Variability of cloud liquid water and ice over South Asia from TMI estimates

In this study, the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission based Microwave Imager estimates (2A12) have been used to compare and contrast the characteristics of cloud liquid water and ice over the Indian land region and the ocean surrounding it, during the premonsoon (May) and monsoon (June–September) seasons. Based on the spatial homogeneity of rainfall, we have selected five regions for our study (three over ocean, two over land). Comparison across three ocean regions suggests that the cloud liquid water (CLW) over the orographically influenced Arabian Sea (close to the Indian west coast) behaves differently from the CLW over a trapped ocean (Bay of Bengal) or an open ocean (equatorial Indian Ocean). Specifically, the Arabian Sea region shows higher liquid water for a lower range of rainfall, whereas the Bay of Bengal and the equatorial Indian Ocean show higher liquid water for a higher range of rainfall. Apart from geographic differences, we also documented seasonal differences by comparing CLW profiles between monsoon and premonsoon periods, as well as between early and peak phases of the monsoon. We find that the CLW during the lean periods of rainfall (May or June) is higher than during the peak and late monsoon season (July–September) for raining clouds. As active and break phases are important signatures of the monsoon progression, we also analysed the differences in CLW during various phases of the monsoon, namely, active, break, active-to-break and break-to-active transition phases. We find that the cloud liquid water content during the break-to-active transition phase is significantly higher than during the active-to-break transition phase over central India. We speculate that this could be attributed to higher amount of aerosol loading over this region during the break phase. We lend credence to this aerosol-CLW/rain association by comparing the central Indian CLW with that over southeast Asia (where the aerosol loading is significantly smaller) and find that in the latter region, there are no significant differences in CLW during the different phases of the monsoon. While our hypothesis needs to be further investigated with numerical models, the results presented in this study can potentially serve as a good benchmark in evaluating the performance of cloud resolving models over the Indian region.     

TRMM测雨雷达和微波成像仪对两个中尺度特大暴雨降水结构的观测分析研究

文中利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达和微波成像仪探测结果,研究了1998年7月20日21时(世界时)和1999年6月9日21时发生在武汉地区附近和皖南地区的两个中尺度强降水系统的水平结构和垂直结构,以及TMI微波亮温对降水强弱和分布的响应。研究结果表明:这两个中尺度强降水系统中对流降水所占面积比层云降水面积小,但对流降水具有很强的降水率,它对总降水量的贡献超过了层云降水。降水水平结构表明,两个中尺度强降水系统由多个强雨团或雨带组成,它们均属于对流性降水;降水垂直结构分析表明,强对流降水的雨顶高度可达15km,强对流降水主体中存在垂直方向和水平方向非均匀降水率分布区,层云降水有清晰的亮度带,层云降水的上方存在多层云系结构。降水廓线分布表明:对流降水廓线与层云降水廓线有明显的区别,并且降水廓线清晰地反映了降水微物理过程的垂直分布。整个中尺度强降水系统中对流降水与层云降水的区别还反映在标准化的总降水率随高度的分布。微波信号分析表明:TMI85 GHz极化修正亮温,19.4与37.0,19.4与85.5,37.0与85.5 GHz的垂直极化亮温差均能较好地指示陆面附近的降水分布。     

中国西北地区云时空分布特征的初步分析

利用国际卫星云气候计划（ISCCP）获取的1983年7月－1993年12月的月平均云资料，分析了西北地区云的分布特片和季节变化，发现西北地区的云量与地形有很好的一致性；塔里木盆地是云量最少的地区，而且以云层较薄的积云和高云为主，在天山，昆仑山，祁连山一带，存在着云量的极大值区，其中云层较厚，水汽含量较高的层云，雨层云，深对流云占了很大的比例，值得注意的一点是，云的这种时空分布特征具有明显的地域性和稳定性，有利于开展人工增雨工作。     

鄂西北夏季对流降水回波特征的研究

该文通过对鄂西北1995～1999年6～9月273个对流回波个例进行统计分析，得出生成对流云的主要天气背景为西风低槽过境和副高外围的影响。对流云回波出现频率6、9月较少，7～8月较多。当地地形对对流云活动具有促进生成、约束移动、抬升加强等作用。对流云可分为单体、多单体、超级单体和混合云中对流等种类。6、9月对流云平均的生命时间较短，回波强度、顶高和强回波区顶高较低。相反，7～8月对流云回波特征值较高     

湖南省2001年夏秋季对流云降水潜力数值模拟结果

应用对流云数值模式模拟了2001年7～9月湖南省三个探空站0000和1200(世界时)462个对流云降水算例.模拟结果表明(1)其中53天的198个算例属于有利人工增雨的天气形势,133个算例的可播度大于零,54个算例的增雨率大于零;(2)7～9月天气形势有利于人工增雨日的算例,对流云平均含水量为575万吨,平均降水效率11.4%;(3)8月降水潜力大于7月,9月降水潜力最小.这表明即使大旱的2001年湖南省夏秋季对流云仍然有一定的增雨潜力.     

西北地区不同类型云的时空分布及其与降水的关系

利用1983年7月～2001年9月国际卫星云气候计划ISCCP D2的月平均资料,对西北不同区域不同类型云的云量和云水路径的时空分布及其与降水的关系进行了研究。结果表明：高原气候区是各种云出现最多的地区,特别是积状云的云量明显高于其他两区,但这些云的云水路径值低;西北地区大多数云云量的高值区出现在天山山区、北疆地区、陕西东南部和青藏高原的部分地区。高云和部分中云云量空间分布特征与降水有着较好的一致性：沿着天山—昆仑山—祁连山一带以及陕南和／或陇南地区是高值区,低值区在塔里木盆地—内蒙古西部戈壁沙漠—黄土高原西北部一带;绝大多数云类春夏季节云量维持较高,秋冬季节云量较少。云水路径值较大的层状云类的云量多寡与降水多寡相一致;积状云类和层积云类云量多少与降水没有一定的关系,在降水偏少时,这类云的云量大多与降水正常时相近,有些云的云量甚至比降水偏多时还要多。     

暖底对流云催化的微物理和动力效应的数值模拟

为加深理解暖云底对流云降水形成的微物理机制,调查对这类对流云实施碘化银催化所能产生的微物理和动力效应,本文使用三维对流云模式(包含6种水成物:云滴、雨滴、冰晶、雪花、霰和冰雹),对2004年7月8日发生在我国江淮地区的一例对流云进行模拟,并开展碘化银催化试验。结果表明:(1)模式能够较好地模拟出实测风暴的回波结构。(2)云雨自动转化和霰粒子融化是两个最重要的成雨机制,产生的雨滴占雨滴总数量(质量)的67%(19%)和18%(57%)。(3)对流发展初期在主上升气流区进行的催化试验表明,对本例对流云播撒碘化银能够同时获得增雨和减雹的正效果。(4)催化增加的霰粒子通过竞争机制抑制了前期冰雹的形成,但增强了向雨滴的转化(通过融化机制);催化也促进了二次对流的发展,增加了入云的水汽通量和云水含量,加强了后期的云雨自动转化及碰并增长,导致后期的雨和冰雹增加,并使地面降水分布发生变化。这些结果表明,对暖底对流云进行碘化银催化能够产生微物理和动力效应。     

拉萨地区汛期积状云及其人工增雨作业研究

本文利用拉萨地区1981 ～2010年汛期5～9月4个台站的地面观测资料,统计分析了汛期5～9月各类积云的发生频率及其降水过程,分析了各类积云的降水能力;从卫星云图、天气雷达图识别及目测三个方面对拉萨地区汛期适宜高炮（火箭）人工增雨作业云系做了初步探讨.结果表明：拉萨地区平均每年有40d以上的积云降水;其中伴随碎雨云的积雨云（Cb＋Fn）降水概率最大.各县区平均积云降水过程占总降水过程的52.6％,平均积云降水量占总降水量的54.8％;汛期降水过程中由积云带来的降水占一半以上,一般产生小雨及小到中雨的雨量,产生大雨及暴雨的概率极小.降水性积云不仅人工增雨潜力很大,实施人工增雨催化作业的机会也较多.适合人工增雨作业影响的积云降水云系按其对降水量的贡献大小依次为伴随碎雨云出现的积雨云（Cb＋ Fn）、伴随碎积云出现的混合层积云（Sc＋Fc）、积雨云（Cb）、层积云（Sc）.     

Observational Diagnosis of Cloud Phase in the Winter Antarctic Atmosphere for Parameterizations in Climate Models

The cloud phase composition of cold clouds in the Antarctic atmosphere is explored using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instruments for the period 2000--2006. We used the averaged fraction of liquid-phase clouds out of the total cloud amount at the cloud tops since the value is comparable in the two measurements. MODIS data for the winter months (June, July, and August) reveal liquid cloud fraction out of the total cloud amount significantly decreases with decreasing cloud-top temperature below 0oC. In addition, the CALIOP vertical profiles show that below the ice clouds, low-lying liquid clouds are distributed over ～20% of the area. With increasing latitude, the liquid cloud fraction decreases as a function of the local temperature. The MODIS-observed relation between the cloud-top liquid fraction and cloud-top temperature is then applied to evaluate the cloud phase parameterization in climate models, in which condensed cloud water is repartitioned between liquid water and ice on the basis of the grid point temperature. It is found that models assuming overly high cut-offs (》-40oC) for the separation of ice clouds from mixed-phase clouds may significantly underestimate the liquid cloud fraction in the winter Antarctic atmosphere. Correction of the bias in the liquid cloud fraction would serve to reduce the large uncertainty in cloud radiative effects.     

一次典型暴雨的TRMM卫星观测及特征分析

利用TRMM卫星探测结果来探讨2010年6月23日发生于湖南一次局地大暴雨的云物理特征.结果表明:(1)强降水系统由一个主降水云团和多个零散降水云团组成,降水系统中对流降水所占面积比层云降水面积小但对总降水量的贡献超过层云降水;(2)可降水冰的丰富区与强的对流上升区域相吻合,云水、云冰对降水产生的影响不大,可降水冰的强...     

黔南州1989-2019年暴雨时空分布特征及风险落区分析

本文利用贵州省黔南州12个国家级自动气象站1989-2019年的地面降水观测资料,采用气候倾向率、线性回归、Kriging法、滑动t检验、暴雨风险因子加权分析等方法,分析了黔南州1989-2019年暴雨时空分布特征及风险落区,主要得出以下结论：(1)黔南州暴雨日数呈现增长趋势,暴雨主要出现在5-9月,大暴雨主要出现在5-8月。(2)暴雨在黔南州有两大中心,分布位于中东部的都匀地区和西部的长顺地区;黔南州大暴雨主要在都匀至三都地区,其次影响长顺地区。(3)黔南州大部分地区暴雨均呈现增加趋势,暴雨气候倾向率主要有三个强中心,分别为长顺、贵定、三都。(4)6月暴雨集中在都匀地区,7-8月南多北少,9月东部西部多、中部偏少;大暴雨5月东部西部多、北部东南部偏少,6月集中在东部都匀、三都地区,8月主要集中在东部三都、西部长顺地区。(5)暴雨日数在2013年前后存在一次突变,暴雨历史风险落区与趋势风险落区大值区主要在东部及西部地区,高风险与较高风险面积和的占比分别为黔南州总面积的30.3%、28.1%。     

Intra-seasonal and Inter-annual variability of Bowen Ratio over rain-shadow region of North peninsular India

Intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability of Bowen Ratio (BR) have been studied over the rain-shadow region of north peninsular India during summer monsoon season. Daily grid point data of latent heat flux (LHF), sensible heat flux (SHF) from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis for the period 1970–2014 have been used to compute daily area-mean BR. Daily grid point rainfall data at a resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° from APHRODITE’s Water Resources for the available period 1970–2007 have been used to study the association between rainfall and BR. The study revealed that BR rapidly decreases from 4.1 to 0.29 in the month of June and then remains nearly constant at the same value (≤0.1) in the rest of the season. High values of BR in the first half of June are indicative of intense thermals and convective clouds with higher bases. Low values of BR from July to September period are indicative of weak thermals and convective clouds with lower bases. Intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability of BR is found to be inversely related to precipitation over the region. BR analysis indicates that the land surface characteristics of the study region during July–September are similar to that over oceanic regions as far as intensity of thermals and associated cloud microphysical properties are concerned. Similar variation of BR is found in El Nino and La Nina years. During June, an increasing trend is observed in SHF and BR and decreasing trend in LHF from 1976 to 2014. Increasing trend in the SHF is statistically significant.

     

Simulation of the influence of aerosol particle characteristics on clouds and precipitation with LM-SPECS: Model description and first results

The novel model system LM-SPECS is presented combining a spectral bin microphysics scheme and the three-dimensional Lokalmodell (LM, today called COSMO) of the German Weather Service (“Deutscher Wetterdienst”). The model is designed to investigate in detail the interaction of atmospheric aerosol particles, clouds and precipitation. The microphysics scheme includes a combined spectrum of wetted aerosols, cloud droplets and rain drops. As a first application of the model, sensitivity studies on an artificial deep convective cloud were done. The results produced by LM-SPECS are satisfying. The studies show, e.g., that a diminished initial particle number leads to larger cloud droplets and thus to a higher efficiency of coalescence. This results in a larger amount of precipitation. Furthermore, studies on mixed phase clouds show the influence of varying ice nuclei, such as bacteria, kaolinite and soot, on cloud properties. Here, a more effective freezing leads to an increased number of ice particles with smaller radii. The results point to the importance of a detailed knowledge of the underlying microphysical processes in order to understand the formation of clouds and precipitation more accurately. Though to date the model was applied to artificial cases only, the use of the mesoscale weather model allows for more complex realistic cases which are subject to further studies.     

登陆北上台风暴雨突发性增强的一种机制研究

采用一个三维混合模式对1992年8月30日至9月2日一次登陆北上台风暴雨过程进行了模拟。模式可以较准确地预报出与地面倒槽相一致的地面降水位置及降水量值。模拟的台风云系结构与卫星云图比较表明,外围云场与实例云况吻合很好,验证了本模式模拟卫星云图的能力,对卫星云图预报有实际意义;暴雨突然增幅的直接原因是高层冰云与低层供水云的突然北移重叠造成的。受地面倒槽附近强烈辐合抬升的动力作用,各相态云系的分布与垂直运动紧密相关;辐合线右侧的东南低空急流为降水的增幅及维持提供水汽来源;云的相变潜热非绝热加热作用对暴雨的增幅及维持具有正反馈作用,它对暴雨维持具有积极贡献。     

湖南秋季积层混合云系飞机人工增雨作业方法

统计分析2007—2016年秋季湖南省长沙市地面气象观测资料、湖南省飞机人工增雨作业资料, 得到湖南省秋季积层混合云系的降水分布情况、一般结构特征和相应的飞机增雨作业方法。使用多普勒天气雷达、GRAPES_CAMS数值模式和中小尺度气象站网等资料对典型作业天气过程进行云降水物理和数值模拟分析, 采用成对对流云和基于TREC算法的回波跟踪等方法进行作业效果评估。归纳得到湖南省秋季积层混合云系人工增雨作业条件判别的12个宏微观指标, 探讨在使用运7飞机、碘化银烟条作业装备条件下, 开展飞机增雨作业的最佳催化时机、部位和剂量。针对积层混合云系中的降水性层状云系、积云对流泡, 飞机增雨适宜作业的区域、播撒高度和催化剂量:在过冷高层云的-15~-5℃层, 播撒达到30 L-1的人工冰晶浓度; 在过冷积云的-15~-7℃层, 静力催化使冰晶浓度达到30 L-1或动力催化达到100 L-1。这些方法在实践中取得了较好的人工增雨作业效果。     

Simulation of the influence of aerosol particle characteristics on clouds and precipitation with LM-SPECS: Model description and first results

The novel model system LM-SPECS is presented combining a spectral bin microphysics scheme and the three-dimensional Lokalmodell (LM, today called COSMO) of the German Weather Service (“Deutscher Wetterdienst”). The model is designed to investigate in detail the interaction of atmospheric aerosol particles, clouds and precipitation. The microphysics scheme includes a combined spectrum of wetted aerosols, cloud droplets and rain drops. As a first application of the model, sensitivity studies on an artificial deep convective cloud were done. The results produced by LM-SPECS are satisfying. The studies show, e.g., that a diminished initial particle number leads to larger cloud droplets and thus to a higher efficiency of coalescence. This results in a larger amount of precipitation. Furthermore, studies on mixed phase clouds show the influence of varying ice nuclei, such as bacteria, kaolinite and soot, on cloud properties. Here, a more effective freezing leads to an increased number of ice particles with smaller radii. The results point to the importance of a detailed knowledge of the underlying microphysical processes in order to understand the formation of clouds and precipitation more accurately. Though to date the model was applied to artificial cases only, the use of the mesoscale weather model allows for more complex realistic cases which are subject to further studies.     

上海地区几类强降水雨滴谱特征分析

用Parsivel激光降水粒子谱仪资料对2013年上海地区4—10月份期间4种类型 (层状云、对流暖云主导型、对流冷云主导型和强台风影响下的混合暖云型) 降水过程的雨滴谱特征进行了分析。通过平均雨滴谱及其拟合特征、雨滴数密度与含水量分布、雨滴尺度与速度二维谱分布等对比分析发现:各类降水中, 雨滴谱的峰值结构与雨强大小有关, 其中直径介于0.187~1.312 mm的小雨滴均出现峰值且总数最多。各尺度雨滴数密度及其比例决定了其降水量贡献比, 在冷云强降水中的雨强贡献最大的雨滴尺度要显著大于其他3种类型。雨滴谱宽按大小排列依次为对流冷云主导型、混合暖云型、对流暖云主导型和层状云。最后综合运用雨滴谱、雷达、雨量站、闪电等观测资料对9月13日对流冷云主导型降水过程进行分析后发现:在雷暴的演变过程中, 雨滴谱特征与雷达反射率因子、垂直液态水含量、自动站雨强、闪电频次等要素均有较好的相关性。冷云产生的冰晶和冰雹融化后的大雨滴进入中低层的广谱小雨滴群, 并通过破碎分裂增加了大雨滴的形成概率, 尤其是捕捉碰并过程更加快了大雨滴的增长速度, 使雨强在短时间内迅速加强。雨滴谱中各档粒子数的演变, 揭示了降水强度的变化, 用雨滴谱资料可有效弥补现有雷达定量估测降水的偏差, 且在冷云中改善明显。     

1962-2020年南澳县暴雨的气候特征

基于1962-2020年南澳县气象观测站的逐降水日资料,采用相关分析、线型趋势、多项式拟合、小波分析等方法,分析了南澳县暴雨的气候特征.结果表明:①南澳县暴雨日数与年暴雨降雨量、年降雨量有很好的相关性,年平均暴雨日 数 6.3 d,以0.013 d/年的速率略增加,暴雨日数存在12年的周期变化.②南澳县平均暴雨强度为8...     

青藏高原夏季对流云微物理特征和降水形成机制

青藏高原对我国天气、气候和水循环过程有重要影响。利用第三次青藏高原大气科学试验（TIPEX-Ⅲ）2014年7月在那曲地区的飞机观测数据,研究青藏高原夏季对流云和降水的微物理特征及降水形成机制。飞机探测的云系主要为初生或发展阶段的冰水混合云,云滴数浓度低于平原、海洋地区1~2个量级,云内存在大量大云滴和雨滴,过冷水含量高。大粒子（D≥50 μm）数浓度量级为100~101 L-1,云内上升气流速度集中在1~4 m·s-1。青藏高原云滴谱主要呈双峰型,云内冰相粒子多为密实、不透明的霰粒子,云内凇附过程显著。云内暖雨过程产生的大云滴和雨滴有利于冰相过程,尤其是凇附过程的产生,使得青藏高原云更易产生降水。此外,残留云系与对流云有着较为类似的微物理特征。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY OF CLOUD INTERACTION AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF HEAVY RAIN IN MIXED CONVECTIVE-STRATIFORM CLOUD

Using the numerical model of mixed convective-stratiform clouds(MCS)in the paper(Hong1997)and the averaged stratification of torrential rain processes,the evolution processes,interaction of the two kinds of clouds,structure and the precipitation features in the MCS toproduce heavy rain are simulated and studied,and the physical reasons of producing torrential rainare analysed.The results indicate that the stratiform cloud surrounding the convective cloudbecomes weakened and dissipates in the developing and enhancing of the convective cloud,and therainfall rate and water content in the stratiform cloud increase as the distance from the convectivecloud becomes larger.The numerical experiments find out that the stratiform cloud provides abenificial developing environment for the convective cloud,i.e.,the saturated environment and theconvergence field in the stratiform cloud help to lengthen the life cycle of the convective cloud,produce sustained rainfall with high intensity and intermittent precipitation with ultra-highintensity.These and the ice phase microphysical processes are the main factors for the torrentialrain formation and the MCS is a very effective precipitation system.