古风向重建指征研究进展

古风向的重建是古大气环流研究的重要内容,具有重要的古气候意义。目前对古风向的恢复所使用的地质指征包括风成地貌的形态、风成沉积物空间分布特征、风力作用产生的结果等,通过对这些指征识别和判断来重建古风向。本文对现有的古风向研究中的指征进行了总结归纳,可以将其分为直接指征、间接指征和其他类型指征。从时间尺度上看,第四纪以来的指征较多,方法多样,第四纪以前的地质指征数量相对较少,但研究应用仍很广泛;从空间尺度上看,干旱气候区的指征较易于获得,而湿润气候区指征匮乏,且适用较为严格。探寻新的古风向重建指征是古风向研究亟待解决的中心问题。     

资源短缺与中国资源节约发展方向探讨

随着社会经济的快速发展,资源短缺对中国经济的瓶颈作用越来越强烈。作为世界上最大的发展中国家,中国的资源环境现状面临严峻挑战。中国虽然资源总量丰富,但是人均资源量少、结构失衡,多年来以资源环境的大量投入不仅严重破坏了资源基础,更加重了环境恶化的趋势。总体来看,目前中国在资源生产和消费过程中主要存在资源利用效率低下、产品质量不过关、生产集约程度不足、生产和消费失衡以及生产与资源分布不吻合、资源管理不完善等方面的问题,要维持未来中国资源的有效供给,需要建立自然资源开发利用从宏观到微观的统一管理机制,强化机制的综合协调功能,因此我国资源节约型经济的基本模式应是：（（消费节省+生产集约）×（政府干预+市场调节））×科技教育。为此,中国资源节约战略可以考虑通过发展循环经济、推进国家资源加工深度化进程、加强资源管理和提高环保意识等措施进行。     

Retarded Children and the Concepts of Distance and Direction

Abstract

Ideally the test questions we give to students reflect our educational objectives. Recent curriculum developments in geography show a change in these objectives, from an emphasis on imparting knowledge towards a greater stress on involving students in solving geographic problems. Most teachers, however, are accustomed to writing questions which measure factual knowledge. What kinds of questions can we ask which would be better aligned with our objectives? This paper is an attempt to indicate some such questions. It discusses aspects of test design, item classification, and styles of presentation which facilitate the preparation of tests measuring a variety of objectives. It also comments briefly on student performance on different kinds of items.     

一次向西输送的亚洲沙尘过程

一般情况下发生在中国和蒙古国的沙尘天气是向东移动的。对2004年11月24~27日新疆北部的NOAA-AVHRR遥感数据进行沙尘提取发现,在新疆北部的古尔班通古特沙漠发生了明显的沙尘现象,沙尘却向西移动,经过阿拉山口向哈萨克斯坦输送。使用地面台站的观测数据对此进行了验证,发现地面确实观测到了沙尘现象,而且在850hPa的高空存在明显的偏东大风,这说明近地面的东风将沙尘向西输送,导致沙漠西面的台站观测到沙尘现象。     

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Tornado Path Direction*

Common perception is that tornadoes travel in paths from the southwest quadrant of directions toward the northeast. This study examines path directions for 6,194 tornadoes that occurred in the eastern two‐thirds of the United States during the twenty‐three‐year period 1980–2002. At the national scale, nearly 70 percent of tornadoes included in the study propagated from the west, west‐southwest, and southwest, with west‐southwest being the highest frequency origin direction. Nevertheless, distinct seasonal and regional variations were found. In central and northern areas of the country, a more westerly or northwesterly path origin prevails during late spring and summer. The midtropospheric flow, convective typology, and synoptic patterns of tornado outbreaks are thought to contribute to the distributions observed in the climatology.     

The Direction of Settlement in the Prairie Provinces of Canada

Abstract

Norman J. G. Pounds, Editor, Geographical Essays on Eastern Europe. Indiana University Publications (Russian and East European Series, Vol. 24), Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., 1961. 159 pages with table of contents, maps and diagrams. $4.00.

Clyde F. Kohn (ed.). Urban Responses to Agricultural Change. Department of Publications, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 1961. viii and 207 pages with table of contents, 58 tables, 11 maps, and 9 charts and graphs. No index. $4.00.

Clyde F. Kohn and Dorothy W. Drummond. The World Today: Its Patterns and Cultures. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N.Y. 1963. 626 pages with table of contents, maps, photographs, graphs, glossary and index. $6.88.

William E. Carter. The First Book of Bolivia. Franklin Watts, Inc., New York 22, N.Y., 1963. 82 pages with table of contents, map, photographs, glossary of Bolivian terms and index. $2.50.

Bryan H. Farrell. Power in New Zealand, A. H. &; A. W. Reed, Wellington, New Zealand, 1962. (North American agents: W. S. Heinman, 400 East 72nd St., New York 21.) 197 pages with table of contents, maps, photographs, appendix, glossary, reference notes, bibliography and index. $5.95.

Donald N. Wilbur. The Land and People of Ceylon, J. B. Lippincott Co., N.Y., 1963. 157 pages with table of contents, map, index, and photographs. $3.25.

Edward Madden Ainsworth. Beckoning Desert. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1962. 264 pages, sketches. $5.95.

Edward C. Tabler, editor. Trade and Travel in Early Barotseland. University of California Press, Berkeley 4, Calif., 1963. 125 pages. $5.00.

L. Kellner. Alexander yon Humboldt. Oxford University Press, Inc., Fair Lawn, N.J., 1963. 247 pages. $5.75.

Lewis M. Alexander. Offshore Geography of Northwestern Europe. Rand McNally &; Co., Chicago, Ill., 1963. 162 pages. $5.00.

Patricia H. Suttles, editor. Elementary Teachers Guide to Free Curriculum Materials. Edncators Progress Service, Randolph, Wis., 1963. 342 pages with table of contents with index and illustrative units. $7.50.

Ruth Warren. The First Book of the Arab World. Franklin Watts, Inc., 575 Lexington Ave., New York 22, N.Y., 19G3. 65 pages with table of contents, pictures and index. $2.50.     

深圳市生态城市建设的定量评估及其发展方向

以深圳市统计年鉴、人口分布、城市建筑以及环境保护等资料为数据源,应用系统分析法和层次分析法,基于经济、社会、环境三大子系统构建生态城市评估模型,对深圳2004―2007年城市生态水平进行定量评价,并与广州、上海作对比分析。研究结果表明,深圳城市生态化水平较高且逐年递增,并略高于广州、上海;经济、社会、环境子系统对深圳生态城市建设的贡献度基本保持在25﹕35﹕40的稳定比例,表明环境子系统是生态城市建设的关键。对各子系统的具体分析表明,深圳的环境子系统欠缺稳定性,社会子系统指数有待完善,经济子系统则与发达国家、地区尚存差距。此外,资源利用、污染防治、产业结构与基础设施,则是当前深圳市生态城市建设面临的关键问题与重要发展方向。     

拓扑关系和方向关系的定性组合描述

空间关系理论研究是当前GIS界重点研究的前沿课题之一,但就目前研究成果看,空间关系理论中的拓扑关系和方向关系的理论研究多采用独立的描述模型,影响了空间推理和空间表达的精度。该文在分析拓扑关系和方向关系描述模型的基础上,提出将拓扑关系和方向关系定性表示相结合的TD模型,并用实例说明该模型能较全面地描述空间对象的空间关系。     

南非交通基础设施建设的潜力与方向评估

交通基础设施作为经济发展的“先行官”,对国民经济发展具有巨大推动作用。参与南非重大基础设施建设,对加强中国与南非战略合作、推动中国企业走入南非投资兴业具有重要意义。2010年,南非《全国运输总体规划(2005-2050)》（即 NATMAP 2050）正式出台,对南非铁路、公路、航空、港口、管道等基础设施进行了详实的安排,总投资额高达7500亿兰特。本文通过深入解读该规划,识别出南非铁路、港口等交通基础设施领域的投资重点和重大项目。在此基础上,结合南非城镇体系分布、矿产资源开发、国际贸易发展等方面的现状特征分析,系统评价了南非高铁客运通道、大宗货运通道、港口体系的投资潜力和方向,筛选出投资潜力较大的关键项目,以期为我国更好地参与南非经济发展进程提供决策支持,同时也为我国企业到南非投资创业提供参考。     

河流健康:概念、评价方法与方向

人类不合理的社会经济活动严重干扰了河流生态系统,河流健康问题引起广泛的重视。在详细概括了有关河流健康概念的不同认识基础上,介绍了河流健康评价的生物监测法与综合指标法的优缺点与发展历程,并就有关河流健康评价的发展趋势提出建议。认为今后的重点是评价标准确定、河流对干扰敏感性、生态过程性指标及流域尺度上的健康评价的研究。