Predicting metal detector performance for landmine clearance: soil magnetic map of Angola

A map depicting predicted classes of soil magnetic susceptibility in Angola was produced. The map is based on a classification system for the susceptibility of tropical soils set up by the authors and a 1:2,000,000 scale FAO soil map. Statistical data of two large groups of parent rock—ultrabasic, basic and intermediate igneous rocks on the one hand and acid igneous rocks and some slightly metamorphosed rocks and clastic sediments on the other—had been linked to three associated degrees of weathering. These determining factors were used to classify Angolan soils, and the overall method is semi-quantitative. The resulting map shows that easily available pedological information as given by FAO soil maps is generally appropriate to predict soil magnetic susceptibility. Potential metal detector performance failures may be predicted. The resulting information is a useful tool for planning the use of appropriate techniques in landmine clearance operations.     

Subaqueous soils: A pedological approach to the study of shallow-water habitats

Science-based management of shallow-water habitats is limited by information on the spatial distribution of properties of sediments. This limitation in part stems from the lack of an adequate model or system to classify and delineate subaqueous soil types (sediments). Present classification systems are inadequate because the existing paradigm does not actually consider them as “soils” but merely as “sediments”. Field observations suggest that these sediments could be better understood as “soils”, and the present paradigm could be modified to incorporate a new one—a pedological paradigm. We propose the application of a pedological paradigm for subqueous soils of subtidal habitats to develop ecological interpretations of subaqueous soil types and apply an inventory of subaqueous soil resources for management of estuarine shallow-water habitats. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00009     

3D GIS支持下的城市三维地质信息系统研究

介绍了3D GIS的发展现状与应用前景，详细地讨论了基于3D GIS构建的城市三维地质信息系统的设计思路和结构功能。在分析城市三维地质数据多种建模方法的基础上，采用一种基于TIN和TEN的混合数据结构来构建城市三维地质数据建模系统。另外，针对城市三维地质数据的特点，探讨了城市三维地质海量数据的采集与管理、城市三维地质数据信息的Web发布等重要问题，为系统功能的最终实现提供了完整的解决方案。     

Modelling seasonal variations of natural radioactivity in soils: A case study in southern Italy

The activity of natural radionuclides in soil has become an environmental concern for local public and national authorities because of the harmful effects of radiation exposure on human health. In this context, modelling and mapping the activity of natural radionuclides in soil is an important research topic. The study was aimed to model, in a spatial sense, the soil radioactivity in an urban and peri-urban soils area in southern Italy to analyse the seasonal influence on soil radioactivity. Measures of gamma radiation naturally emitted through the decay of radioactive isotopes (potassium, uranium and thorium) were analysed using a geostatistical approach to map the spatial distribution of soil radioactivity. The activity of three radionuclides was measured at 181 locations using a high-resolution ?-ray spectrometry. To take into account the influence of season, the measurements were carried out in summer and in winter. Activity data were analysed by using a geostatistical approach and zones of relatively high or low radioactivity were delineated. Among the main processes which influence natural radioactivity such as geology, geochemical, pedological, and ecological processes, results of this study showed a prominent control of radio-emission measurements by seasonal changes. Low natural radioactivity levels were measured in December associated with winter weather and moist soil conditions (due to high rainfall and low temperature), and higher activity values in July, when the soil was dry and no precipitations occurred.     

海绵城市内涝防治系统的功能解析

为加强海绵城市内涝防治基础研究，提出了包括源头控制系统、雨水管渠系统、超标雨水蓄排系统等海绵城市内涝防治系统的构建方法，分析其防涝功能及其对应的雨洪量级。以北京通州试点为例，在50年一遇24 h降水339.85 mm的情景下，源头控制系统、雨水管渠系统、超标雨水蓄排系统承接的降水量分别为34.00 mm、130.70 mm、175.15 mm。引入GAUSS函数进行非线性拟合，研究了海绵城市内涝防治系统的防涝机理，将防涝功能评估过程转化为对GAUSS函数参数估计的过程。在成本效益分析法基础上，以内涝防治效果、全生命周期成本、占地面积作为决策指标，以不同方案情景下单位面积上的"效益/成本比值"最大化作为目标函数，提出海绵城市内涝防治系统的功能优化思路。     

Estimation of spatially distributed soil information: dealing with data shortages in the Western Bug Basin,Ukraine

Integrated watershed models require spatially differentiated soil information. However, in many regions of the world the limited availability of soil data hinders an appropriate simulation of hydro-ecological processes. Such circumstances lead to unsupported statements, poor statistics, misrepresentations, and, ultimately, to bad resource management. The Western Bug catchment in west Ukraine is an example of such a region. In the former Soviet Union, soil classification primarily focused on soils of agricultural importance, whereas, forested, urban, industrial, and shallow soil territories were left underrepresented in the classification and soil maps. Spatially differentiated soil texture data are required to predict soil hydraulic properties using pedotransfer functions (PTFs), along with soil maps. Furthermore, the Ukrainian soil texture scheme does not match the particle size classes commonly used with PTFs. To overcome these shortcomings, a fuzzy logic methodology was applied, based on terrain and vegetation/land use analysis and soil sampling, to close the information gaps. For the application of PTFs, a procedure was tested to estimate missing values of soil texture distribution. Applied methods were evaluated using recent soil surveys, measured soil texture, and water retention properties, while having in consideration the limitations brought by scarce soil data for integrated watershed modelling purposes.     

海绵城市内涝防治系统的功能解析

为加强海绵城市内涝防治基础研究，提出了包括源头控制系统、雨水管渠系统、超标雨水蓄排系统等海绵城市内涝防治系统的构建方法，分析其防涝功能及其对应的雨洪量级。以北京通州试点为例，在50年一遇24 h降水339.85 mm的情景下，源头控制系统、雨水管渠系统、超标雨水蓄排系统承接的降水量分别为34.00 mm、130.70 mm、175.15 mm。引入GAUSS函数进行非线性拟合，研究了海绵城市内涝防治系统的防涝机理，将防涝功能评估过程转化为对GAUSS函数参数估计的过程。在成本效益分析法基础上，以内涝防治效果、全生命周期成本、占地面积作为决策指标，以不同方案情景下单位面积上的"效益/成本比值"最大化作为目标函数，提出海绵城市内涝防治系统的功能优化思路。     

隧道掘进综合信息智能监控系统研究

结合现代遥测技术,把选测断面传感器（频率类、电压电流类、开关量类、数字类等）数据采集、三维激光扫描、地质超前预报、爆破振动监测以及可视化监控融合在一起,实现隧道施工掌子面可视化实时显示与分析、隧道施工监测自动化数据采集与分析,形成隧道施工多元信息监测系统TIS(tunnel intelligentized monitoring system),确保复杂围岩地质条件下隧道施工安全。该系统测试项目的全面性、实时性和预警性对隧道施工的动态设计、施工管理以及提高施工过程的安全度等具有重要的现实意义。     

Pedogeochemical models on prognosis and control of radon fluxes from humid tropical landscapes over granite

The principal relationships between radon (²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn) exhalation intensities and the morpho-dynamic elements of humid tropical landscapes have been established and analyzed with the objective of elaborating Rn exhalation models, which can be used on the scale of small habitational nuclei. The current radioactive processes of generation, emanation and migration of Rn, in relation to its exhalation rates on a landscape slope of granitic rock having normal U and Th contents, were correlated with the latosol-podzolic soil association developed as a product of supergene processes during geological and pedological times and also with the water regime of an overlying phreatic aquifer. This approach, encompassing pedogeochemical models of radionuclide dispersion linked to soil systems and surface geochemistry, was framed within a tridimensional, interdisciplinary and systemic focus, using concepts of nuclear physics, climate and hydrogeology. The characteristic signatures of elementary landscapes include (1) different landforms, namely eluvial, transeluvial and superaqual, (2) residual soils having varying types, thicknesses and perma-porosities and (3) radioanomalies corresponding to different U and Th concentrations, secondary hosting minerals and also to different pedological ages. Considering these factors and their spatial relationships and on the basis of moisture content of soils, it is postulated that the highest Rn exhalation rates, especially of ²²²Rn, are confined to superaqual and transeluvial landscapes. In an eluvial landscape, the Rn fluxes are found to be less important even though gamma anomalies exist mainly due to the presence of resistant minerals containing U and Th. In short, the products of supergene alteration organized in a sloping system can exhibit Rn exhaling intensities higher than that measured on unaltered subjacent rock. Hence, the understanding of U, Th, Ra and Rn behavior on a surface environment is fundamental for the formulation of prognostic Rn exhalation models associated with the elementary humid tropical landscapes. Further, the pedogeochemical information provides important clues supplementing the lithostructural data for delineating preferential sites of Rn fluxes especially on scales compatible to small habitational nuclei or unitary dwellings.     

大型关系数据库与城市地质信息系统

随着城市建设的迅速发展，勘测单位计算机应用已从孤立地处理单项工程走向管理和决策，以大型关系数据库为核心的信息管理和决策支持已经成为大型勘测单位设计地质信息系统的新命题。本文介绍了地质信息系统的特点及大型关系数据库在城市地质信息系统中的地位和作用。     

工程地质学中冻土研究的系统与方法

冻土属土质学范畴内的一种“特殊”土类,以地学研究的问题类型和俄罗斯工程地质学理论为基础,利用科学哲学的手段对冻土学研究的问题、系统类型、学科结构、研究任务、科学方法等方面进行了阐述.首先,对冻土进行了重新定义,从冻土的形态多样性入手说明了冻土学的研究对象;其次,提出冻土学中“今日”、“昨日”和“明日”3个问题;再次,针对冻土学研究的系统类型,并结合工程、冻土和环境的动态变化关系,将冻土学研究系统分为冻土-工程系统和冻土-环境系统,并从各个子系统(圈)的动态变化入手深入阐述其相互作用和相互制约的关系;然后,将广义工程地质学的学科结构应用于冻土学,并针对现今冻土学的发展状况,简要地展望了冻土学未来的理论-方法研究任务;最后对冻土学的科学研究方法进行了分类,并在此基础上阐述了冻土学与其他学科的相互联系.      

基于元数据的信息共享机制研究

元数据作为关于数据的数据,是目前信息共享的关键技术,也是当前研究的热点。在对比国际、国内元数据标准的基础上,采用元数据管理的三个层次:元数据子集、元数据实体和元数据元素,建立了“数字成都”元数据标准模板。它主要包括:标识信息、数据质量信息、空间参考信息、数据集的内容信息、分发信息、元数据参考信息。讨论了“数字成都”中基于元数据信息共享系统的结构、模块和特点,实现了分布式数据组织与管理、分布式数据共享、分布式数据快速索引机制以及跨平台数据访问。     

A geoscience data evaluation and information system

The exploration of mineral, energy, and water resources requires increasingly access to and usage of relevant up-to-date scientific technical, and economic information on relevant literature and factual data. At present, an Information Center on Mineral Resources and Geosciences is being established in the Federal Republic of Germany. The geoscience information center is responsible for the coordination of acquisition, storage, and dissemination of data on mineral and energy resources, water resources, and economic geology to inform public administration, relevant industry, research institutions, and universities by means of access to a variety of data bases. In the final stage, the information will be accessible on-line through a computer center at Karlsruhe (INKA).Available for the user are national data bases, comprising literature, and factual data on geoscience, mining, deposits, hydrogeology, ocean research, and marine technology, hydrology, oceanography, geodesy, and meteorology, as well as access to international literature and factual data bases. The relational retrieval system GRIPS-DIRS is in use for handling literature data bases at Karlsruhe (INKA),and the hierarchical storage and retrieval system ADABAS for handling factual data bases. The establishment of data-about-data-systems and the dissemination of publicly available evluated data in form of graphical displays of maps is envisaged. The geoscience information center cooperates intensely with similar centers of other disciplines in the Federal Republic of Germany.     

基于RIA技术的矿业权年检信息报备管理系统设计与实现

面对矿业权年检信息报备工作面临的诸如遍布全国的部、省、市、县年检机关及勘查单位和矿业权人等众多组织机构、多样化的角色分工、复杂的系统与网络环境、信息报备时效性等急需解决的问题,采用离线报盘与在线报备相结合的多层架构思想,基于RIA等技术设计并实现了矿业权年检信息报备管理系统,成为矿政管理从行政审批向综合监管方向发展过程中信息获取的重要手段之一.     

土工袋技术在市政沟槽回填中的应用研究

市政工程中管线埋入地下采用的基本流程是先开挖沟槽,将开挖的原土作为渣土处理,待管线在沟槽中安放后再用二灰土石填埋沟槽,经夯实后铺设沥青或混凝土路面。为了有效利用沟槽开挖土、减少二灰土石用量,建议采用土工袋技术处理,即将沟槽开挖土装入土工编织袋后回填至沟槽中。阐述了土工袋技术原理,并依托南京市雨污分流工程,对用土工袋回填的沟槽进行了平板载荷试验、落锤式挠度检测和路面振动测试,评价土工袋沟槽的回填效果。结果表明：土工袋在提高沟槽承载力、减少沉降变形、削弱交通振动干扰等方面具有明显效果。土工袋避免弃土外运,减少了扬尘污染,不失为一种绿色、环保、经济的工程新技术。     

Framework for soil suitability evaluation for sewage effluent renovation

Current methods of establishing suitable locations for onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are inadequate, particularly in light of the numerous cases of onsite system failure and the resulting adverse consequences. The development of a soil suitability framework for assessing soil suitability for OWTS allows a more practical means of assessment. The use of multivariate statistical analysis techniques, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and multi-criteria decision aids of PROMETHEE and GAIA, enabled the identification of suitable soils for effluent renovation. The outcome of the multivariate analysis, together with soil permeability and drainage characteristics permitted the establishment of a framework for assessing soil suitability based on three main soil functions: (1) the ability of the soil to provide suitable effluent renovation, (2) the permeability of the soil, and (3) the soils drainage characteristics. The developed framework was subsequently applied to the research area, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, and the use of standard scoring functions were utilised to provide a scoring system to signify which soils were more suitable for effluent renovation processes. From the assessment, it was found that Chromosol and Kurosol soils provided the highest level of effluent renovation, closely followed by Ferrosol and Dermosol, Kandosol and Rudosol soil types. Tennosol and Podosol soil types were found to have a significantly lower suitability, with Hydrosol soils proving the least suitable for renovating effluent from OWTS.     

玉林市岩溶塌陷地理信息系统

GIS技术的发展为地质灾害的资料管理、危险性评价及对策研究等提供了有力的支持工具。玉林市岩溶塌陷地理信息系统是以GIS软件—MapInfo为平台，针对岩溶塌陷的特点，用VB语言进行二次开发的集数据管理、分析统计、输出为一体的综合系统。系统中录入了建国以来，玉林市发生的71次岩溶塌陷灾害事件，共414个塌陷坑的详细资料，及30多个与岩溶塌陷有关的其它专题信息。分别归类为岩溶塌陷信息、市政信息、勘探信息、水文气象信息、玉(林)柴(油厂)塌陷子系统等。此外，系统提供了信息查询、制作专题图、统计分析等功能，方便、快捷地为地质灾害管理、城市规划、勘察设计等部门提供服务。     

Impact of municipal compost on soil phosphorus availability and mineral phosphorus fractions in some calcareous soils

The phosphorus (P) resources worldwide are limited, and the prices of commercial P fertilizer continue to increase. Therefore, the use of P containing wastes is important for P recycling in agriculture. The P fractionation methods have been widely applied to characterize the effect of land use practice on soil P dynamics. Information about effect of organic manures on available P and inorganic P (P_i) fractions in calcareous soils of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province is limited. The objectives of this research were to study the effect of municipal compost (MC) on available P and P_i forms in five calcareous soils. Municipal compost was applied at the rates of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% (w/w). Samples were incubated at 25?±?1°C and 20% moisture content for 150?days. At the end of incubation, available P in MC-treated soils was extracted by Olsen, AB-DTPA and 0.01?M CaCl₂ methods. Also, phosphorus was fractionated chemically into labile P (LP), non-occluded P(NP), re-adsorbed P (RP), occluded P (OP), calcium phosphates (CaP) and residual P. The results showed that there was a linear increase in soil available P with MC application. There was a significant positive relationship between Olsen-P, AB-DTPA-P and 0.01?M CaCl₂-P, and MC additions with slopes ranged from 0.471 to 0.583, 0.032 to 0.106, and 0.033 to 0.081, respectively. The increase in soil test P (STP) from MC additions was not related to the initial STP of the soils. A sharp increase in LP, NP and CaP and decrease in residual P concentration occurred in all soils with MC application. It can be concluded that MC applied to calcareous soils may enhance P nutrition of plants. Furthermore, applied P partitioning into the relatively available forms means the potential erosion losses of P to streams and other bodies of water.     

阵列式位移计测试技术在土-结构体系振动台模型试验中的应用

阵列式位移计（SAA）是一种基于微电子机械系统测试原理的测试加速度和位移的传感器,该方法具有精度高、可重复利用、自动实时采集等特点。介绍了SAA测试技术首次在成层土中桩基与复合桩基大型振动台模型试验中的应用,研究了桩基、复合地基及模型地基土体系的地震位移响应。试验结果表明：SAA可全面、直观地测试桩体及土体在地震动荷载下的加速度以及变形反应规律;测试数据发现小震作用下,地基土与桩身位移协调;随地震作用加大,地基土与桩身位移差异增大;地基土中软土夹层的存在对地基土的水平位移影响较大。     

Development of a two-stage washing and biodegradation system to remediate octachlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxin-contaminated soils

A two-stage system for octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD)-contaminated soil remediation was developed. Soil washing using emulsified oil (EO) was applied in the first stage for OCDD extraction followed by the second stage of bioremediation using P. mendocina NSYSU for remaining OCDD biodegradation. The major tasks included (1) determination of optimal soil washing conditions for OCDD extraction by EO, (2) evaluation of feasibility of OCDD biodegradation by P. mendocina NSYSU under aerobic cometabolic conditions using EO as the primary substrate, and (3) assessment of the effectiveness of OCDD removal using the two-stage system. During the soil washing stage, EO with two different oil-to-water ratios (1:50 and 1:200) and pore volumes were tested with initial soil OCDD concentration of 21,000 µg/kg. Results indicate that EO could effectively improve the solubility and desorption of OCDD in soils. Up to 74% of OCDD removal could be obtained after washing with 60 PVs of EO and dilution factor of 50. After the soil washing process, enriched P. mendocina NSYSU solution was added into the reactor to enhance the aerobic biodegradation of remaining OCDD in soils. P. mendocina NSYSU could use adsorbed EO globules as substrates and caused significant OCDD degradation via the aerobic cometabolic mechanism. Approximately 82% of the remaining OCDD could be removed after 50 days of operation, and P. mendocina NSYSU played important roles in OCDD biodegradation. Up to 87% of OCDD was removed through the EO washing and biodegradation process. The two-stage system is a potential technology to remediate dioxin-contaminated soils.