Temporal variations and scaling of streamflow and baseflow and their nitrate-nitrogen concentrations and loads

The patterns of temporal variations of precipitation (P), streamflow (SF) and baseflow (BF) as well as their nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate) concentrations (C) and loads (L) from a long-term record (28 years) in the Raccoon River, Iowa, were analyzed using variogram and spectral analyses. The daily P is random but scaling may exist in the daily SF and BF with a possible break point in the scaling at about 18 days and 45 days, respectively. The nitrate concentrations and loads are shown to have a half-year cycle while daily P, SF, and BF have a one-year cycle. Furthermore, there may be a low-frequency cycle of 6–8 years in C. The power spectra of C and L in both SF and BF exhibit fractal 1/f scaling with two characteristic frequencies of half-year and one-year, and are fitted well with the spectrum of the gamma distribution. The nitrate input to SF and BF at the Raccoon watershed seems likely to be a white noise process superimposed on another process with a half-year and one-year cycle.     

东、南洞庭湖的径流、泥沙特征及冲淤规律

通过实地调查并对1957年以来水文、泥沙观测资料做系统分析和计算,探讨东、南洞庭湖出、入湖水量、沙量的年际和年内变化特征,以及长江下荆江段裁弯对湖区径流和泥沙的影响。提出了湖区泥沙汛淤枯冲的变化规律及水位升降与湖区泥沙冲淤的关系;论证了丰、平、枯年湖区淤积严重,面积日益缩小对径流的调节作用正在减弱。     

燕郊等测点迁移优化与地磁观测研究

为优化地磁观测条件，开展了燕郊、夏垫等测点迁移工作；按照测眯迁移原则与实施技术方案，完整地收集并整理了地质构造与地球物理等方面的基本资料；进行了野外实地勘察，磁场梯度的测量，确定了新测点，在新老测点上进行了较长时间的地磁场对比观测；应用多种方法分析研究了地磁对比观测资料，结果表明，新老测点与有关测点的地磁变化具有良好的一致性，并得到了新老测点之间的地磁数据的按点差。     

Sorption and desorption behavior of residual antidepressants and caffeine in freshwater sediment and sewage sludge

The use of antidepressants is widespread in modern times. Thus, they present a potential risk for ecosystems due to occurrence in domestic sewage containing unaltered metabolites and structures, even after the treatment plants have processed the sewage. The current research investigated the sorption and desorption of antidepressants(citalopram, venlafaxine, fluoxetine, sertraline, and amitriptyline) and caffeine from freshwater sediment and sewage sludge. The samples of freshwater sediment were ...     

Seismics and optics: hyperbolae and curvatures

We rederive and generalize hyperbolic moveout formulae for the common-midpoint (CMP) gather and for the zero-offset (ZO) section that can be efficiently used for macro-model-independent reflection imaging in two-dimensional media. The hyperbolic moveout formulae for the common-midpoint gather are obtained from different Taylor series expansions of a particular parametric moveout surface defined in the multicoverage data space. Such a moveout surface involves three kinematic wave-field attributes of two hypothetical waves, which have to be determined by a coherency analysis. By using hyperbolic moveout curves in the CMP gather and in the ZO section one can determine these attributes in two steps. The relationships between the local shapes of the interfaces and the attributes of the hypothetical wave-fields attributes are considered by means of geometrical optics. The determination of these attributes allows to perform a macro-model-independent ZO simulation and a subsequent inversion.     

Spatial and temporal synthesized probability gain for middle and long-term earthquake forecast and its preliminary application

IntroductionThemodelofspatialandtemporalsynthesizedgainforastrongearthquakeoccurrenceisdevelopedasthebasisofTheDynamicSoftwareSystemforMiddle-andLong-termEarthquakeForecast.Themodelisestablishedaccordingbothtothestatisticalprincipleandtotheobservatio...     

河北省地下流体数字与模拟资料对比研究

对河北省地下流体数字与模拟资料从仪器性能、资料连续性、相关性、内在观测质量和方差一致性检验等方面进行了对比研究.结果表明：模拟资料连续性好于数字化资料;水位相关性较好,多数能够通过方差一致性检验,三口井水位通过均值一致性检验,数字化水位内在质量有所提高;氡和汞相关性较差,方差和均值一致性检验均未通过.     

Ionospheric and Solar Wind Variation during Magnetic Storm Onset and Main Phase at Low- and Mid-latitudes

The relationship between the F2-layer critical frequency and solar wind parameters during magnetic storm sudden commencement (SSC) and main phase periods for intense (IS) and very intense (VIS) class of storms is investigated. The analysis covers low- and mid-latitude stations. The effects of ionospheric storm during SSC period is insignificant compared to the main phase, but can trigger the latter. The main phase is characterized by severe negative storm effect at both latitudes during VIS periods while it is latitudinal symmetric for IS observations. The IS reveal positive/negative storm phase in the low-/mid-latitudes, respectively. Ionization density effect is more prominent during VIS events, and is attributed to large energetic particle and solar activity input into the earth magnetosphere. However, ionospheric effect is more significant at the low-latitude than at the mid-latitude. Lastly, ionospheric storm effect during a geomagnetic storm may be related to the combinational effect of interplanetary and geomagnetic parameters and internal ionospheric effect, not necessarily the solar wind alone.     

Point and Diffuse Nutrient Emissions and Transports in the Odra Basin and its Main Tributaries

The river Odra is one of the biggest transboundary rivers in Central Europe. The basin is characterized by an area of 110 074 km?sk (upstream Krajnik Dolny) and a population of about 15.5 million inhabitants. Compared with the Westeuropean river basins the specific runoff of the Odra basin is low and amounts only 4.5 L km?sk s–1. The long term changes of the average annual nutrient transport of the Odra at Krajnik Dolny show for the period 1991 to 1994 a low reduction for phosphorus but no changes for nitrogen. For the period of 1991 to 1994 an inventory of the point sources produces emissions of 10.7 kt a–1 P and 54.4 kt a–1 N upstream of the station Krajnik Dolny/Schwedt. Emissions from agricultural land and urban areas represent the main diffuse sources. A range of 68 to 96 kt a–1 N and 3.3 to 3.9 kt a–1 P were estimated for the total diffuse emissions depending on the database and the method of modeling. The emission situation of the river is characterized by a high dominance of point sources in the case of phosphorus (about 73%). For nitrogen the diffuse emissions dominate the total emissions to an amount between 59 and 67%. Compared to the emissions the nutrient transport is low. An average load of 5.1 kt a–1 P and 70.1 kt a–1 N was observed at the station Krajnik Dolny for the period 1991 to 1994. The emission and load situation within the main tributaries of the river Odra is comparable to the whole basin. The big difference between the total emissions and the observed load refers to intensive retention and loss processes within the river system of the Odra.     

Ladoga and Onega Hydrological Regimes and Their Variations

The characteristics of the Ladoga and Onega hydrological regimes were analyzed, and the features of the annual and long-term variations in their water balance components were determined. The statistically significant positive trends of the average annual precipitation and evaporation in the Ladoga water area and the water inflow for the period of 1932–1995 were determined. The relative effect of the Ladoga water balance components on the formation of its level was studied. Spectral analysis of the components of this balance revealed, in particular, characteristic periods of about four years in the last decades. Based on the analysis, including wavelet, of the longer series of long-term variations in the Ladoga water level, it was found that the spectral structure pronouncedly changed in the period from 1859 to 1995.     

Alkali-rich igneous rocks and related Au and Cu large and superlarge deposits in China

The alkali-rich igneous rocks in China occur as fifteen linear distributed belts of each extending several hundreds to several thousands kilometers in length. These include most types of alkali-rich igneous rock categories discovered worldwide. The related Au, Cu large and superlarge deposits or metallogenic focus-areas include Dongping, Guilaizhuang, Yulong, etc. Direct and indirect genetic links have been found between alkali-rich igneous rocks and Au, Cu mineralization. The petrogenesis and metallogenesis of the alkali-rich igneous rocks are mainly controlled by (1) mantle enrichment, (2) strong interaction between mantle and crust, (3) lower contens of sulfur, high and high contents of volatiles, (4) the significant turn of regional tectonic framework from compress to extension and (5) the strong change of regional lithosphere structure.     

Efficient and accurate computation of seismic traveltimes and amplitudes

We describe two practicable approaches for an efficient computation of seismic traveltimes and amplitudes. The first approach is based on a combined finite‐difference solution of the eikonal equation and the transport equation (the ‘FD approach’). These equations are formulated as hyperbolic conservation laws; the eikonal equation is solved numerically by a third‐order ENO–Godunov scheme for the traveltimes whereas the transport equation is solved by a first‐order upwind scheme for the amplitudes. The schemes are implemented in 2D using polar coordinates. The results are first‐arrival traveltimes and the corresponding amplitudes. The second approach uses ray tracing (the ‘ray approach’) and employs a wavefront construction (WFC) method to calculate the traveltimes. Geometrical spreading factors are then computed from these traveltimes via the ray propagator without the need for dynamic ray tracing or numerical differentiation. With this procedure it is also possible to obtain multivalued traveltimes and the corresponding geometrical spreading factors. Both methods are compared using the Marmousi model. The results show that the FD eikonal traveltimes are highly accurate and perfectly match the WFC traveltimes. The resulting FD amplitudes are smooth and consistent with the geometrical spreading factors obtained from the ray approach. Hence, both approaches can be used for fast and reliable computation of seismic first‐arrival traveltimes and amplitudes in complex models. In addition, the capabilities of the ray approach for computing traveltimes and spreading factors of later arrivals are demonstrated with the help of the Shell benchmark model.     

Alkali-rich igneous rocks and related Au and Cu large and superlarge deposits in China

The alkali-rich igneous rocks in China occur as fifteen linear distributed belts of each extending several hundreds to several thousands kilometers in length. These include most types of alkali-rich igneous rock categories discovered worldwide. The related Au, Cu large and superlarge deposits or metallogenic focus-areas include Dongping, Guilaizhuang, Yulong, etc. Direct and indirect genetic links have been found between alkali-rich igneous rocks and Au, Cu mineralization. The petrogenesis and metallogenesis of the alkali-rich igneous rocks are mainly controlled by (1) mantle enrichment, (2) strong interaction between mantle and crust, (3) lower contens of sulfur, high f _O2 and high contents of volatiles, (4) the significant turn of regional tectonic framework from compress to extension and (5) the strong change of regional lithosphere structure.     

《内陆地震》与防震减灾

为了推进防震减灾事业的发展,本文介绍一本反映内陆地震活动的学术刊物《内陆地震》。总结该刊的诞生背景、主要内容以及研究成果等以了解天山地震学术研究的进展。通过学科领域统计的国内外论文收录以及通过逐年(近十年)统计的论文、简报、信息收录情况都从不同角度反映了《内陆地震》的成长。     

秦岭造山带与沉积盆地和结晶基底地震波场及动力学响应

秦岭-大别造山带横贯中国大陆中部,并将我国东部分为南北两部;即华北克拉通和扬子克拉通.在南、北相向运动力系驱动下构成了一个极为复杂的复合、叠加构造带、成矿带和地震活动带.同时导致了该地域异常变化的沉积建造和强烈起伏的结晶基底.然而对它们形成的地球物理边界场响应,岩相和结构的异常变化尚不清晰,特别对盆山之间的耦合响应更缺乏深层动力过程的理解.为此本文通过该区榆林-铜川-涪陵长1000 km剖面的地震探测和研究结果提出：（1）沉积建造厚度变化为4~10 km,结晶基底起伏强烈,幅度可达4~6 km;（2）一系列基底断裂将该区切割为南鄂尔多斯盆地和秦岭北缘前陆盆地、秦岭-大巴造山带和南缘前陆盆地与东北四川盆地,其中前陆盆地为秦岭北渭河盆地和秦岭南通江-万源盆地;（3）秦岭造山带是北部华北克拉通向南推挤、南部扬子克拉通向北推挤下隆升的陆内山体,并构筑了其南、北前陆盆地;（4）秦岭造山带的南、北边界并非是一条边界断层,而应是包括前陆盆地在内的组合界带;（5）秦岭与大巴弧形山系源于同一深部结晶基底,即同根生.这一系列的新认识对深化理解秦岭-大巴造山带形成的深层动力过程和演化机理及厘定扬子克拉通的真实北界具有极为重要的意义.     

金伯利岩的物化探异常特征及勘探方法

金伯利岩是金刚石的成矿母岩之一.金伯利岩的分布严格受断裂构造控制,矿体呈管状、脉状,具有成群、结带分布的特征;它具有磁性强、电阻率低、微量元素Cr、Ni 、Nb含量高的特征.地表物化探异常多为椭圆状、条带状且与断裂构造共生.综合物化探异常与矿体吻合较好;金伯利岩岩体形状空间分布与围岩的物性差别,决定了异常大小强弱、反映明显程度; Cr、Ni 、Nb的元素异常范围与金伯利岩管（脉）的形状有直接的对应关系.有针对性选用综合物化探方法、采用合适的测网寻找金伯利岩是行之有效的.     

Seismic velocities and thickness of horizontal and dipping subsurface layers

Summary A new approach to the determination of the interval and average seismic velocities and thickness of arbitrarily dipping subsurface rock layers from surface travel time measurement is presented. The method is referred to as thegeometric recursion. Its derivation is based upon the geometry of the seismic ray paths between a shotpoint and a geophone, and is basically an extension of Gardner's equation of dip correction. Travel time measurements at and distance between the shotpoint and the geophone and apparent dip angles of the layers are needed in using the techniques. The values determined with the new method are compared with those from two existing methods that are applicable only for the horizontal layers. The accuracy and shortcomings of these methods are then analyzed and discussed with real examples as illustrations. The main computing technique used in the method is the iterative approximation of the undetermined but interrelated subsurface parameters in common loops. The method is practical to use, particularly when the travel time measurements in an area are not redundant. Its efficiency is dependent primarily upon the accuracy of the travel time measurements as well as the effective control of the shortcomings of the method.     

地震前兆与短临预报探索

针对地震短临预报面临的科学问题,分析研究了地震前兆(近场前兆、远场前兆和大尺度动态前兆)预报地震的物理基础;总结了地震短临前兆时空演化特征和同步耦合现象。高空技术在地震前兆观测中的应用将有利于短临预报实践与探索。     

龙门山及邻区重、磁异常特征及与地震关系的研究

本文通过研究龙门山构造带及邻区的区域重、磁场特征,以及龙门山断裂带的产状等特征,探讨其与地震关系.研究结果表明,龙门山断裂带是环绕青藏高原的重力梯度带的一部分.其对应密度分界面向西北方向倾斜,向下延深数十公里,切穿莫霍面.推测密度分界面分为两段,深部较陡的为岩石圈块体的边界,浅部较缓.基底隆起与凹陷的界线大体与大地构造单元的界线一致.由西部的岩石圈块体的边界至东部在地表的大地构造单元界线之间的距离约为40~50 km.隶属于中上地壳脆性变形层的地质体由岩石圈块体界线沿缓倾的密度界面推覆至地表的大地构造单元的界线处,在此过程中伴随岩层破碎,从而发生地震.龙门山构造带主要部分位于负磁异常区,这种反磁化和退磁的现象,可能与逆冲推覆作用所引起的深部岩层倒转有关.     

Event-based deep drainage and percolation dynamics in Vertosols and Chromosols

The quantification of percolation processes and deep drainage rates in cracking clays is challenging due to the existence of multiple flow pathways, including desiccation crack networks, and the effect of variability in antecedent soil moisture and rain event properties. While most previous research on this topic focuses on long-term average rates, this study focusses on inter-event dynamics. The study uses data from soil moisture sensors distributed vertically down 4 m profiles of Vertosol and Chromosol soils across 13 sites over an area of approximately 20 km². The objectives were to estimate the temporal and spatial variability of deep drainage rates and to investigate the effect of antecedent soil moisture conditions and rain event properties on deep drainage rates and percolation dynamics. 35 deep drainage events over a 40-month period contributed 78 % of the total deep drainage of 254 mm at 4 m depth. Average deep drainage estimates were about 15 % (ranging from 0 – 80 % between sites) of total rainfall and irrigation in the Vertosol and 8% (0 – 24 %) in the Chromosol. The event water travel times at 4 m depth were 0.25 – 38 hr and 14 – 39 hr in the Vertosol and Chromosol respectively. The event deep drainage rates averaged across sites were associated with event rainfall volumes (linear regression R² = 0.40), with the effect of antecedent conditions evident only when looking at inter-site differences. The percolation response time was strongly associated with higher rainfall intensities (R² = 0.33) with no evidence from the linear regression of an antecedent moisture effect.