一次海雾过程大气波导形成机理的数值研究

依据船舶导航雷达与沿岸气象探空观测数据得知,2005年6月1～3日黄海海域发生了1次大范围波导现象;进一步结合卫星云图与沿岸测站水平能见度观测,发现此次波导伴随1次明显的平流海雾过程。利用WRF模式对此次海雾与波导过程进行了数值模拟,发现:(1)海雾始于黄海中部,绝大部分海雾的雾顶由于弱逆温、湿度梯度较小而不存在波导;(2)雾区随其北部低压的逐渐东移而向东扩展,呈现西部薄、东部厚的结构,雾体顶部由于存在逆温与湿度锐减而形成了波导,混合均匀的雾体则成为波导基础层,薄雾顶部为非贴海表面波导,而厚雾顶部则为悬空波导;(3)雾区受低压西部冷空气的影响向南消退,波导基础层逐渐变薄乃至消失,雾体之上的逆温与湿度锐减层随之下降,非贴海表面波导被强度较弱的贴海波导所替代。分析结果表明:黄海平流海雾与波导有密切的联系,海雾形成及其发展改变了海洋大气边界层的温度与湿度垂直结构,从而导致了波导的发生与演变,大气波导可认为是海雾的"副产品"。     

一次春季黄海海雾和东海层云关系的研究

结合多种观测数据和数值模拟结果对2011年3月12—13日的一次黄海海雾过程进行分析。观测数据分析表明:此次黄海海雾过程与东海层云之间存在密切的联系。地面高低压位置为水汽从层云区向北输送提供了有利的环流条件;黄海上空天气尺度下沉运动,加强了海洋大气边界层(MABL)层结的稳定性,MABL顶自南向北高度降低,有利于水汽在向北输送过程中不断向海面聚集;下沉导致的干层以及逆温层对海雾的发生发展起重要作用。模式结果进一步证明天气尺度下沉运动与MABL内的下沉在29°—30°N附近同位相叠加,使得该海区上空的下沉运动明显增强,边界层高度迅速下降。下沉可能会导致气块温度升高,云滴蒸发,来自层云区的水汽随流场向北向下输送逐渐接近冷海面凝结成雾,近海面水汽的平流输送使海雾进一步向北发展。本研究为海雾预报提供新的参考思路。     

黄海雾季开始日期的确定及其年际变化

根据山东省14个气象站1979—2007年4次/d的大气能见度观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、JRA等资料,提出了黄海雾季开始时间的以候为时间尺度的标准,并对影响雾季开始的可能因素进行了分析。结果表明:黄海气候平均雾季开始在第20候,从此候开始,盛行风向、湿度平流、温度平流、大气层结等都有利于海雾的产生;不同年份雾季开始的时间有差别,导致不同年份雾季开始早晚的主要原因是海-气温差、湿度、盛行风;黄东海海温正(负)距平,且东海北部黄海南部海温正(负)距平比黄海北部海温正(负)距平强度更大时,黄海北部雾季开始时间较早(晚)。海-气温差<0℃是海雾季节开始的先决条件,但对海雾季节开始的早晚没有明显的影响。黄海反气旋对大气层结的稳定有一定的贡献,有利于雾的形成和维持。逆温对于雾季的形成和维持有重要作用,但逆温强度与雾季开始的早晚没有直接关系;逆温层的高度可能影响海雾季节的发生,雾季开始偏早年逆温层更接近地面。     

黄海平流海雾的观测分析

利用大量的地面站点观测、卫星监测和非常规观测资料,统计分析了海雾的时空分布特征、卫星云图特征及影响黄海海雾的气象和水文因子.结果表明,黄海海雾随时间和空间而变化,在空间分布上,雾频随着纬度增高而增加;海雾与海上风速的大小和方向有密切关系;海雾出现与海表温度、气-海温差、露点温度有关;海流是影响海雾形成的水文因素之一;海雾是大气处在稳定层状态下的一种凝结现象,有海雾不一定有逆温,但是逆温层的消散却为海雾的消散提供了有利的依据.     

一次黄海海雾的数据同化试验与形成机制研究

选取2012年4月14日的一次存在东西2片雾区的黄海春季海雾为研究对象,借助WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式,采用循环3DVAR(3-Dimensional Variational)数据同化方案,考虑了湿度控制变量的背景误差协方差CV6,进行了AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)卫星温度与湿度廓线数据的同化试验,并基于同化试验结果探讨了此次海雾的形成机制。同化试验结果表明:同化AIRS卫星温度与湿度廓线数据后,模式能成功再现海雾的形成过程,特别是东西2片雾区之间的晴空区的存在,这归功于AIRS数据的同化能够显著改善海上大气边界层的温湿结构、影响海雾的低层高压的范围与强度;机制分析揭示:东西2片雾均为典型的平流冷却雾,但二者厚薄和气团来源不同;海上高压控制黄海西岸陆地的暖空气入海,受低海温的冷却作用降温先形成逆温层,然后逆温层底部生成了较薄的西侧雾区;来自黄海中部的空气向东北移动至朝鲜半岛西部海域,高压下沉增温形成一个顶部较高的稳定层,从而生成较厚的东侧雾区;高压中心下沉区内,近海面风速小使得机械湍流弱,空气增温与海温暖舌共同作用下使得近海面气海温差小,海雾无法生成导致了晴空区的存在。     

CALIPSO卫星资料的春夏季黄海海雾高度特征分析

利用2007—2018年CALIPSO卫星数据对春夏季黄海海雾的高度特征进行了统计,并借助MTSAT可见光卫星云图、"葵花8号"可见光卫星云图和KMA地面天气图对控制海雾产生的天气形势进行了分析,进一步讨论了各天气型下黄海海雾的高度特征。研究结果表明:(1)黄海海雾的平均雾顶高度是211 m,海雾高度最大值为370 m,大多数黄海海雾雾顶高度介于100～400 m;(2)7月的海雾雾顶高度高于其他月份,为260 m;(3)控制黄海海雾生成发展的主要天气型有入海变性高压型和大陆低压低槽东移型,入海变性高压控制下的弱偏南风区域的雾顶高度相对较高,大陆低压低槽控制下的槽前风速稍大区域的雾顶高度偏高。     

黄海海雾天气特征与逆温层成因分析

基于日本气象厅Multi-functional Transport Satellite(MTSAT)可见光卫星云图、韩国气象局天气图和美国国家环境预报中心Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR)数据,选取2007—2012年2~6月发生的32次黄海海雾个例进行研究。首先统计分析了黄海海雾的天气特征,接着归纳总结了有利于黄海海雾生成的天气系统类型,进而分别挑选了各类型的一次个例,解释其海上大气逆温层成因。结果表明:(1)黄海海雾天气系统可分为入海变性高压(南高北低、东高西低和独立高压)、中国大陆东移低压或低槽、北太平洋高压脊和入西太平洋高压4类,各自所占比例约为62.5%、21.9%、9.4%和6.2%。(2)天气系统控制下的冷暖平流与海面湍流冷却作用决定了海上大气逆温层的形成。海雾生成前,天气系统在演变过程中支配着形成逆温的暖气团,暖气团来源于陆上,则主要是上层强暖平流、下层弱暖(冷)平流导致逆温;暖气团来源于海上,则多由近冷海面的湍流混合、冷却降温形成逆温。     

夏季低压控制下黄海西北部海域海雾发生气象条件合成分析

利用瞬变扰动分析的原理,提供了一个可以客观判定海雾发生时天气类型的方法。在分类结果的基础上,对环流形势、散度和垂直速度以及温度湿度的垂直廓线等进行合成分析,得到低空(1 000 h Pa)为低压扰动下发生海雾(L型海雾)的环流和物理量场基本特征,并与高压控制下海雾(H型海雾)进行对比,结果表明:1)L型海雾位势高度负异常扰动主要表现在低层,其平均值为-65.66 gpm,向上逐渐减弱;2)L型海雾在发生时其逆温强度小于H型海雾,雾层较厚,雾层上空湿度仍然比较大,而H型海雾雾层上空有比较明显的干层;3)L型海雾在垂直方向上的分布具有三层结构,第一层1 000~950 h Pa为辐合伴有弱上升和下沉运动,第二层950~850 h Pa为辐散伴有弱下沉运动,第三层850~500 h Pa为逐渐加强的上升运动;H型海雾为两层结构,1 000 h Pa为辐散伴有弱的上升和下沉运动,950~500 h Pa为一致的下沉运动;4)概率密度统计分析进一步定量表明了L型和H型海雾发生时垂直运动以及相对湿度在各层中的分布情况。这些结论对黄海西北部夏季低压环流形势下海雾的预报提供了重要参考。     

黄海海雾数值模拟中多普勒雷达径向风数据同化试验

基于WRF(Weather Researchand Forecasting)模式及其3DVar(3-DimensionalVariational)模块,发展了一套多普勒雷达径向风数据的同化方案。针对2次黄海海雾个例展开了一系列同化效果对比数值试验,详细分析了同化雷达径向风数据对雾区产生改进的原因。研究结果表明:(1)仅同化常规观测数据不足以纠正初始场中海上大气边界层湿度偏干的状态,导致海雾模拟失败或雾区严重偏小,因此在同化多普勒雷达径向风数据之前,必须先同化从海雾卫星观测中提取的湿度信息;(2)同化多普勒雷达数据不仅显著地直接改进了近海面大气流场,而且会间接改善温度场,从而进一步提高海雾的模拟效果——2次海雾个例模拟雾区的ETS(Equitable Threat Score)评分改进率分别达到66.7%与62.1%;(3)黄海海雾数值模拟中首先要改进海上大气边界层的湿度与温度层结,在此基础上进一步改进近海面大气流场十分必要。     

不同气流路径的春季黄海海雾天气与大气-海洋特征

春季（四至五月）是黄海海雾的多发季节,也是亚洲季风的转换季节。 本文对发生在1960-2006年春季的黄海海雾,及其雾气相关的天气特征和大气-海洋条件进行了综合分析。海雾根据I_COADS海面观测数据和同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料风场的气流后向轨迹聚类分析,可进行气流路径分类。在气流路径分析的基础上,对春季黄海海雾的大尺度低层环流型及其相关的地表散度、湿度垂直分布、水汽水平输送及大气-海表温度差异进行了分析。主要结论总结如下：（1）导致春季黄海海雾形成的气流主要可分为四条路径。气流分别来自黄海的西北、东、东南和西南侧。（2）春季黄海海雾的发生有两种典型的天气型：黄海高压型（HSH）、气旋和反气旋耦合型（CAC）。两种天气型在四月份的出现比例大致相同;但在五月份HSH型的出现比例下降到三分之一左右,而CAC型上升到三分之二左右。（3）HSH和CAC两种天气型的共同特征是黄海位于地面散度中心。 （4）对于HSH型海雾,水汽主要来自局部蒸发,低层大气之上存在明显的干层;对于CAC型雾,水汽主要来自黄海以外,低层大气具有深厚的高湿度层。（5）由于天气型及其湿度垂直分布和水汽水平输送的差异,海雾可分为两类。多数的CAC型海雾为“暖”海雾,而HSH型海雾中的“暖”和“冷”海雾的比例几乎相同。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.