柴西尕斯库勒地区深部孔隙卤水水化学特征及成因分析

深部孔隙卤水是近年来盐湖勘查的工作重点.对尕斯库勒地区深部孔隙卤水的离子特征及聚类分析显示,卤水中的K+、B2 O3和Li+具有相似的物质来源,且各离子之间具有普遍的相关性;孔隙卤水中的钾、镁、锂具有相对较高的品位,各离子含量普遍呈现一个自南向北增大的趋势,而且上部卤水离子浓度普遍高于下部.尕斯库勒地区北部段深部具有较...     

柴达木盆地中西部背斜构造深层卤水水化学特征与成因

柴达木盆地西部背斜构造深层卤水资源勘查和评价成果显示,第三系背斜构造赋存深层卤水,具有良好的资源成矿条件,且潜力大。采集柴达木盆地中西部(一里坪拗陷和三湖拗陷)9处背斜构造深层卤水,分析了其水化学特征与成因。结果表明,深层卤水矿化度一般低于150 g/L,水化学类型均为氯化物型;K⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺含量较低,不具找矿价值;而B₂O₃、Li⁺含量普遍高于评价指标,Br-、I-含量普遍高于综合评价指标,为主要成矿元素;卤水的元素特征系数和分布规律及微量离子组成揭示,深层卤水是大气降水溶滤盆地周缘岩浆岩和火山岩及火山热泉的补给后,汇入古近纪—新近纪湖盆经蒸发浓缩封存在地层中的沉积卤水。     

柴达木盆地大盐滩矿区深层晶间卤水的成因

柴达木盆地是一个典型的大陆成盐成钾盆地,盆地西部大盐滩矿区有着丰富的地下卤水资源,具有开发利用的远景。通过野外实地考察,采集大盐滩矿区不同深度(9.8m--133m)晶间卤水样品10件,油田水样品10件,分析了卤水水化学组成和氢氧同位素值。结果表明,晶间卤水矿化度较高(平均为363.94g/L),Na₊、Cl_-含量较高,同时富K₊、Mg₂₊、SO_42-,贫Ca₂₊,B、Li、Br、Sr等元素普遍富集,水化学类型为硫酸镁亚型;油田水矿化度较低(平均为39.02g/L),Na+、Cl_-含量占绝对优势,同时富Ca₂₊,贫Mg₂₊、SO_42-、HCO_3-,B、Sr含量较高,Li、Br含量较低,水化学类型为氯化物型。结合离子含量和水化学特征系数(钠氯系数和溴氯系数),揭示了大盐滩矿区晶间卤水主要为大气降水汇聚后经蒸发作用形成,深层晶间卤水(30m--133m)具有大气降水盐岩溶滤成因及受具有深部来源性质油田水补给的特征。氢氧同位素结果表明,卤水均发生了明显的“氢氧同位素正漂移”现象,深层晶间卤水(30m--133m)的δ₁₈O、δD值异常偏高,推断其与经过强烈蒸发浓缩作用的浅层晶间卤水(9.8m--11.5m)以及大气降水溶滤盐岩沿断裂下渗补给有关。     

内蒙古西部地区盐湖水化学特征

2008年9~10月和2009年9月对内蒙古西部地区14个盐湖进行了考察、采样和分析。研究发现,本区盐湖卤水主要离子含量顺序为Na⁺>Cl->SO2-₄>Mg²⁺>K⁺,次要离子为Ca²⁺ >HCO-₃>CO2-₃,微量元素为B₂O₃>Br->Li⁺。Na⁺的分布特征为东部高,北部中等,西南部偏低;而Cl-为东高西低;K⁺大致为南高北低;Mg²⁺为中部高,西部低,北部与南部中等。SO2-₄、 Ca²⁺和CO2-₃的区域分布特征均不明显;微量元素Li⁺ 、Br-、B₂O₃含量虽局部(两大沙漠连接带)有所富集,但绝对含量不高。对天然盐湖和人工采盐池的卤水进行了对比。采盐池中卤水因为蒸发强烈,离子浓度显著高于天然盐湖。分析天然盐湖与采盐池卤水离子浓度的变化规律发现,卤水蒸发初期Na⁺、Cl-、SO2-₄离子浓度随矿化度的升高而增大,Ca²⁺离子浓度明显下降,卤水蒸发后期Mg²⁺、K⁺大量富集,整个卤水蒸发过程中微量元素Li⁺与B₂O₃浓度一直随矿化度的升高而增大。这些结果对内蒙古西部盐湖的研究与开发都具有积极意义。     

补水溶矿过程中达布逊湖北岸地下卤水水化学变化特征初步研究

以察尔汗盐湖达布逊区段补水溶采区为研究区,靠近补水渠的D01、D03以及D05水文观测孔地下卤水为研究对象,通过水化学、相图等分析方法,研究了地下卤水在固液转化过程中水化学的时空变化特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明,储卤层中卤水化学特性在空间上具有明显差异性。在纵向上,随深度增加Na⁺、SO₄2-浓度、pH值降低,而Mg²⁺、Cl-、HCO₃-、Li⁺、B³⁺浓度、TDS和比重升高;在横向上,D01孔中卤水具有较高的Na⁺、SO₄2-、HCO₃-、Li⁺浓度、pH值以及较低的TDS和比重;D03孔中卤水具有较高的K⁺、B³⁺浓度;D05孔中具有较高的TDS、比重、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl-以及Sr²⁺浓度。揭示了卤水在盐层中的滞留时间、盐层渗透性差异、矿物组合与分布及温度变化是影响地下卤水水化学分布特征的主要因素,并初步研究认为补水溶矿具有局限性,D01孔受补水影响最大,D03孔次之,D05孔受补水影响较弱。     

Li+,Na+,K+/Cl-,SO2-4-H2O五元体系25 ℃相图及其应用

Li⁺,Na⁺,K⁺/Cl-,SO2-₄-H₂O五元体系相图对于硫酸钠亚型富锂卤水分离提取锂盐、锂辉石加工利用和锂盐产品的开发利用工艺制定都有指导作用。20世纪50年代曾有人研究过这一体系25 ℃时的相图,限于当时的科研水平,液相组成确定不准确,对平衡固相的判断,后来诸多研究结果证明也有错误。50多年来再没有人研究这一五元体系相图。利用我们提出的Li⁺,Na⁺,K⁺/Cl^-,SO^2-₄-H₂O六元体系热力学模型,对该五元体系的平衡溶液组成和正确的平衡固相进行理论预测,给出了该体系的完整相图。结合硫酸锂混盐分离、加工实例阐述了该五元体系相图的应用。     

四苯硼钠—季铵盐质量滴定法分析钾含量研究

依据四苯硼钠—季铵盐容量法滴定K⁺离子的原理,采用质量滴定法,考察了滴定速度、松节油加入量对四苯硼钠与季铵盐反应的影响及共存离子(包括Li⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、SO2-₄、B₄O2-₇、CO2-₃)对K⁺含量测定结果的影响。当测定K⁺离子含量在5～15 mg范围内,松节油最佳加入量为25滴,分析误差< 0.3%。     

现代盐湖杂卤石矿无机盐溶浸剂作用下溶解差异性研究

以柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖大盐滩矿区杂卤石矿为原料开展杂卤石的溶浸试验,揭示不同无机盐溶浸剂作用下杂卤石的溶解作用并确定浸取钾的最佳溶浸剂和溶浸时间。实验结果表明:1)氯化物型溶浸剂效果优于硫酸盐型和碳酸盐型溶浸剂;2)MgCl₂是最优的溶浸剂,该溶浸剂在72h左右溶钾效果最好;数值模拟显示,MgCl₂溶浸剂溶K⁺速率具有阶段性,且具非线性的特征。这些实验结果将为矿区后期深入开展杂卤石溶浸研究及溶采提供重要参考依据。     

KNO3溶液结构:密度泛函理论和分子动力学研究

基于密度泛函理论,采用ωB97XD方法和6-311++G(d,p)基组,系统研究了[K(H₂O)_n]⁺,[NO₃(H₂O)_n]-和KNO₃(H₂O)_n水合团簇的结构和性质;并结合经典分子动力学、OPLS-AA全原子力场以及SPC/E水模型模拟了不同水盐比(WSR) KNO₃溶液,目的在于深入理解KNO₃溶液中K⁺和 NO-₃的微观水合结构,以及K⁺-NO-₃离子间缔合作用特征。研究发现,对于KNO₃(H₂O)_n (n=6,8,10和12)水合团簇,K⁺第一水合层稳定结构为四、五和六水合结构,其中五水合结构最稳定。K⁺和NO-₃主要以溶剂共享离子对形式存在。随着团簇尺寸减小,直接接触离子对(CIP)物种出现。同时,分子动力学模拟证实KNO₃溶液中形成了直接接触K⁺-NO-₃离子对,且随着溶液浓度增加,CIP物种形成需越过更大能垒。以上结果表明在KNO₃稀溶液中主要存在物种为水合K⁺和NO-₃,随浓度增大,单齿直接接触离子对(MCIP)逐渐出现。在高浓溶液或过饱和溶液中,K⁺-NO-₃离子缔合主要以单齿CIP和少量双齿CIP结构存在。     

Na+,K+,Rb+,Cs+//SO2-4-H2O体系固液相平衡热力学模拟

锂云母、铯榴石等矿物的硫酸盐焙烧浸出,是从中提取锂铷铯钾等碱金属元素的重要步骤,所得硫酸盐浸出液可近似看作Li⁺,Na⁺,K⁺,Rb⁺,Cs+ // SO₄2--H₂O六元水盐体系;其在浓缩过程呈现复杂的成盐特征,增加了各碱金属元素分离提取的难度,研究其相关水盐体系相图和相平衡性质对理解浸出液中碱金属的分离具有重要的理论指导意义。本文采用Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg超额Gibbs自由能方程和具有内在热力学一致性的CALPHAD方法,构建了Na⁺,K⁺,Rb⁺,Cs⁺//SO₄2--H₂O五元体系的多温固液相平衡热力学模型。借助该模型:1)实现了对Na₂SO₄₊Rb₂SO₄₊H₂O、Na₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊H₂O和K₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊H₂O三元体系的多温溶解度等温线的准确描述,并进一步构建了这些体系在240.15~380.15 K温度范围内的多温相图;2)实现了对K₂SO₄+Rb₂SO₄₊H₂O和Rb₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊H₂O体系中存在的固溶体相—水溶液平衡关系的准确描述,确认了(K,Rb)₂SO₄连续固溶体、以及(Rb,Cs)₂SO₄(α)和(Rb,Cs)₂SO₄(β)间断固溶体存在的合理性;3)预测了上述五元体系中所包含的全部4个四元子体系(Na₂SO₄₊ K₂SO₄₊ Rb₂SO₄+H₂O、Na₂SO₄ + K₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊ H₂O、Na₂SO₄₊ Rb₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄ + H₂O和K₂SO₄₊Rb₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊ H₂O)的相图,明确了四元相图中固溶体的类型及形成区域。然而,模型预测结果与现有四元体系实验数据间存在普遍的不一致性,尤其是固溶体形成区域,但模型预测结果从非实验角度给出了重要参考,对现有实验提出了挑战,未来对这些体系开展更为精细的实验研究非常必要。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,