Millennial-scale evolution of Hunshandake Desert and climate change during the Holocene in Inner Mongolia,northern China

The Hunshandake Desert is located at the northern edge of the East Asian monsoon region,and its natural environment is sensitive to monsoonal changes.Geologic records suggest that desert evolution corresponding to climate change had experienced several cycles in the Holocene,and the evolutionary process can be distinguished by four dominant stages according to changing trends of the environment and climate.(1) Holocene Ameliorative Period(11.0-8.7 cal ka B.P.),when the desert area gradually shrank following an approaching warm-wet climate and strengthening summer monsoon.(2) Holocene Optimum(8.7-6.0 cal ka B.P.),when the majority of moving sand dunes were stabilized and vegetation coverage quickly expanded in a suitable warm-wet climate and a strong summer monsoon.(3) Holocene Multivariate Period(6.0-3.5 cal ka B.P.),during a low-amplitude desert transformed between moving and stabilized types under alternating functions of cold-dry with warm-wet climate,and winter monsoon with summer monsoon.(4) Holocene Decay Period(since 3.5 cal ka B.P.),when the desert area tended to expand along with a weakened summer monsoon and a dry climate.     

1982-2003年内蒙古植被带和植被覆盖度的时空变化

利用内蒙古地区1982-2003年遥感归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)数据,对植被带进行了分时段的划分,并以典型草原植被带为例,分析植被覆盖度时空变化及其与水热因子的关系.结果表明:在整个研究期间,典型草原带的面积呈增加的趋势,荒漠草原带的面积呈减少的趋势,森林带、森林草原带和荒漠带的面积趋势变化不明显.总体上看,从时段1(1982-1987年)到时段2(1988-1992年)植被带进化演变的面积占优势,从时段2(1988-1992年)到时段3(1993-1998年)进化和退化演变的面积相当,从时段3(1993-1998年)到时段4(1999-2003年)退化演变的面积占优势.在典型草原带内,多年平均植被覆盖度具有明显的季节变化,从5月上半月返青开始到8月下半月达到年最大值,其空间演进以大兴安岭两翼为中心,逐渐向东南的西辽河平原和向西的乌兰察布高原扩展.前期降水量与覆盖度季节增量年际变化之间呈正相关,显著正相关的区域位于锡林郭勒高原西部和乌兰察布高原,而气温与覆盖度季节增量年际变化的相关一般不显著.典型草原年最大覆盖度线性趋势降低与升高的面积分别占52.6%和47.4%,其中,呼伦贝尔高原西部边缘以及大兴安岭山麓两侧的年最大覆盖度呈显著降低的趋势,而西辽河平原西南部和努鲁儿虎山东段的年最大覆盖度呈显著升高的趋势.年降水量是影响年最大覆盖度的主要因子,而年均温对年最大覆盖度的影响不明显.     

1982-2013年青藏高原植被物候变化及气象因素影响

根据NDVI3g数据,本文定义了18种植被物候指标研究植被物候变化情况。根据1:100万植被区划,把青藏高原划分为8个植被区分。对物候变化比较显著的区域,采用最高温度、最低温度、平均温度、降水、太阳辐射数据,运用偏最小二乘法回归（PLS）研究物候变化的气候成因。结果表明：① 青藏高原生长季初期物候指标,转折发生在1997-2000年,转折前初期物候指标平均提前2~3 d/10a;青藏高原末期物候指标转折发生在2004-2007年左右,生长季长度物候指标突变发生在2005年左右,转折前末期物候指标平均延迟1~2 d/10a、生长季长度平均延长1~2 d/10a;转折之后生长季初期物候指标推迟趋势的显著性水平仅为0.1,生长季末期物候指标、生长季长度指标趋势不显著。② 高寒草甸与高寒灌木草甸是青藏高原物候变化最剧烈的植被分区。高寒草甸区生长季长度的延长主要是由生长季初期物候指标提前导致的。高寒灌木草甸区生长季长度的延长主要是由于初期物候指标的提前,以及末期物候指标的推迟共同作用导致的。③ 采用PLS进一步分析气象因素对高寒草甸与高寒灌木草甸物候剧烈变化的影响。表明,温度对物候的影响占主导地位,两植被分区均显示上年秋季、冬初温度对生长季初期物候具有正的影响,该时段温度一方面会导致上年末期物候指标推迟,间接推迟生长季开始时间;另一方面高温不利用冬季休眠。除夏季外,其余月份最小温度对植被物候的影响与平均温度、最高温度的影响类似。降水对植被物候的影响不同月份波动较大,上年秋冬季节降水对初期物候指标具有负的影响,春初降水对初期物候指标具有正的影响。8月份限制植被生长季的主要因素是降水,此时降水与末期物候指标模型系数为正。太阳辐射对植被物候的影响主要在夏季与秋初。PLS方法在物候变化研究中具有较好的效果,本文研究结果将会对植被物候模型改进,提供有力的科学依据。     

Characteristics of high arsenic groundwater in Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, northern China

It is well known that the Hetao Basin is one of the most seriously arsenic-affected groundwater areas in China. In order to understand the characteristics of high arsenic(As) groundwater in the Basin, a brief overview of arsenic in groundwater follows. High arsenic in the Basin commonly occurs in shallow groundwater and the total arsenic concentrations range from 0.58 to 572 μg/L(average 99.73 μg/L), exceeding the maximum mandated value of 10 μg/L for drinking water in China; As(Ш) is the predominant species. The regional distribution pattern of arsenic in the groundwater increases from south/southeast to north/northwest. Hangjinhouqi and Wuyuan counties are considered as the most seriously affected areas, with high incidences of endemic arsenicosic diseases in the Hetao Basin. High groundwater arsenic correlates with the increase of well depth. Previous studies proposed that groundwater arsenic in the Basin is mainly originated from desorption of some natural solid materials in the sediments, under reducing condition. Generally, reducing condition is believed to be the primary factor for arsenic releasing from the sediment to groundwater in the region. Under inorganic or bacterial processes, Fe2O3 changes to Fe S and arsenic adsorbed to Fe(OH)3 dissolves into groundwater, and As(V) is reduced to As(Ш). Besides, reducing environments, groundwater hydraulic gradients, organic matter, p H, evapotranspiration, and soil texture are presumed to be the predominant factors that control arsenic mobilization.     

中国西北地区植被覆盖变化驱动因子分析

利用GIMMS/NDVI数据分析了中国西北地区1982-2006年植被覆盖时空变化特征及其驱动因子。近25 a来,中国西北地区年均植被NDVI增速为0.5%/10 a,并存在明显的空间差异。天山、阿尔泰山、祁连山、青海的中东部等地区植被NDVI显著增加;青海南部地区、陕西和宁夏交界地区、甘肃的部分地区以及新疆的塔里木盆地、吐鲁番、塔里木河、托里等地区植被NDVI下降。从不同植被类型来看:林地、草地和耕地的年均NDVI都在提高。研究表明:中国西北地区植被NDVI变化是各种自然和人为影响因素综合作用的结果。自然植被(林地等)变化更大程度上反映了气候变化对植被的影响,而人工植被(耕地等)变化更多体现的是人类活动的作用。不同高程、坡度、坡向上的植被NDVI变化存在较大差异,当海拔超过4 000 m时,植被NDVI增加趋势很小;坡度低于25°的坡地植被NDVI增加主要是由于近年来的植被建设;阳坡植被变化比阴坡活跃,植被改善趋势较强。植被NDVI与气温、降水的年际变化整体上都呈弱的正相关,温度上升使蒸发量增大,促进了土壤的干化,不利于植被生长,并且灌溉农业区的河水灌溉会降低农业植被NDVI和降水的相关程度。农业生产水平和植被生态建设等人类活动对西北地区植被NDVI增加起重要作用。     

Response of the soil water content of mobile dunes to precipitation patterns in Inner Mongolia,northern China

We analyzed the relationship between soil water content (SWC) dynamics in mobile dunes to a depth of 100 cm and precipitation patterns from June to July 2010 in the Horqin Sand Land. The precipitation was dominated by small events of 0.1–3.0 mm, which accounted for 52% of the total events. Precipitation >20 mm had the highest intensity, accounting for 50% of the total precipitation. SWC differed significantly among the soil layers: mean SWC was greatest from 80 to 100 cm and lowest from 40 to 60 cm. SWC from 0 to 100 cm was significantly affected by relative humidity, water barometric pressure and minimum temperature, and the SWC of 0–40 cm was obviously influenced by precipitation amount and wind velocity. Precipitation <5 mm did not replenish SWC, precipitation between 5 and 20 mm provided some replenishment to SWC from 0 to 40 cm, and precipitation >20 mm increased significantly SWC from 0 to 100 cm. In addition, precipitation intensity significantly affected the infiltration rate, with higher intensity leading to deeper and faster infiltration. At longer intervals between precipitation events, SWC in each soil layer decreased continuously over time; however, SWC from 0 to 80 cm changed little within the first 3 days, and SWC from 0 to 100 cm started to decrease greatly after 5 days.     

Ground temperature variation and its response to climate change on the northern Tibetan Plateau

Ground temperature plays a significant role in the interaction between the land surface and atmosphere on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). Under the background of temperature warming, the TP has witnessed an accelerated warming trend in frozen ground temperature, an increasing active layer thickness, and the melting of underground ice. Based on high-resolution ground temperature data observed from 1997 to 2012 on the northern TP, the trend of ground temperature at each observation site and its response to climate change were analyzed. The results showed that while the ground temperature at different soil depths showed a strong warming trend over the observation period, the warming in winter is more significant than that in summer. The warming rate of daily minimum ground temperature was greater than that of daily maximum ground temperature at the TTH and MS3608 sites. During the study period, thawing occurred earlier, whereas freezing happened later, resulting in shortened freezing season and a thinner frozen layer at the BJ site. And a zero-curtain effect develops when the soil begins to thaw or freeze in spring and autumn. From 1997 to 2012, the average summer air temperature and precipitation in summer and winter from six meteorological stations along the Qinghai-Tibet highway also demonstrated an increasing trend, with a more significant temperature increase in winter than in summer. The ground temperature showed an obvious response to air temperature warming, but the trend varied significantly with soil depths due to soil heterogeneity.     

Vegetation changes in the Jornada Basin from 1858 to 1998

Notes made by land surveyors in 1858 were utilized to estimate cover of grasses and shrubs on the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) and the Chihuahuan Desert Range Research Center (CDRRC) in the northern Chihuahuan Desert in southern New Mexico, USA. Portions of these areas have been previously assessed for historical vegetation dynamics but the entire 84,271 ha assessed in the 19th century has not been examined in total. In 1858, fair to very good grass cover occurred on 98% and 67% of the JER and CDRRC, respectively. Shrubs were present throughout both properties but 45% of the JER and 18% of the CDRRC were shrub free. Reconnaissance surveys, made to determine carrying capacity for livestock were made in 1915–1916 and 1928–1929 on the JER and in 1938 on the CDRRC, show that shrubs had made large increases in area occupied at the time of the surveys. Vegetation type maps were made of both properties in 1998. Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) was the primary dominant on 59% of the JER in 1998 and creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) was the primary dominant on 27% of the area. On the CDRRC mesquite and creosotebush were primary dominants on 37% and 46% of the area, respectively. Grass cover has decreased greatly with the increase in shrubs and only shrub control efforts have maintained the once abundant black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) as a primary dominant on 1% or less of the area on both properties.     

内蒙古5-9月小时强降水时空变化特征

基于1991-2013年5-9月内蒙古自治区117个气象站逐小时降水量资料,分别定义各站点小时降水量的强降水阈值,揭示强降水事件时空变化特征,同时利用经验正交函数(EOF)分析方法研究小时强降水变化特征。结果表明:第99个百分位阈值、强降水事件发生频率和1 h降水量最大值空间分布基本一致,表现为自内蒙古西部向东部递增,高值区位于阴山山脉南部和大兴安岭山脉东南部的迎风坡,低值区位于内蒙古西部。21世纪以来,内蒙古强降水事件发生频率和强度都呈现增加的趋势。内蒙古强降水事件集中出现在7月中旬到8月上旬,而且午后至傍晚时段最为活跃,内蒙古东部区域的强降水事件有夜发性特点。内蒙古强降水事件持续时间在1～5 h,其中持续时间为2 h所占比例最大,说明强降水事件是由中小尺度天气系统造成的,而且同西太平洋副热带高压关系密切。     

Effects of Grazing on the Grassland Vegetation Community Characteristics in Inner Mongolia

The continuous increase of livestock production in Inner Mongolia has caused severe degradation of the grassland ecosystems in recent years. Previous grazing experiments have shown a wide range of vegetation responses between the biome types on a global scale, but there is still a lack of sufficient studies to discern the relative responses of a given biome type. We conducted a meta-analysis of vegetation coverage (VC), plant density (PD), total biomass (TB), above-ground biomass (AGB), under-ground biomass (UGB) and Shannon-Weaver Index (SI) in different grassland types in Inner Mongolia obtained under conditions of different grazing intensities and durations. The results showed that grazing decreased VC, TB, AGB, UGB, and PD significantly. Compared to the global and national average values, the negative effects of grazing to steppe biomass in Inner Mongolia were higher than that on the global scale, while less pronounced than that in China. TB of the meadow steppe in Inner Mongolia increased by 40% under moderate grazing intensity and duration because of compensatory growth. SI of the desert and meadow steppe showed negative linear relationships with the grazing intensity in Inner Mongolia. The percentage changes in AGB, PD, and SI to grazing showed quadratic relationships with the mean annual temperature of the experimental year. With increasing mean annual precipitation, the negative effects of grazing on UGB and SI first decreased and then increased, with that of VC and grazing showing a cubic relationship.     

鄂尔多斯市2005-2014年地下水位变化

鄂尔多斯市地处半干旱区,水资源缺乏,监测地下水位的变化对于地区生态和经济发展具有重要意义。本研究利用鄂尔多斯市6个地下水位监测井2005-2014年的监测资料,分析了该地区地下水位变化特征。结果显示:(1)本地区地下水位2005-2006年有所下降,2007-2010年逐年抬升,2011年受严重干旱影响,地下水位为近10年来最低值,从2012年开始至2014年,以每年0.14 m的幅度抬升,2014年为近10年最高值,地下水位的年际变化主要与煤炭开采和经济发展有关。(2)地下水位的年内季节变化明显,与降雨量、蒸发量和农业灌溉用水的相关性较高。3-7月,水位持续下降,7月地下水位为年内最低点;8-10月,水位逐步回升;11月至次年2月水位总体呈略微抬升状态,次年2月为年内最高值。     

2000—2016年中亚天山植被变化及气候分异研究

利用MODIS-NDVI产品生成中亚天山2000—2016年植被覆盖度,利用线性回归法和偏相关法分析了中亚天山植被时空变化特征及驱动因子。结果表明:中亚天山植被生长及变化趋势具有显著的区域分异性,纬度分区上,中天山和北天山西部植被覆盖度较高的草原、农田和森林在2000—2016年呈现退化趋势;南天山和北天山东部植被覆盖度较低的荒漠、草原和灌丛在同期表现出改善趋势,而中国境内的东天山与境外的西天山相比具有较低的植被覆盖度以及总体改善的变化趋势。中亚天山气候在2000—2016年显示出"暖湿化"特征,温度升高幅度(5. 9%)远大于降水增加幅度(1. 3%),温度、降水与植被覆盖度的显著相关比例为18. 0%和42. 6%,降水是中亚天山植被变化的主要气候驱动因素。以巴音布鲁克草原为代表的东天山部分草原受到过度放牧的影响而退化严重,建议加强植被退化区的生态修复与保护力度。     

Vegetation greenness modeling in response to climate change for Northeast Thailand

In Northeast Thailand, the climate change has resulted in erratic rainfall and tem- perature patterns. The region has experienced both periods of drought and seasonal floods with the increasing severity. This study investigated the seasonal variation of vegetation greenness based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） in major land cover types in the region. An assessment of the relationship between climate patterns and vegeta- tion conditions observed from NDVI was made. NDVI data were collected from year 2001 to 2009 using multi-temporal Terra MODIS Vegetation Indices Product （MOD13Q1）. NDVI pro- files were developed to measure vegetation dynamics and variation according to land cover types. Meteorological information, i.e. rainfall and temperature, for a 30 year time span from 1980 to 2009 was analyzed for their patterns. Furthermore, the data taken from the period of 2001-2009, were digitally encoded into GIS database and the spatial patterns of monthly rainfall and temperature maps were generated based on kriging technique. The results showed a decreasing trend in NDVI values for both deciduous and evergreen forests. The highest productivity and biomass were observed in dry evergreen forests and the lowest in paddy fields. Temperature was found to be increasing slightly from 1980 to 2009 while no significant trends in rainfall amounts were observed. In dry evergreen forest, NDVI was not correlated with rainfall but was significant negatively correlated with temperature. These re- sults indicated that the overall productivity in dry evergreen forest was affected by increasing temperatures. A vegetation greenness model was developed from correlations between NDVI and meteorological data using linear regression. The model could be used to observe the change in vegetation greenness and dynamics affected by temperature and rainfall.     

Effects of grazing and climate change on species diversity in sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, China

To understand the effects of animal grazing activities and climate change on sandy grassland vegetation in northern China, a field grazing and protected enclosure experiment was conducted from 1992 through 2006 in Horqin Sand Land, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that (1) the grazing was primary responsible for changes of the vegetation richness and diversity in the grazing grassland and that changing climate was the main reason for changes in the species richness and diversity in the grassland protected from grazing; (2) light and moderate grazing can promote restoration of the richness and the diversity in the degraded grassland, and heavy grazing could result in a decrease of the richness and diversity; (3) heavy grazing can result in significant decrease of the perennial diversity, and moderate and light grazing promotes increase of the perennial diversity; the grazing, whether heavy or moderate and light grazing, was beneficial to increase of the annual diversity; (4) heavy grazing was not beneficial to diversity of Graminean and Chenopodiaceae, and moderate and light grazing was favorable the diversity of Compositae and Chenopodiaceae; (5) the warm-humid climate was favorable to increase of the richness and the diversity, and the warm-drought climate could result in decease of the richness and the diversity; (6) increased precipitation was favorable to perennial diversity and the diversity of Graminean, Leguminosae, and Compositae, and decreased precipitation had few effects on the annual diversity and Chenopodiaceae diversity.     

Environmental change inferred from Rb and Sr of lacustrine sediments in Huangqihai Lake, Inner Mongolia

Based on the geochemical elements Rb and Sr in sediments with three different grain size fractions from profile H3 on the northern lacustrine bottomland 13 m above the Huangqihai Lake surface in 1986, the paper investigates the record of palaeolake stand state, sedimentary environmental evolution, and winter monsoon change. First, these samples are separated into three different grain size fractions, i.e., total sediments, 77–20 μm and <20 μm. Second, the chemical elements—Rb and Sr—of the grain size separation were tested and analyzed systematically in this paper. Then the elements compositions of these samples are measured using VP-320 mode fluorescence spectrum instrument, respectively. The magnetic susceptibility of these samples is measured using Kappabridge KLY-3 mode instrument made in Czech AGICO Company. The results showed the elements and the ratios varied regularly with the grain size. But the ratio of Rb/Sr in the sediments <20 μm correlates positively with the magnetic susceptibility of these samples. Therefore, the ratio of Rb/Sr in the fraction <20 μm from the lake sediments reflected the strengthening of the weathering in the deposition sites. It is a good indicator of the summer monsoon-induced weathering and pedogenesis fluctuations and can be used to reconstruct the conditions of the paleoclimate and paleoen-vironment.     

我国西北和内蒙古地区春季沙尘暴的年代际变化及原因探析

利用1961—2005年西北及内蒙古地区208个地面气象站春季沙尘暴日数的观测资料,对沙尘暴发生的年代际变化进行了分析。结果显示,20世纪60年代和70年代沙尘暴偏多,80年代沙尘暴开始减少,90年代最少,21世纪的前5 a沙尘暴呈现出先增多后减少的趋势。基于1961—2005年的NCEP资料进行了原因探析,结果表明：①在沙尘暴多发年代,我国北方大部分区域风速出现了正距平,而在沙尘暴少发的年代,风速呈现出负距平;②在沙尘暴多发的年代,我国中高纬地区出现明显的气旋性流场距平,其南侧西风增强了我国西北及内蒙古地区偏西风风速,而在沙尘暴少发的年代,则与之相反;③极锋锋区在60—70年代强度偏强,从80年代开始强度呈现出明显的减弱趋势,21世纪初期锋区强度继续减弱,但其中心位置有小幅的自北向南移动。     

Spatiotemporal variations of water use efficiency and its driving factors in Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2020

Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important variable to explore coupled relationships in carbon and water cycles. In this study, we first compared the spatial variations of annual gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) using four GPP and ET products. Second, we selected the products closest to the flux towers data to estimate WUE. Finally, we quantitatively analyzed the impact of climate change and soil water content on WUE. The results showed that: (1) Four GPP and ET products provided good performance, with GOSIF-GPP and FLDAS-ET exhibiting a higher correlation and the smallest errors with the flux tower data. (2) The spatial pattern of WUE is consistent with that of GPP and ET, gradually decreasing from the northeast to the southwest. Higher WUE values appeared in the northeast forest ecosystem, and lower WUE values occurred in the western Gobi Desert, with a value of 0.28 gC m^?2 mm^?1. The GPP and ET products showed an increasing trend, while WUE showed a decreasing trend (55.15%) from 2001 to 2020. (3) The spatial relationship between WUE and driving factors reveal the variations in WUE of Inner Mongolia are mainly affected by soil moisture between 0 and 10 cm (SM0-10cm), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and precipitation, respectively. (4) In arid regions, VPD and precipitation exhibit a major influence on WUE. An increase in VPD and precipitation has a negative and positive effect on WUE, with threshold values of approximately 0.36 kPa and 426 mm, respectively. (5) In humid regions, SM0-10cm, VPD, SM10-40cm, and SM40-100cm exert a significant impact on WUE, especially SM0-10cm, and weakens with increasing soil depths, these differences may be related to physiological structure and living characteristics of vegetation types in different climate regimes. Our results emphasize the importance of VPD and soil moisture in regional variability in WUE.     

内蒙古黄旗海不同粒级湖泊沉积物Rb、Sr组成与环境变化

Based on the geochemical elements Rb and Sr in sediments with three different grain size fractions from profile H3 on the northern lacustrine bottomland 13 m above the Huangqihai Lake surface in 1986,the paper investigates the record of palaeolake stand state, sedimentary environmental evolution,and winter monsoon change.First,these samples are separated into three different grain size fractions,i.e.,total sediments,77-20μm and〈20μm. Second,the chemical elements-Rb and Sr-of the grain size separation were tested and analyzed systematically in this paper.Then the elements compositions of these samples are measured using VP-320 mode fluorescence spectrum instrument,respectively.The magnetic susceptibility of these samples is measured using Kappabridge KLY-3 mode instrument made in Czech AGICO Company.The results showed the elements and the ratios varied regularly with the grain size.But the ratio of Rb/Sr in the sediments〈20μm correlates positively with the magnetic susceptibility of these samples.Therefore,the ratio of Rb/Sr in the fraction〈20 μm from the lake sediments reflected the strengthening of the weathering in the deposition sites.It is a good indicator of the summer monsoon-induced weathering and pedogenesis fluctuations and can be used to reconstruct the conditions of the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment.     

Detecting the storage and change on topsoil organic carbon in grasslands of Inner Mongolia from 1980s to 2010s

Soil carbon sequestration and potential has been a focal issue in global carbon research. Under the background of global change, the estimation of the size as well as its change of soil organic carbon（SOC） storage is of great importance. Based on soil data from the second national soil survey and field survey during 2011–2012, by using the regression method between sampling soil data and remote sensing data, this paper aimed to investigate spatial distribution and changes of topsoil（0–20 cm） organic carbon storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia between the 1980 s and 2010 s. The results showed that：（1） the SOC storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia between the 1980 s and 2010 s was estimated to be 2.05 and 2.17 Pg C, with an average density of 3.48 and 3.69 kg C·m–2, respectively. The SOC storage was mainly distributed in the typical steppe and meadow steppe, which accounted for over 98% of the total SOC storage. The spatial distribution showed a decreased trend from the meadow steppe, typical steppe to the desert steppe, corresponding to the temperature and precipitation gradient.（2） SOC changes during 1982–2012 were estimated to be 0.12 Pg C, at 7.00 g C·m–2·yr–1, which didn＇t show a significant change, indicating that SOC storage in grasslands of Inner Mongolia remained relatively stable over this period. However, topsoil organic carbon showed different trends of carbon source/sink during the past three decades. Meadow steppe and typical steppe had sequestered 0.15 and 0.03 Pg C, respectively, served as a carbon sink; while desert steppe lost 0.06 Pg C, served as a carbon source. It appears that SOC storage in grassland ecosystem may respond differently to climate change, related to vegetation type, regional climate type and grazing intensity. These results might give advice to decision makers on adopting suitable countermeasures for sustainable grassland utilization and protection.     

基于时间序列植被特征的内蒙古荒漠化评价

荒漠化是中国北方干旱、半干旱地区面临的主要生态环境问题。从植被特征着手,关注其年际动态变化特征,已经成为国内外荒漠化评价的发展趋势。选取遥感反演的高时间分辨率的植被降水利用率作为评价指标,利用时间序列分析方法,评价了内蒙古自治区1999-2009 年的荒漠化发展态势,并对荒漠化逆转问题进行了初步讨论。结果表明：内蒙古自治区11 年来生态环境总体趋于改善,荒漠化发展态势并不明显。其中,鄂尔多斯高原的东部至大青山南麓、大兴安岭及燕山北部余脉是内蒙古自治区生态环境改善最为明显的地区,反映出该区的植被保护政策发挥了积极的作用;荒漠化土地空间分异特征表明,降水因子和植被恢复有着密切的联系,300mm以上降水量的地区,其植被恢复能力要明显大于降水稀少的地区;干旱、极干旱地区的荒漠界限极不稳定,对荒漠化是否逆转的判断必须在特定的时间尺度,结合当年的气候条件进行综合分析。