银洞坡层控金矿的矿田构造及其控矿作…

本文客观地分析了野外和室内研究资料后指出，银洞坡大型金矿所在河南庄背斜连同该背斜转折端和两翼所发育的各种平移断层、逆冲断层均形成于主成矿期之后，不具前人所认定的控矿意义。其演化系列是：河前庄背斜→含矿共轭平移断层→无矿共轭平移断层→平移正断层→逆冲支系，除含矿共轭平移断层之外，它们主要起改造矿体的作用。其中河前庄背斜起有利的改造作用，而各类断层主要起破坏作用。     

银洞坡层控金矿的矿田构造及其控矿作用辨识

本文客观地分析了野外和室内研究资料后指出,银洞坡大型金矿所在的河前庄背斜连同该背斜转折端和两翼所发育的各种平移断层、平移正断层、逆冲断层均形成于主成矿期之后,不具前人所认定的控矿意义,其演化系列是:河前庄背斜→含矿共轭平移断层→无矿共轭平移断层→平移正断层→逆冲断层系,除含矿共轭平移断层之外,它们主要起改造矿体的作用。其中河前庄背斜起有利的改造作用,而各类断层主要起破坏作用。     

无损钻切技术在宝钢二号高炉快速大修改造工程中的应用

详细介绍了宝钢二号高炉快速大修改造工程中采用的无损钻切技术,即高精度水平钻孔、基础整体静力水平切割、注浆充填、抬升平移的施工方法及所用装置等。     

振冲置换法加固泵房软土地基技术的应用

以10座地泵房、882根碎石桩挤密软土地基处理为例,总结振冲置换法处理我国西部软土地基的具体施工工艺和施工质量控制.从效益上分析,经这种方法处理后的软粘土地基,承载力提高了3倍.在设计要求承载力不超过200 kPa的地基结构,采用振冲置换法比较经济.与预制混凝土桩基础相比,可节省工程费用60%左右.这种技术在经济欠发达的西北部地区极有推广应用价值.     

地质钻探废弃冲洗液污染特性及脱稳技术研究

废弃冲洗液无害化处理是落实绿色勘查理念的一项重要工作。通过室内测试分析与现场调研,对地质钻探不同领域的钻孔废弃冲洗液进行污染特性研究,了解其基本性质以及对环境的影响方式。结合湘桃地2井废弃冲洗液开展脱稳技术室内研究,对破胶剂及絮凝剂进行了优选,并获得了脱稳处理的基础配方。实验结果表明,经过处理后废弃冲洗液能实现快速脱稳絮凝,COD、悬浮物、色度等污染指标大幅下降,为下一步深度处理实现无害化排放创造了有利条件。     

柱下独立基础稳健性设计与分析

岩土工程随机参数统计特征的不确定性,使得岩土工程可靠度设计存在一定风险。岩土工程稳健性设计能够充分考虑随机参数的不确定性结合结构安全性、稳健性和经济性实现最优设计。针对随机参数统计特征的不确定性对柱下独立基础设计的影响,基于可靠度理论和岩土工程稳健性设计方法,考虑岩土参数、混凝土和钢筋材料力学参数统计特征不确定性的影响,以独立基础几何尺寸作为可控设计参数进行设计分析。将独立基础地基承载力、地基变形、基础结构冲切破坏和基础弯曲破坏4种失效模式视为串联系统,进行多失效模式下的结构体系稳健性设计,分析了多失效模式下结构几何参数与结构体系可靠度的关系。结合稳健性和经济性,进行了独立基础多目标优化设计,确定柱下独立基础设计的最优解。     

吹填粉细砂的无填料振冲密实试验与工程应用

对长江下游河漫滩地新吹填的松散粉细砂,通过原位监测仪器和跟踪检测,进行了无填料振冲试验、施工技术开发和设计应用。研究了无填料振冲过程中桩周土的超静孔压变化与振冲有效范围,比较了振冲密实前、后桩周土强度变化。针对施工跟踪检测中发现的桩身土局部欠密实问题,分析了缺陷产生原因,提出了解决措施。结果表明,目前规范认为应加填料振冲处理的各种松散粉细砂,只要试验方法得当,及时发现振冲中可能出现的问题并予以解决,吹填粉细砂的无填料振冲密实法是可以大面积应用的。工程试验后提出的振冲设计参数、施工工艺参数和质量控制方法,最终检测显示,工程桩各项指标达到堆场使用要求。     

高压旋喷注浆技术在广核大厦地基处理中的应用

现代建筑工程中高层、超高层建筑基础大部分采用桩基础。对于灰岩地区,由于工程地质条件较差,存在大量的土洞、软土层、溶洞、节理、裂隙等不良地质现象,往往极大地影响着桩基础的设计与施工。广核大厦采用高压旋喷复合地基加筏型基础。实践表明,广核大厦地基处理技术,解决了在岩溶地区挖孔桩、灌注桩、钻（冲）孔桩难于成桩且工期无法保证的技术难题,地基处理效果显著,克服了灰岩地区各种不良地质现象的影响,增加了基础施工的安全性。     

210m高烟囱地基振冲碎石桩加固

振冲法处理地基在国内应用已有三十多年历史,广泛应用于水电、火电、石化、工业与民用建筑等建设领域。本文重点介绍振冲碎石桩法处理火电厂210m高烟囱地基的设计、施工及沉降观测成果。实践证明采用振冲碎石桩法处理高耸结构如烟囱、水塔等建(构)筑物地基,经济合理、技术可行。为设计和建设单位提供了很好的借鉴经验。     

浅议高压喷射注浆技术

高压喷射注浆技术是近年发展起来的一种基础处理新技术,它是利用高压载能介质将软弱土体冲切破碎后注入固结浆液在原位混合凝固,达到强化地基的目的。该技术多用于深层软土地基加固,建造堤坝防渗帷幕及高强度的防渗挡土墙等。本文就这项新技术及其机具设备与安装、施工程序、应用前景作了概括介绍。     

Imaging of sand lens at a barrage site in the Indian Himalaya — a case study using cross-hole seismic tomography

Drilling at the barrage site of a hydropower project usually gives a reasonable picture of the sub-surface rock mass condition. However, when the overburden (OB) comprising river borne materials is very thick and the basement rock is deep, the drilling results become unreliable. In the present case, the depth to the granitic gneiss basement is 45m from the river level and the height of the proposed diversion barrage is only 24.5 m. For this reason, stripping of the overburden up to the basement is not considered feasible. Cross-borehole seismic tomography (CST) was carried out at the barrage site to investigate the inclusions and structure of the OB material in order to facilitate a foundation design suitable for permeable formation. Three sets of CST surveys were carried out up to a depth of 30 m between the three vertical boreholes that were prepared at the vertices of an equilateral triangle with a separation of 17.8 m. The tomograms precisely imaged the nature and disposition of the different constituents of the overburden material. A lens shaped low velocity layer (LVL) with seismic velocity V_p=2000–2500 ms^?1 was mapped at a depth of 14.5m from the surface. Hence, it was recommended to shift the barrage axis by 50 m towards the downstream side of the proposed axis. The outcome of this study proved valuable for the designer who finalised the foundation design. Successful application of CST in OB characterisation has reiterated the need of such studies for barrage site investigations particularly in the Himalayan terrain.     

密集线性台阵地震背景噪声速度成像及其在湖南沃溪金钨锑矿勘探中的应用

多道面波分析技术在近地表勘探领域有着广泛应用,准确的提取频散曲线成为面波勘探成像的关键。文章介绍了一种新的地震背景噪声互相关面波频散成像方法——拓距相移法。该方法在传统相移法的基础上,利用阵内相移对小孔径范围的面波中高频信号进行提取,并利用阵外相移对大孔径范围的面波中低频信号进行提取,然后将两部分频散曲线融合从而得到更宽频带的面波频散曲线用于地下速度结构的反演。该方法在保证对近地表结构进行较高分辨率成像的同时,大大增加对深部结构的有效约束。2019年9月到10月期间,作者在湖南沃溪布设了8条密集测线,进行了1个月的地震背景噪声数据采集,并利用上述拓距相移法提取了0.1~2 s的瑞利面波宽频带相速度频散曲线。通过初步反演其中3条测线的背景噪声数据,获得了该矿区深度2.5 km以浅的地震横波速度结构。经与已知地质资料比对,160测线的地震横波速度反演结果与断层、岩性分界面及矿脉有着较好的对应关系,表明获得的沃溪矿区地震横波速度结构较好地反映了控矿构造、岩性分界以及矿体的分布位置等信息,为该区中—深部找矿提供了重要依据。该研究利用实际数据检验了拓距相移法的有效性,为今后深部找矿提供了一个有效的高精度成像方法。     

Nonlinear analysis of footings on granular bed–stone column improved soft soil

In this paper, a model for the analysis of footings having finite flexural rigidity resting on a granular bed on top of stone columns improved saturated soft (clayey) soil has been proposed. Soft soil has been modeled as a Kelvin–Voigt body to represent its time dependent behavior. Pasternak shear layer has been used to represent the granular layer and the stone columns have been idealized by means of nonlinear Winkler springs. Nonlinear behavior of granular fill, soft soil and stone columns has been invoked by means of hyperbolic constitutive relationships. Governing differential equations for the soil–foundation system have been obtained and finite difference method has been adopted for solving these, using the Gauss-elimination iterative scheme. Detailed parametric study for a combined footing has been carried out to study the influence of parameters, like magnitude of applied load, flexural rigidity of footing, diameter of stone column, spacing of stone column, ultimate bearing capacity of granular fill, poor foundation soil and stone column, relative stiffness of stone columns and degree of consolidation, on flexural response of the footing.     

碎石桩复合地基性状的弹塑性分析

基于双剪统一强度理论,利用复合地基中碎石桩与桩周土的竖向位移相等、侧向变形协调与连续的条件,通过弹塑性理论对碎石桩复合地基在竖向荷载作用下的应力、应变状态进行了弹塑性分析,探讨了权系数b的取值方法;讨论了b的大小对复合地基承载及变形性状的影响,并推出了作用在复合地基上的荷载、碎石桩所分担的荷载及加固区压缩量与桩周土的塑性区半径的关系的系列解析算式;提出了对于碎石桩复合地基的设计应该实行承载力和沉降双重控制的设计思想。为验证该方法的可行性,将模型试验的结果与计算结果进行了对比,结果表明该方法对碎石桩复合地基的设计具有指导意义。     

Numerical analysis of foundation columns to support widening of embankments

Increased traffic volume has made it necessary to increase highway capacities by widening embankments and pavements. Adding a new embankment to an existing embankment induces additional stresses and deformations beneath the widened and existing portions of the embankment. Differential settlement may develop between and within the new and existing portions of the embankment, especially over soft soils. This differential settlement often causes pavement distress, such as longitudinal cracks or the drop-off (or sinking) of pavement sections. Different techniques have been adopted to remedy these problems, including the use of foundation columns, such as deep mixed columns, vibro-concrete columns, stone columns, and aggregate piers. However, design procedures for foundation columns constructed for this purpose are not well developed. The analyses of eight cases of column-supported widened embankments and two untreated foundations are presented in this paper. The factors considered include the consolidation of foundation soils under existing embankments and the spacing, region, and modulus of foundation columns. Two-dimensional finite difference software was used after the calibration of the model against a field case study and numerical analyses were conducted to investigate stresses and deformations of the widened embankments over soft soil with or without the remediation of foundation columns. The results presented in this paper include the vertical and the horizontal displacements, the maximum settlements, the transverse gradient change, and the distribution of the additional stresses induced by the widening. Recommendations are made for the design of foundation columns to remedy roadway pavement failure due to widening of embankments.     

深长变径搅拌桩荷载传递规律的试验研究

采用一种新型的地基处理方式--变径水泥土搅拌桩,处理了浙江省湖州地区深达20多米的深厚软土地基,通过对载荷试验和桩身应力实测资料的分析,研究了深长变径搅拌桩的承载特性和荷载传递机制。研究表明,受到桩身强度的限制,荷载沿桩身传递限定在一定范围内;由于桩径的变化,桩身应力在变截面处出现了应力集中现象;桩身轴力沿深度逐渐衰减,且在变径位置以上桩体衰减速率较下部快;最大侧摩阻力发生在桩顶附近,在变径处附近由于扩大头端承作用而锐减,但变径位置以下一定深度范围内的桩侧摩阻力得到提高;扩大头端承力随桩顶荷载的增加而逐渐变大,但占总荷载的比例不大,桩侧摩阻力仍提供了大部分的承载力,因此变径水泥土搅拌桩属于有支点端承力的摩擦桩。结合3种不同单桩破坏模式,提出了深长变径搅拌桩的单桩极限承载力计算公式,经过试算发现与现场试验结果相差在10%以内,计算结果可靠,可推广应用于实际工程中。     

碎石桩复合地基三维地震响应分析

将饱和砂土视为土水两相介质,以Biot动力固结方程为基础,编制了完全耦合的三维排水有效应力动力反应分析程序。利用该程序对碎石桩复合地基进行了动力反应分析。结果表明:在地震荷载作用下,碎石桩具有明显的减震效应,碎石桩复合地基表层的最大水平振动加速度与天然地基相比明显减小,并且碎石桩对地基的沉降变形有明显的抑制作用;碎石桩的排水效应十分显著,随着输入地震加速度的减弱,在孔压达到峰值以后,由下到上出现了明显的孔压消散现象,碎石桩排水效应的影响范围为上窄下宽的圆台形;碎石桩的加密效应显著;考虑碎石桩各效应的耦合作用比仅考虑其单一效应,计算得到的孔压比要小,因此在进行碎石桩复合地基抗液化判别时,应该综合考虑碎石桩各效应的相互耦合作用。     

关于桩基软弱下卧层验算的几点认识

对于国内外不同的规范、手册中对于桩基软弱下卧层验算的不同方法进行了分析。提出以下的一些建议:承台底面以上的原地基土自重在附加应力计算时可以扣除,在总应力计算时再加上;扣除的群桩实体基础四周的摩阻力应使用群桩四周地基土的摩阻力特征值,而不是极限值;对于地下室中的独立柱的桩基础和内墙的条形桩基础,应当从地下室地面而不是原地面起算进行验算。     

Vulnerability of simple reinforced concrete buildings to damage by rockfalls

A procedure is presented for investigating the response of reinforced concrete buildings to rockfall impact. The method considers a single rock hit on the basement columns, and it includes four steps: (a) calculation of the probability of a rock impact on a member of the load-bearing system, taking into account the block size and the design of the structure; (b) evaluation of the response of one or more structural elements to the hit based on element capacity; (c) in the case of structural element failure, assessment of the robustness of the whole structural system, calculating the potential for progressive collapse; and (d) calculation of a damage index (DI), which is the ratio of structural elements that fail to the total number of structural elements. The proposed method is applied to a reinforced concrete building for a range of rockfall paths and intensities. The analysis has been carried out for a 2-m-diameter block and velocities < 3.5 m/s. The possible damage range is found to be highly variable, with DI values ranging from 0.01 to 1 depending on the impact location and block velocity.     

Expansion of the Nishinomiya Built Environment Database

The Nishinomiya Built Environment Database, which can be used to analyze the disaster process of the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster in Nishinomiya City, has been expanded with new data entries. The database contains the following very detailed datasets: (1) the urbanization area base map, (2) casualty data, (3) three sets of building damage data surveyed by the Nishinomiya City, the Architectural Institute of Japan and the City Planning Institute of Japan, and the Kobe University, (4) building property data based on the real estate tax roll, (5) photographs of the damaged buildings with the information on the place and orientation of the picture, and (6) the estimated distribution of the seismic ground motion. The seismic ground motion was simulated for the southern part of Nishinomiya City and two verification sites in Kobe City and Amagasaki City. In the simulation, the borehole data of public facilities were used to model the surface soils as one-dimensional layers, taking into consideration the fact that the spatial distribution of the sediment/basement interface forms a slope. The model of the fault rupture process simulated the characteristics of the seismic motion at basement level, and amplification effects of the surface layers were evaluated based on multiple reflection theory. The distribution of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity was estimated from acceleration response spectra at each borehole point. In addition, the relationship between simulated seismic ground motion and building damage was studied based on newly proposed band-passed spectrum intensity using the expanded database. This confirmed that detailed categorization is necessary in order to evaluate the fragility functions, especially for reinforced concrete structures. The database should provide fundamental information for identifying the relationship between the ground motions and the extent and pattern of building damage, or the pattern of the occurrence of casualties.Presently