CH(4) ebullition. An equivalent CO(2) flux approximately 1-10 x 10(10)gy r(-1) derived using global warming potentials is equivalent to total Chennai motor vehicle CO(2) emissions in one month. Studies such as this may inform more effective waste management and future compliance with international emissions agreements.     

卫星跟踪卫星测量模式中星载加速度计高低灵敏轴分辨率指标优化设计论证

本文利用改进的能量守恒法开展了GRACE星载加速度计与K波段星间测速仪及GPS接收机精度指标之间的匹配模拟论证. 结果表明：（1）采用GRACE公布的其他载荷精度指标,当加速度计分辨率指标设计为ACC_X=(1～10)×10^-9m/s², ACC_Y,Z=(1～10)×10^-10m/s²时,在120阶处恢复累计大地水准面的精度为19～80 cm,恢复1.5°×1.5°累计重力异常的精度为0.3～1.3 mGal;(2)建议我国将来卫星重力测量计划中星载加速度计三轴分辨率指标设计为ACC_X=(1～5)×1010^-9m/s²,ACC_Y,Z=(1～5)×10^-10m/s²较合适,与GRACE其他载荷精度指标基本匹配.     

PAHs contamination and bacterial communities in mangrove surface sediments of the Jiulong River Estuary, China

Sixteen sediment samples collected from eight transects in a mangrove swamp of the Jiulong River Estuary, Fujian, China were investigated for their content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the biodegradation potential of the indigenous microorganisms. The bacterial community structures in the mangrove sediments and in enrichment cultures were also investigated. The results showed that the total PAHs concentration of mangrove sediments ranged from 280 to 1074 ng g(-1) dry weight, that the PAHs composition pattern in the mangrove sediments was dominated by high molecular weight PAH components (4-6 rings), and that Benzo[ghi]perylene and Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were the most dominant at different stations. Abundant PAH-degrading bacteria were found in all the stations, the values of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.85 x 10(4) to 7.80 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight, fluoranthene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.25 x 10(4) to 5.79 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight, pyrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 3.10 x 10(4) to 6.97 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight and the benzo(a)pyrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.25 x 10(4) to 7.26 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight. DGGE analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments confirmed that there was a remarkable shift in the composition of the bacterial community due to the addition of the different model PAH compound phenanthrene (three ring PAH), fluoranthene(four ring PAH), pyrene(four ring PAH) and benzo(a)pyrene(five ring PAH) during enrichment batch culture. Eleven strains were obtained with different morphology and different degradation ability. The presence of common bands for microbial species in the cultures and in the native mangrove sediment DNA indicated that these strains could be potential in situ PAH-degraders.     

Effect of iron type on kinetics and carbon isotopic enrichment of chlorinated ethylenes during abiotic reduction on Fe(0)

Four samples of two commercially available iron brands used as substrate for iron permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) were tested for suitability for remediation of perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-dichloroethylene (cDCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). Kinetic studies indicate that rates of reaction are enhanced for cDCE and VC on Connelly iron (2.8 x 10(-4) to 6.9 x 10(-4) L/m2/hr and 2.0 x 10(-4) to 9.0 x 10(-4) L/m2/hr, for cDCE and VC, respectively) vs. Peerless iron (3.1 x 10(-5) to 4.6 x 10(-5) L/m2/hr and 2.4 x 10(-5) to 4.1 x 10(-5) L/m2/hr, for cDCE and VC, respectively). Carbon isotopic analyses of the residual chlorinated ethylene (CE) during degradation indicate significant fractionation occurs during reductive dechlorination, with, for example, up to 70% enrichment in carbon isotopic values observed when VC is more than 99% degraded. Comparison of fractionation factors (epsilon) indicates significant differences in carbon isotopic fractionation for different iron types and for different CEs. For the lower CEs (cDCE and VC) in particular, both slower reaction rates and larger fractionation are observed for degradation on Peerless vs. Connelly iron. This is the first study to establish a correlation between the rate of abiotic degradation on Fe(0) and the extent of isotopic fractionation, and the first to confirm consistent differences in these two parameters as a function of iron type. The possibility that these differences in kinetics and carbon isotopic fractionation for cDCE and VC are related to differences in branching ratios between competing hydrogenolysis and beta-elimination reactions during reductive dechlorination on the iron surfaces is discussed.     

Estimating deep recharge rates beneath an interlobate moraine using temperature logs

The Sandilands area of southeastern Manitoba contains an interlobate moraine that is a major ground water recharge area. Underlying the highly permeable sediments of the moraine are up to 100 m of till and the subcrop of the Winnipeg Formation, which contains a major sandstone aquifer. Ground water flow within the till is examined using high-resolution temperature profiles and solutions to the differential equation for heat flow in porous media. These analyses indicate that recharge to the sandstone aquifer is occurring at a rate of approximately 2 x 10(-8) m/sec beneath the moraine, which is in agreement with recharge rates determined by conventional ground water hydraulics (10(-7) to 10(-10)(m/sec) and another study using multiple environmental tracers (1 x 10(-9) to 6 X 10(-9) m/sec). The use of temperature to determine ground water flux is not limited by half-lives as many environmental tracers are, and this allows for cost-effective estimation of recharge and discharge rates over longer periods.     

Chemical dispersant effectiveness testing: influence of droplet coalescence

Thermodynamic and kinetic investigations were performed to determine the influence of coalescence of chemically dispersed crude oil droplets in saline waters. For the range of pH (4-10) and salinity (10 per thousand, 30 per thousand, 50 per thousand ) values studied, zeta-potential values ranged from -3 to -10 mV. As the interaction potential values calculated using Derjaguin-Landau-Verway-Overbeek (DLVO) theory were negative, the electrostatic barrier did not produce significant resistance to droplet coalescence. Coalescence kinetics of premixed crude oil and chemical dispersant were determined within a range of mean shear rates (Gm = 5, 10, 15, 20 s(-1)) and salinity (10 per thousand, 30 per thousand ) values. Coalescence reaction rates were modeled using Smoluchowski reaction kinetics. Measured collision efficiency values (alpha = 0.25) suggest insignificant resistance to coalescence in shear systems. Experimentally determined dispersant efficiencies (alpha = 0.35) were 10-50% lower than that predicted using a non-interacting droplet model (alpha = 0.0). Unlike other protocols in which the crude oil and dispersant are not premixed, salinity effects were not significant in this protocol. This approach allowed the effects of dispersant-oil contact efficiency eta(contact) to be separated from those of water column transport efficiency (eta(transport)) and coalescence efficiency (eta(coalescence)).     

中国大陆含油气盆地的氦同位素组成及大地热流密度

根据天然气中氦同位素组成,讨论了中国大陆主要含油气盆地氦同位素地球化学特征与大地热流密度。不同地区425个~3He/~4He 值表明中国含油气盆地天然气的氦同位素组成变化范围较大,为4.0×10~(-9)-7.21×10~(-6),在统计直方图上呈现三个峰值:1.5×10~(-8),3.0×10~(-7)和1.5×10~(-6)。中国东部大陆裂谷系中、新生代盆地内天然气的~3He/~4He 值分布范围为1.02×10~(-7)-7.21×10~(-6),50%以上大于大气的值(1.4×10~(-6));其他地区含油气盆地天然气的~3He/~4He 值分布范围为4.0×10~(-9)-7.01×10~(-7),全部小于大气的~3He/~4He 值。根据天然气中~3He/~4He 值计算的大地热流密度值分布在30-82mW/m~2 之间。利用~3He/~4He 值计算的大地热流密度值与用其他方法测得的值相一致,在中国大陆水平方向上呈现"东高西低"的变化趋势。     

2017年MW6.5九寨沟地震激发的同震库仑应力变化及其对周边断层的影响

2017年8月8日21时19分在我国四川省北部阿坝州九寨沟县发生了M_W6.5左旋走滑型地震.该地震发生在青藏高原巴颜喀拉块体东北缘,东昆仑断裂南东段的塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂的交汇地带.包括此次地震,近年来在巴颜喀拉块体周缘已发生了九次6级以上强震,表明巴颜喀拉块体周缘主要活动断裂上的应力水平仍处于不断调整之中.本文采用库仑应力模型研究2017年M_W6.5九寨沟地震激发的库仑应力变化、该地震与周边地震的应力触发关系以及强震对周边主要活动断裂的应力扰动.强震序列包括周边区域1536-1975年M≥6历史强震和1976-2017年的M_W≥ 6 gCMT地震目录中的强震,共计32个.研究结果表明：（1）2017年M_W6.5九寨沟地震激发的同震库仑应力变化仅在局部范围内超过0.1×10⁵Pa,且75%的余震（~12.7天）受到该地震明显的同震应力触发作用,而其余25%的余震落在应力影区,采用最优破裂面可以进一步提高同震库仑应力变化与余震分布的空间相关性;（2）2008年M_W7.9汶川地震对2017年M_W6.5九寨沟地震的发生有一定的促进作用,在后者震源处激发的同震库仑应力变化为（0.026~0.263）×10⁵Pa,震后黏弹性库仑应力变化为（0.010~0.032）×10⁵Pa.该库仑应力的变化范围取决于汶川地震源断层参数和九寨沟地震接收断层参数.2013年M_W6.6芦山地震对九寨沟地震的发生几乎没有影响（< 0.001×10⁵Pa）;（3）1654年M8.0甘肃天水南地震对九寨沟地震的发生有明显的促进作用,在九寨沟地震震源处激发的同震库仑应力变化为（0.410~1.266）×10⁵Pa,震后库仑应力变化为（0.147~0.490）×10⁵Pa.1879年M8.0甘肃武都地震可能有比1654年M8.0甘肃天水南地震更强的应力触发作用,但也有可能对九寨沟地震的发生起到抑制作用.在选取的8个九寨沟地震接收断层面上,其中6个接收断层面上该地震所激发的同震库仑应力变化为（0.913~2.364）×10⁵Pa,2个接收断层面上该地震所激发的同震库仑应力变化为（－1.326~－0.454 ）×10⁵Pa;在4个接收断层面上震后库仑应力变化为（0.094~1.072）×10⁵Pa,在另外4个接收断层面上震后库仑应力变化为（－1.593~－0.106）×10⁵Pa.1933年四川叠溪地震对九寨沟地震的发生影响较弱,其所激发的同震库仑应力变化为（0.015~0.080）×10⁵Pa,震后库仑应力变化为（－0.029~0.025）×10⁵Pa;（4）九寨沟地震仅在其附近的岷江断裂北段、塔藏断裂和虎牙断裂南段造成较明显的同震库仑应力变化,其分别为0.09×10⁵Pa、（0.14~2.03）×10⁵Pa和0.25×10⁵Pa.而进一步顾及其余31个强震的库仑应力作用则发现,同震库仑应力增加非常显著的主要活动断裂分段为：岷江断裂北段南侧和岷江断裂南段的库仑应力变化分别升高5.6×10⁵Pa和9.8×10⁵Pa.鲜水河断裂北段南侧库仑应力升高23.0×10⁵Pa,鲜水河断裂南段道孚-康定段的北侧库仑应力升高9.0×10⁵Pa,而最南端库仑应力升高3.0×10⁵Pa;龙门山断裂带中段的北侧库仑应力变化为（6.1~7.4）×10⁵Pa,中段库仑应力增加（2.1~11.5）×10⁵Pa;西秦岭北缘断裂东段库仑应力变化为4.4×10⁵Pa;龙日坝断裂北段最北侧的库仑应力变化为2.0×10⁵Pa;小金河断裂北段库仑应力变化为1.7×10⁵Pa;安宁河断裂北段库仑应力变化为1.6×10⁵Pa;（5）由于下地壳和上地幔的黏弹性松弛作用,所有强震在九寨沟地震震后20年造成的黏弹性库仑应力变化在鲜水河断裂、龙门山断裂中段、塔藏断裂以及秦岭南缘断裂西段比较显著,其分别为：（1.0~3.0）×10⁵Pa、2.8×10⁵Pa、（2.3~2.7）×10⁵Pa和0.9×10⁵Pa.但总体上黏弹性库仑应力变化没有改变各断裂上的同震库仑应力变化空间分布.总的库仑应力变化在鲜水河断裂北段南侧和南段的道孚至康定段北侧、龙门山断裂中段北侧、岷江断裂南段和北段南侧、虎牙断裂、塔藏断裂以及西秦岭北缘东段很显著（均超过4×10⁵Pa）.由于库仑应力明显升高可能预示着地震潜在危险性增强,因此这些断裂分段可能将来需要重点加以关注.     

Time resolved simulation of lightning by lip

In this letter, we report results of time resolved spectra of lightning simulation in air by laser-induced plasma (LIP). The measured electron temperatures varied from (1.7 +/- 0.1)X10(4) K at 600 ns to (1.2 +/- 0.1)X10(4)K at 4 microseconds after the ignition of the plasma. Electron densities in the plasma varied from (7.0 +/- 1.4)X10(17)/cm3 to (9.0 +/- 1.8)X10(16)/cm3 for the above times. We also present, for the first time, a comparison of state variables for LIP and natural lightning. We find that immediately following the ignition both natural lightning and LIP reach temperatures in excess of 16,000K and relax to ambient pressure with different rates. They are expected to approach 2000 - 4000 K temperature range, which is important to chemical synthesis, in an asymptotically similar fashion.     

Dislocation microstructures in naturally deformed silicate garnets

Dislocation microstructures of naturally deformed silicate garnets and olivines in garnet-peridotites and silicate garnets in eclogites from four localities have been observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to clarify the dislocation characteristics of silicate garnets. We have obtained the following results: (1) dislocation densities of garnets in all the garnet-peridotites (ρ = 10⁵−10⁷ cm⁻²) are always nearly an order of magnitude lower than those of co-existing olivines; (2) dislocation densities of garnets in eclogites (ρ = 10⁵−10⁸ cm⁻²) which are embedded in garnet-peridotites are almost an order of magnitude higher than those of garnets in the surrounding garnet-peridotites; (3) the dominant Burgers vector, b, of mainly edge dislocations in garnet is 100 for specimens with dislocation density ρ = 10⁵−10⁶ cm⁻², while b=1/2111 for specimens with ρ = 10⁷−10⁸ cm⁻². Result (1) indicates that the observed dislocations in garnets were formed by plastic deformation under the same stresses as for co-existing olivines, and that there is a similar relationship between applied stress and dislocation density for garnets as for olivines. Result (2) suggests that the stress concentration occurred around eclogites embedded in garnet-peridotites, and the resulting differential stress in garnets in eclogites was further elevated by the interlocking of neighboring hard garnet grains. Finally, result (3) indicates that the dominant Burgers vector of mainly edge dislocations in garnet changes from 100 to 1/2111 with increasing applied differential stress.     

Triton: topside ionosphere and nitrogen escape

The principal ion in the ionosphere of Triton is N+. Energetic electrons of magnetospheric origin are the primary source of ionization, with a smaller contribution due to photoionization. To explain the topside plasma scale height, we postulate that N+ ions escape from Triton. The loss rate is 3.4 x 10(7) cm-2 s-1 or 7.9 x 10(24) ions s-1. Dissociative recombination of N2+ produces neutral exothermic fragments that can escape from Triton. The rate is estimated to be 8.6 x 10(6) N cm-2 s-1 or 2.0 x 10(24) atoms s-1. Implications for the magnetosphere of Neptune and Triton's evolution are discussed.     

Natural water-purification system observed in a shallow coastal lagoon: Matsukawa-ura,Japan

Field surveys and in situ experiments were conducted in the shallow Matsukawa-ura in summer to evaluate the biological efficiencies of shallow-water areas for preserving coastal ecosystems. In Matsukawa-ura (5.8 km(2)), the suspension-feeding bivalves Ruditapes philippinarum and Crassostrea gigas were the dominant animals--their total biomasses (wet weight) were estimated to be 3.4 x 10(6) and 2.3 x 10(6) kg, respectively. Ulva sp. and Zostera marina were the dominant macrophyte species during the summer, with standing crops estimated to be 0.29 x 10(6) and 0.20 x 10(6) kg, respectively. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) uptake rates for Ulva sp. and Z. marina were determined by in situ experiments. An ecological model calculated on the basis of the observed dataset showed that, in comparison with tidal exchange, a significant amount of particulate organic matter was removed by bivalve filtration and a considerable quantity of DIN was removed by macrophyte species.     

Sensitive Ion‐Flotation Separation of Ag(I) Traces Using 2‐(2‐Methoxyphenyl)benzimidazole before Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination in Water

A sensitive, reliable, and environmentally friendly method for simple separation and preconcentration of Ag(I) traces in aqueous samples is presented prior to their flame atomic absorption spectrometric determinations. At pH 7.0, Ag(I) was separated with 2‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)benzimidazole (MPBI) as a new complexing agent and floated after adding sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a foaming reagent. The floated layer was then dissolved in proper amount of concentrated nitric acid in methanol and introduced to the flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). The effects of pH, concentration of MPBI, type and amount of surfactant as the floating agent, type and amount of eluting agent, and influence of foreign ions on the recovery of the analyte ion were investigated. Also, using a nonlinear curve fitting method, the formation constant of 1.62 × 10⁶ was obtained for Ag(I)–MPBI complex. The analytical curve was linear in the range of 1.8 × 10^?7–1.7 × 10^?6 mol/L for determination of Ag(I). The relative standard deviation (RSD; N = 10) corresponding to 0.7 × 10^?6 mol/L of Ag(I), the limit of detection (10 blanks), and the enrichment factor were obtained as 1.7%, 2.9 × 10^?8 mol/L, and 43.0, respectively. The proposed procedure was then applied successfully for determination of silver ions in different water samples.     

Geoaccumulation and distribution of heavy metals in the urban river sediment

Current study presents the application of chemometric techniques to comprehend the interrelations among sediment variables whilst identifying the possible pollution source at Langat River,Malaysia.Surface sediment samples（0-10 cm）were collected at 22 sampling stations and analyzed for total metals（~（48）Cd,~（29）Cu,~（30）Zn,~（82）Pb）,pH,redox potential（Eh）,salinity,electrical conductivity（EC）,loss on ignition（LOI）and cation exchange capacity（CEC）.The principal component analysis（PCA）scrutinized the origin of environmental pollution by various anthropogenic and natural activities：four principal components were obtained with 86.34%（5 cm）and88.34%（10 cm）.Standard,forward and backward stepwise discriminant analysis effectively discriminate 2variables（84.06%）indicating high variation of heavy metals accumulation at both depth.The cluster analysis accounted for high input of Zn and Pb at LA8,LA 10,LA 11 and LA 12 that mergers three（5 cm）and four（10cm）into clusters.This is consistent with the contamination factor（C_1）that shows high Cd（LA 1）and Pb（LA 7,LA 8,LA 10,LA 11 and LA 12）contaminations at 5cm.These indicate that Pb and Zn are the most bioavailable metals in the sediment with significant positive linear relationship at both sediment depths.Therefore,this approach is a good indication of environmental pollution status that transfers new findings on the assessment of heavy metals by interpreting large complex datasets and predicting the fate of heavy metals in the sediment.     

Uncoupled viral and bacterial distributions in coral reef waters of Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia)

This study examined the distribution of virioplankton and bacterioplankton in two coral reef systems (Ahe and Takaroa atolls) in the Tuamotu Archipelago, in comparison with the surrounding oligotrophic ocean. Mean concentrations of 4.8×10(5) and 6.2×10(5)cellsml(-1) for bacteria and 8.1×10(6) and 4.3×10(6)VLP(virus-like particle) ml(-1) were recorded in Ahe and Takaroa lagoons, respectively. Chlorophyll-a concentrations and dissolved organic matter were higher in Ahe whereas (3)H thymidine incorporation rates were higher in Takaroa. First data on lytic and lysogenic strategies of phages in coral reef environments were discussed in this paper. The fraction of visibly infected cells by viruses was negligible regardless of the lagoon station (mean=0.15%). However, the fraction of lysogenic cells ranged between 2.5% and 88.9%. Our results suggest that the distribution patterns of virioplankton are apparently not coupled to the spatial dynamics of the bacterioplankton communities.     

Earthquake Potential in the Zagros Region,Iran

Seismic strain and b value are used to quantify seismic potential in the Zagros region (Iran). Small b values (0.69 and 0.69) are related to large seismic moment rates (9.96×10¹⁷ and 4.12×10¹⁷) in southern zones of the Zagros, indicating more frequent large earthquakes. Medium to large b values (0.72 and 0.92) are related to small seismic moment rates (2.94×10¹⁶ and 6.80×10¹⁶) in middle zones of the Zagros, indicating less frequent large earthquakes. Small b value (0.64) is related to medium seismic moment rate (1.38×10¹⁷) in middle to northern zone of the Zagros, indicating frequent large earthquakes. Large b value (0.87) is related to large seismic moment rate (2.29×10¹⁷) in northwestern zone, indicating more frequent large earthquakes. Recurrence intervals of large earthquakes (M > 6) are short in southern (10 and 14 years) and northwestern (13 years) zones, while the recurrence intervals are long in the middle (46 and 114 years) and middle to northern (25 years) zones.     

Triton: stratospheric molecules and organic sediments

Hydrocarbons and nitriles are produced in Triton's stratosphere by energetic electrons from Neptune's magnetosphere and other charged particle sources. Laboratory plasma experiments reported here show a substantial yield of molecules from low pressure flows of 10(-3) CH4 in N2 appropriate to Triton if both CH4 and N2 are saturated at the surface. An active magnetosphere similar to that of Uranus would result in a flux approximately 0.3 erg cm-2 s-1 of 0.1-1 MeV electrons in Triton's stratosphere; molecular production rates are then 10(6)-10(8) cm-2 s-1 for NH3, C2H2, HCN, and NCCN; tens of hundreds of gm cm-2 of these compounds per 10(9) yr (and lesser quantities of at least eight other molecules experimentally detected) would freeze to fine-grained white condensates in the lower stratosphere and sediment to the surface. Along with dark/colored organic haze produced in the stratosphere and other heteropolymers produced at the surface, these condensates are subjects to redistribution by aeolian processes and may appear as lag deposits and/or sediment layers. A simple eddy diffusion model indicates abundances approximately 10(19) molec cm-2 for HCN and C2H2, and > 10(17) molec cm-2 for NCCN, CH3CCH, CH2CCH2, and CH3CN in the stratosphere; these and other organic molecules will be detectable by IRIS if the stratosphere is (as expected) heated through ultraviolet and visible light absorption by the haze.     

Sorption of Eu~(3+) onto nano-size silica-water interfaces

A large amount of nuclear wastes has been pro-duced due to nuclear weapon development and nuclear electricity generation. One possible resolution for the disposal of the nuclear wastes is to seal them in an underground repository, which requires detailed knowledge on the mobility, chemical behavior and immobilization of radionuclides in underground water. In addition, toxic heavy metals are extensively present in ground and underground water, how to immobilize and remedy these toxic heavy meta…     

10Be in Arctic Ocean sediments

The¹⁰Be deposition rate in two Arctic Ocean cores, ～80°N, was measured to be ≤0.6 atoms cm^?2 sec^?1, much less than the¹⁰Be deposition rate reported for other oceanic regions. Possible causes for the low¹⁰Be deposition in the Arctic are: (1) latitudinal variation in the¹⁰Be delivery rate from the stratosphere; (2) the presence of an ice cover on the Arctic, which may inhibit the transfer of atmospherically supplied¹⁰Be from sea surface to sediments; and (3) locally low scavenging efficiency of sedimentary particles for¹⁰Be in the Arctic.