滇东南泸江流域岩溶地下水质量及污染影响因素研究

泸江流域是滇东南典型的喀斯特断陷盆地发育区,主干水系连接着多个断陷盆地及坡立谷.根据最新的地下水污染调查资料,流域喀斯特地下水质量总体以Ⅲ类为主,水质超Ⅲ类的岩溶水点中,东部多,西部少,且暗河占比最大,岩溶泉次之,机井最小.主要污染源是工矿企业及城镇生活垃圾污染源,研究分析了污染影响因素为环境水文地质条件的差异、污染源...     

基于水文地质条件分析的岩溶水源地保护区划分

以邢台百泉岩溶水系统为例,分析了邢台百泉岩溶水系统的地下水流场受人类活动影响的演变特征,并采用数值模拟法预测了超采条件下水源地未来十年流场的变化。首次发现了泉域矿山疏排水形成了“沙河人工分水岭”并迅速北移的现象,标志百泉泉域地下水资源恶化严重,提出了在复杂岩溶水文地质条件下,采用以计算流程的方法划分保护区造成保护区浪费和碳酸盐岩裸露补给区没有保护的问题。在兼顾水质保护和水资源量可持续利用的前提下,分析了水源地上覆地层的防护能力和碳酸盐岩裸露补给区矿山疏排水对水源地的影响,将碳酸盐岩裸露补给区划分为二级保护区,突破了传统的“二级保护区包裹一级保护区”的模式,以较小的保护区面积有效地保证水源地的水质安全和可持续利用。      

江苏苏锡常地区地下水开采出现的问题及对策研究

近年来,江苏苏锡常地区地表水由于遭受严重污染,致使地下水开采量逐年增加;又由于缺乏正确认识和科学管理,造成该地区地下水资源长期超采,从而引发了地面沉降、地裂缝等环境地质问题和地质灾害。本文从可持续发展观点出发,为使地下水资源合理开采和保护同步发展,有针对性地探讨了该地区地下水资源合理开发和保护对策。     

基于表层岩溶带调控的峰丛洼地低影响开发构建

岩溶峰丛洼地地区石漠化、饮水困难和水污染等环境问题高发,生态环境十分脆弱。低影响开发概念的引入有助于规范开发行为,促进水资源的高效利用,降低石漠化和地下河污染风险。根据水文条件和开发方式岩溶洼地空间分为坡耕地水土流失敏感区、表层岩溶泉水源地敏感区和落水洞污染输入敏感区。低影响开发模式总体是在3类敏感区实现5个管理目标。坡耕地敏感区的低影响开发目标设置为降低农田耗水量和减少水土流失,开发途径是减少蒸发和调控坡面洪水径流。表层岩溶泉敏感区的管理目标是降雨－径流资源化利用和饮用水安全保障,通过实施雨水收集回用工程和设置水源地保护区来实现。落水洞敏感区需要通过设置径流缓冲区和沉淀过滤池来预防污染物进入。我国南方石漠化地区探索和总结出以表层岩溶带降雨－径流管理为特征的低影响开发模式。该模式要求峰丛顶部留置生态保护区涵养水源。岩溶洼地底部为落水洞排洪预留缓冲区,利用岩溶裂缝设置下凹式绿地,实现自然渗透和净化。“峰”、“洼”之间过渡区划定水源地保护区边界,同时设法增加雨水资源化利用率,补充生态和生活缺水量。低影响开发模式也适用于峰丛洼地发育的东南亚和中美洲等地区。      

南方岩溶区地下水资源特征与水资源保障对策

【研究目的】中国南方岩溶地区干旱缺水等问题异常突出,岩溶地下水赋存和分布的复杂,开发利用率低,基于多年调查研究工作为基础,系统总结南方岩溶区地下水资源特征,研讨水资源保障对策。【研究方法】基于南方岩溶区地下水资源特点、地下水系统类型、地下水系统空间结构的叠置性和时空分布不均性分析,提出南方岩溶区水资源保障对策。【研究结果】南方岩溶区可从以下三方面充分发挥地下水资源安全保障作用,一是掌握地下水赋存分布规律,发挥分散供水和应急供水作用;二是加强调蓄工程建设,解决水资源时空分布不均问题;三是建立与生态重建和经济发展相结合的地下水资源可持续利用模式。【结论】南方岩溶区地下水赋存条件复杂,具有表层带岩溶水系统、岩溶地下河与管道流系统、岩溶大泉系统以及分散排泄地下水系统多种类型,规模大小不一,开发利用形式多样;在垂向上具有叠置性,水空分布严重不均;开发利用潜力较大。在地球科学系统论的指导下,查明岩溶水资源赋存分布规律,科学评价地下水资源量,因地制宜制定水资源开发利用和保护方案,为脱贫攻坚、生态文明建设和乡村振兴提供技术支撑。创新点：以系统水文地质环境地质综合调查和地下水开发利用示范工作为基础,系统总结南方岩溶区地下水资源特点;针对岩溶区水资源安全保障问题,分析其主要原因,提出了水资源保障对策。     

Karst groundwater management by defining protection zones based on regional geological structures and groundwater flow fields

In a semiarid region, the karst aquifer generally forms a large groundwater reservoir that can play an important role in regional water supply. But because of the specific physical properties of karst aquifers, they are vulnerable to pollution and anthropogenic impacts. Karst groundwater management strategies are vital. As representative of karst springs in a semiarid area, Niangziguan Springs is located in the east of Shanxi Province, China with an annual average rate of discharge of 10.34 m³/s (1956–2003) (Y. Liang, unpublished data). The Niangziguan Spring Basin covers an area of 7,394 km² with an annual average precipitation of 535 mm (1958–2003) (Hao et al. in Carsologica Sinica 23(1):43–47, 2004). Over the past three decades, accelerated groundwater exploitation has caused water-table decline in the aquifer, reduction of the spring discharge, and deterioration of water quality. In this study, three protection zones were defined to ensure the quality and capacity of this resource. The confluence of the 11 spring systems and the discharge areas were defined as I protection zone, the recharge basin was II protection zone, and the slack water area where there is little surface recharge was the III protection zone. Management strategies for each zone were suggested and evaluated to provide a scientific foundation for sustainable utilization.     

浅析河南省渑池县水泉洼铝土矿床地质特征

通过大量的地质勘查工作,探明本区为大型铝土矿床,具有埋藏浅、规模大、易开采、易加工、中等品位的特征,属一水硬铝石型沉积铝土矿.     

Characterization of the hydrogeology of the sacred Gihon Spring, Jerusalem: a deteriorating urban karst spring

The Gihon Spring, Jerusalem, is important for the major monotheistic religions. Its hydrogeology and hydrochemistry is studied here in order to understand urbanization effects on karst groundwater resources, and promote better water management. High-resolution monitoring of the spring discharge, temperature and electrical conductivity, was performed, together with chemical and bacterial analysis. All these demonstrate a rapid response of the spring to rainfall events and human impact. A complex karst system is inferred, including conduit flow, fissure flow and diffuse flow. Electrical conductivity, Na⁺ and K⁺ values (2.0 mS/cm, 130 and 50 mg/l respectively) are very high compared to other nearby springs located at the town margins (0.6 mS/cm, 15 and <1 mg/l respectively), indicating considerable urban pollution in the Gihon area. The previously cited pulsating nature of the spring was not detected during the present high-resolution monitoring. This phenomenon may have ceased due to additional water sources from urban leakage and irrigation feeding the spring. The urbanization of the recharge catchment thus affects the spring water dramatically, both chemically and hydrologically. Appropriate measures should therefore be undertaken to protect the Gihon Spring and other karst aquifers threatened by rapid urbanization.     

西南岩溶石山区断陷盆地岩溶水系统分类及供水意义

笔者根据岩溶区水文地质条件及特征的差异，以地下水循环的特征为纲，应用系统分析方法，将岩溶水系统分为三级，对各级系统进行了分类。第一级为岩溶水系统，第二级分为浅循环和深循环岩溶水系统、第三级分别进一步分为裸露型、裸露-覆盖型、裸露-埋藏型、滞水型及层控型和断裂带型6类基本的岩溶水文地质单元。并论述了各类型的水文地质特征，指出了各类系统的供水意义，对断陷盆地岩溶水资源的勘查和开发有较大的参考价值。     

抚松饮用水水源保护区水资源特征分析

本文通过对抚松饮用水水源保护区地理环境、区域地质和水文地质的介绍,分析了保护区内矿泉水的赋存与形成条件、矿泉水类型和分布特征,在此基础上对区内矿泉水的水化学特征和资源量进行了概要评价。为进一步研究保护区内天然矿泉水资源、保护水资源免受污染及防治水源地遭受生态破坏提供了科学依据,也为有效利用矿泉水资源、促进地方经济持续健康发展起到积极的作用。     

贵阳市岩溶地下水水质变化特征浅析

为了解长时间尺度岩溶地下水的水质变化特征,本文以贵阳市中心城区为例,选取1984年和2014年48组原位取样点的丰季水质数据,并结合地下水赋存环境和城市发展特征进行对比分析。结果显示:研究区地下水水质较好,整体有恶化的趋势;1984年仅有9处地下水水质超标,多数超标点为原生背景成因,2014年有14处水质超标,多数超标点为人类活动引起;地下水化学类型在30年间变化较大,近一半取样点地下水由HCO3型变成HCO3·SO4型水,研究区地下水硫酸盐化明显;新老城区地下水水质逐步好转,城乡结合部地带则是地下水污染的高发区,农业区因人类活动强度较低,地下水水质变化相对平缓。建议在岩溶城市的地下水资源开发和地下水环境保护工作中,应综合考虑不同区域的岩溶水文地质条件和人类活动特征,有的放矢的开展评价监测管理。针对工作区地下水硫酸盐化现象开展研究,并对城乡结合部开展综合整治,加强对农业区地下水环境的综合保护,以遏制区内地下水污染趋势,预防地下水污染事件的发生。      

喀斯特断陷盆地水资源高效开发利用模式构建

在调查研究典型喀斯特断陷盆地水文地质特征、地表水文过程、“五水”转换及水资源均衡,研发地下水高效开发利用、地表水调蓄、水污染风险评估与水质修复、农田节水灌溉及土壤保墒、水资源优化调控等系列技术的基础上,以可持续发展和系统科学理论为指导,构建了喀斯特断陷盆地水资源高效开发利用模式,包括理论与技术支撑体系和开发利用工程体系两个层次。前者的基本构成及内涵为:水资源高效开发利用工作流程、理论依据及技术支撑,是模式的理论与技术内涵;后者为沿着盆地地表、地下水的形成、运动和转换过程,从上游山区到下游河谷区,逐级分区部署的水资源开发利用工程体系,工程布局做到因地制宜、科学合理,大、中、小、微型并举,集中供水与分散供水兼顾,同时系统推进水质修复、水循环利用、节约用水等措施,实现水资源的高效和可持续开发利用。      

The protection of karst water resources: the example of the Larzac karst plateau (south of France)

Wide karst plateaus extend in the carbonate rocks of the Grands Causses area, north of Montpellier (south of France). They are surrounded by a hard rock base that feeds important rivers, such as the Tarn River and tributaries, and crosses the plateaus creating deep gorges. The Larzac plateau, the most southern, makes a link with the Mediterranean region. It is traversed by one of the main national roads and another main road under construction from Clermont-Ferrand to Montpellier and Spain. The karst water resource of the plateau, from springs, is used as a water supply for the Millau area (30,000 inhabitants); but it also recharges surface rivers, mainly during the summer and fall when the water level is low, in a region that is well known for water recreation activities, for fish farming and, above all, for sheep farming and Roquefort cheese production. The fundamental question was should the karst and its water resource be fully protected by strict regulations (for example as a nature reservation) in land-use management of the plateau based upon the knowledge of its hydrogeological functioning and its karst structure? Decisions, concerning the ～500-km² area were elaborated from detailed hydrogeological studies, which included natural and artificial tracing, analysis of karst aquifer functioning, landscape analysis, and risk assessment and mapping. Recommendations were proposed to local and regional decision makers to define what were the preferences in terms of water resource protection and water quality restoration. Following such an approach in a karst area is not easy for hydrogeologists or for decision makers. In non-karstic regions, protection zones currently extend over small areas of a few square kilometers, which can be easily placed under the control of a small municipality. In the present example, the main water supplies are two springs that recharge areas that extend respectively over 100 and 110?km². Included are several municipalities, some of which use them for their water supply, whereas others are concerned with pollution risks and land management projects. The recent French Water Act, which considers water as a common heritage, allows for general management by all the users, and it deals with the water and the terrain in which it flows. The regulation tools seem very well suited to karst region management. However, time is needed to educate users and decision makers, and with the help of karst scientists, to work together in a framework that is larger than the usual municipal limits.     

Review: Characterization,evolution, and environmental issues of karst water systems in Northern China

In Northern China, karst systems in widely distributed carbonate rocks are one of the most important water supplies for local inhabitants. Constrained by the specific geological and geomorphological conditions, most karst water in this region is discharged as individual or groups of springs. This paper summarizes the characteristics, chemistry, and environmental quality of these karst systems in Northern China. Five structural models of karst water systems were identified based on the relationships between the karst geological strata and karst groundwater flow fields. These specific structural models may closely relate to the attendant environmental geological issues and consistent risks from pollution. Over the past 40 years, the karst water systems in Northern China have suffered from various environmental problems, including deteriorating water quality, the drying up of springs, a continuous decline in the level of karst water, and so on. Based on the field investigation and previous data, a preliminary summary is provided of the environmental problems related to the development and evolutionary trends of karst water in this region. The results highlight the significant challenges associated with karst water, and it is essential that all segments of society be made aware of the situation in order to demand change. In addition, the study provides a scientific basis for the management, protection, and sustainable utilization of karst water resources.     

Elements of groundwater protection in a karst environment

The large spread of karst in Yugoslavia (over one third of the territory) and the importance of its water resources due to the growing pollution of the environment lead to complicated research activities in various scientific fields. A multidisciplinary approach to this research should have the following basic directions: defining sources of pollution; classification of pollutants; defining hydrological, geological, and hydrogeological characteristics of the area studied; study of interaction among pollutants, groundwater, and rocks; and, finally, defining of specific protection measures. The prerequisite for any decision making should already exist in local and regional urban plans. Some basic principles of the listed directions of research are illustrated by examples from practice.     

岩溶塌陷易发区地下水安全开采控制——以珠三角广花盆地城市应急水源地为例

以珠三角广花盆地城市应急水源地为例,通过野外现场抽水和室内临界水力梯度试验对比,分析了地下水安全开采的控制条件。结果显示:广花盆地的岩溶塌陷是可通过控制水位降深等方法进行防控的,当地下水开采水位降深控制在9 m以内时,可大幅度降低岩溶塌陷概率。该结果可直接作为企业进行地下水安全开采的控制性指标和政府管理部门安全管控的决策性指标。由于地质条件的差异性,在实际开采地下水过程中,不能机械地依赖单一的地下水水位降深控制指标,应根据抽水影响半径以及各地不同的临界水力坡度分地段控制地下水位降深,或者改变开采方式,以达到充分利用地下水资源的目的。建议在实际抽水期间制订突发灾害预案,加强地下水监测工作,实时掌握地下水和其他影响因素变化动态。      

对中国北方岩溶水研究方向的思考与实践

中国北方碳酸盐岩含水层连续沉积厚度大、分布范围广,蕴藏着丰富的地下水资源,是重要的国家级含水层。北方岩溶水集水资源、旅游资源、生态功能等于一体,在国民经济建设中具有举足轻重的地位,特别在城市供水和能源基地建设中发挥了不可替代的支撑性作用。近50年来,受大规模水资源开发利用和人类其它高强度活动影响,北方岩溶水环境问题凸显并带来了一系列负面效应,严重制约了水资源的可持续利用。在国家大力倡导生态文明建的大背景下,如何协调好北方岩溶区资源开发与环境保护,是水文地质工作行业需要着重思考的问题。本文从国家需求出发,提出北方断流岩溶大泉泉水复流的生态修复、闭坑煤矿酸性“老窑水”对岩溶水的污染防治、深层岩溶水的水和热资源开发利用等应作为未来一段时期北方岩溶水的重点研究方向,同时,对近年来在这几个方面开展的调查研究工作取得的成果了进行简要介绍。      

Analysis of travel time,sources of water and well protection zones with groundwater models

This study compares numerical models with analytical solutions in computing travel times and radius of protection zones for a pumping well located in an unconfined aquifer with uniform recharge and in a semi-confined aquifer. Numerical models were capable of delineating protection zones using particle tracking method in both cases. However, protection zones defined by travel time criterion can only protect small percent of source water to the well; large percent of source water is not protected which may pose a risk of pollution of source water to the well. The case study of Leggeloo well field in the Netherlands indicates that although a well field protection area was enforced in 1980s, elevated nitrate concentration has been monitored in the abstracted water since 1990s. The analysis of protection areas shows that the current protection area only protects 37.4% of recharge water to the well field. A large protection area must be adopted in order to safeguard the sustainable water supply for the local community     

山西岩溶大泉污染特征及管理保护

山西为华北岩溶较发育的省份之一。大于０．５ｍ＾３／ｓ的岩溶大泉１９处，是山西能泊基地的宝贵不源。本文着重论述这１９个岩溶在泵污染类型及污染途径，对主要污染及污染原因进行分析，并结合近年来的水平管理经验，提出了对岩溶大泉的管理保护管理。