THE THEME OF "RELEVANCE" IN THIRD WORLD HUMAN SCIENCES

The fact that the humanities and social sciences in developing societies generally originated in the West has raised the issue of the relevance of these arts and sciences to the needs and problems of Third World societies. This questioning of relevance has led, in turn, to the call for the indigenisation of knowledge in developing societies. While there has been a great deal of discussion on indigenisation, there has been little practice of indigenised humanities and social science. As a result, there are few examples of what indigenous knowledge constitutes from theoretical, methodological and empirical points of view. This paper is directed towards arriving at some conception of what indigenised knowledge is, the various forms that it takes, and its rationale.     

空间分析方法在房地产市场研究中的应用--以北京市为例

基于北京市2003年普通住宅数据,利用空间分析中点模式分析、空间自相关分析和空间插值方法等,对北京市房地产,尤其是普通住宅的空间格局进行分析。研究表明,北京市房地产发展在空间上具有强烈的集聚特点,而房价的空间自相关特性也非常明显。空间分析方法提供了准确认识、评价和综合理解空间位置和空间相互作用的手段,为定量研究空间格局提供了支持。在房地产发展等社会经济现象研究中,空间分析方法强调了“位置”因素的重要性,是刻画房地产空间格局的理想工具。     

北京工业结构与布局调整建议

北京地区发展工业最突出的优势是智力资源丰富,科技力量雄厚。主要的限制性因素是水资源缺乏,环境质量要求高。北京工业分布呈同心圆状从城区、近郊向远郊扩散,城区与近郊工业过于密集,远郊工业又过于分散。根据北京工业发展的有利条件与存在问题,作者建议:应重点发展技术密集型、省水、占地少、污染轻的工业部门。根据这一原则,调整现有工业结构,发展新兴工业部门。同时,尽快建设远郊工业卫星城镇和相应的交通通讯系统。     

Enacting Neighborhood1

Defining the concept of neighborhood has long been a goal in urban research. In this paper, I trace the various meanings of neighborhood articulated by scholars, from neighborhood-as-community to functional and demographic typologies, to examinations of the effects of residential environments on human behavior. In identifying the myriad meanings of neighborhood, this paper highlights the contingency and flexibility of the concept. I argue that it is precisely because of its blurriness and flexibility that neighborhood has salience: The concept of neighborhood is primarily a social and political product, created through activism, and through research on sociospatial relations. Rather than seeking a fixed definition that can apply to many circumstances, I argue that research on neighborhoods ought to focus on how neighborhoods are produced socially and, in turn, physically, through cooperation and conflict. I apply this framework of enacting neighborhood to a brief case study of neighborhood conflicts in Athens, Georgia.     

LINES OF DIVISION,LINES OF CONNECTION: STEWARDSHIP IN THE WORLD OCEAN

ABSTRACT. This article investigates the history of drawing lines across ocean space. Although drawing lines generally is perceived as an act of division—as exemplified by the line drawn through the Atlantic Ocean by Pope Alexander VI in 1493—lines, like the ocean itself, often signify connection or other, more complex social relationships. In an attempt to break through commonly held perspectives on line drawing in marine governance, I suggest that key events (and lines) of modern marine history are characterized by a common norm of stewardship. I conclude by considering the flexibility of stewardship and by alerting the reader to alternate norms that could be used to generate ocean-governance systems.     

Bringing the other into political ecology: Reflecting on preoccupations in a research field

For all its vitality political ecology often appears to be a project in which work by Anglo‐Americans in particular, if it is not privileged, certainly predominates. This trend reflects wider language and intellectual tendencies in human geography and the social sciences that distort the development of the field by downplaying or obscuring the contributions of many non‐Anglo‐Americans and by naturalizing Anglo‐American assumptions at the heart of research. The latter in turn determine what constitutes ‘good’ work – even as there is no single definition of political ecology. Arguing against this tendency, this paper draws on postcolonial thinking to emphasize the need to reassess and reorient the field as ‘other’ political ecologies are feasible and desirable.     

THE STATUS OF GEOGRAPHY IN GRADUATE URBAN AFFAIRS PROGRAMS

Literature on the theoretical foundations of urban affairs emphasizes that the field is interdisciplinary in nature. The urban perspectives of the traditional social sciences, which include geography, should each constitute a significant component within an urban affairs program. However, the results of a recent survey indicate that geography is not represented in graduate urban affairs programs nearly to the extent of the other social sciences. The discrepancies between the interdisciplinary claims of the theoretical literature and the survey results are demonstrated in this article, followed by several hypotheses regarding possible causes of this situation.     

Institutionalization of Racial Inequality in Local Political Geographies

Municipalities create a local political geography that can institutionalize subordinate positions for minority groups. Most importantly, local governments determine which areas are incorporated into a municipality through annexation and which are excluded. Through these powers, local governments can diminish or deny minority political standing in local affairs, limit access to public services, and reduce the value of minority property. The boundaries are a component of racial residential segregation. Racially disparate application of local governments' power to shape local political geography creates barriers to equality that are difficult to discern on the ground, but which can be made visible by the mapping of spatial data. This study presents four cases where governmental decisions concerning a municipal boundary have institutionalized racial inequality, which is documented with maps created from public GIS data and other public records (e.g., City Council meeting minutes) as well as legal documents. This pattern of systematic exclusion of minority neighborhoods is receiving attention in the legal community, but studies in the social sciences have been limited.     

STANDARD ERRORS IN THE EIGENVALUES OF A CROSS-PRODUCT MATRIX:THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

New expressions are derived for the standard errors in the eigenvalues of a cross-product matrix by themethod of error propagation.Cross-product matrices frequently arise in multivariate data analysis,especially in principal component analysis (PCA).The derived standard errors account for the variabilityin the data as a result of measurement noise and are therefore essentially different from the standarderrors developed in multivariate statistics.Those standard errors were derived in order to account for thefinite number of observations on a fixed number of variables,the so-called sampling error.They can beused for making inferences about the population eigenvalues.Making inferences about the populationeigenvalues is often not the purposes of PCA in physical sciences,This is particularly true if themeasurements are performed on an analytical instrument that produces two-dimensional arrays for onechemical sample:the rows and columns of such a data matrix cannot be identified with observations onvariables at all.However,PCA can still be used as a general data reduction technique,but now the effectof measurement noise on the standard errors in the eigenvalues has to be considered.The consequencesfor significance testing of the eigenvalues as well as the usefulness for error estimates for scores andloadings of PCA,multiple linear regression (MLR) and the generalized rank annihilation method(GRAM) are discussed.The adequacy of the derived expressions is tested by Monte Carlo simulations.     

THE STATUS OF GEOGRAPHY IN GRADUATE URBAN AFFAIRS PROGRAMS

Literature on the theoretical foundations of urban affairs emphasizes that the field is interdisciplinary in nature. The urban perspectives of the traditional social sciences, which include geography, should each constitute a significant component within an urban affairs program. However, the results of a recent survey indicate that geography is not represented in graduate urban affairs programs nearly to the extent of the other social sciences. The discrepancies between the interdisciplinary claims of the theoretical literature and the survey results are demonstrated in this article, followed by several hypotheses regarding possible causes of this situation.     

Singled Out: Scaling Violence and Social Groups as Legal Borderwork in U.S. Asylum Law

Through legal interpretation of immigration categories, such as the refugee definition, signatories to the UN Refugee Convention restrict access to political asylum. This paper examines how scalar logics are used in legal interpretation to filter out particular people from national space and control the number legally entitled to enter and remain in the U.S. Scalar logics shape access by requiring asylum seekers to prove they have been ‘singled out’ for persecution and by steering the meaning of the ‘particular social group’ provision of the refugee definition. The restrictive effects of these scalar logics are analyzed in relation to case law involving Central American asylum seekers fleeing gang‐related violence. These cases are often rejected on the basis that the asylum seekers possess identities and experiences exceeding the limited protection offered by asylum. Through analysis of these scalar logics, the paper highlights how interpretations of the refugee definition are an ongoing site of struggle over the scope of asylum protection.     

Evaluating the Geographic in GIS

Despite several decades of discussion and debate around the role of GIS in the discipline of Geography, it would be a stretch to argue that GIS has not irreversibly altered the discipline, both in the scope of research and teaching as well as in the wider imagination of a general public. However, it remains a challenge to incorporate the range of geographic knowledge, born of a diversity of modalities, into operational insights and analytical pre‐conditions in a GIS. To be certain, some irreconcilability between GIS and geographical inquiry is to be expected, epistemologically speaking. In what follows, we consider what might be meant by a shift to geographic analysis as scholars from disciplines in the humanities and social sciences turn to GIS as a method of observation, interpretation, analysis, and representation. In this context, we engage in a thought experiment and offer some commentary, fixing the notion of information system, while opening the geographic in GIS to more variable understanding. The point is to pursue greater development of GIS theory and method, encompassing, while not reducing, scientific, social scientific, and humanities research.     

生态安全：国内外研究综述

生态安全是21世纪人类社会可持续发展所面临的一个新主题。本文归纳了学术界对生态安全概念的各种理解和认识，并将生态安全内涵概括为：（1）生态系统自身的健康、完整和可持续性，（2）生态系统对人类提供完善的生态服务。简述了生态安全的研究内容，提出了生态安全研究框架。综述10年来生态安全方面的研究进展，概括出生态安全研究十几年来的3个基本理论：①生态系统健康与环境风险评价理论;②环境（生态）安全的国家利益理论;③生态权利理论及其法律实践，以及生态安全研究所采用的几种主要技术方法，最后提出了生态安全研究展望。     

POWER, NATURE AND NEOLIBERALISM: THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF WATER IN CHILE

Since the 1990s, international water sector reforms have centred heavily on economic and market approaches. In regard to water resources management, tradable water rights have been promoted, often supported by the neoliberal model adopted in Chile. Chile's 1981 Water Code was reformed to comprise a system of water rights that could be freely traded with few restrictions. International financial institutions have embraced the Chilean model, claiming that it results in more efficient water use, and potentially fosters social and environmental benefits. However, in Chile the Water Code is deeply contested. It has been criticised for being too permissive and has produced a number of problems in practice. Moreover, attempts to modify it have become the focus of a lengthy polemic debate. This paper employs a political ecology perspective to explore the socio‐environmental outcomes of water management in Chile, drawing on a case study of agriculture in the semi‐arid Norte Chico. The case illustrates how large‐scale farmers exert greater control over water, while peasant farmers have increasingly less access. I argue that these outcomes are facilitated by the mode of water management implemented within the framework of the Water Code. Through this preliminary examination of social equity and the environmental aspects of water resources management in Chile, I suggest that the omission of these issues from the international debates on water rights markets is a cause for concern.     

国外教育地理研究回顾与借鉴

教育地理研究作为地理学和教育学的交叉研究出现于20世纪中叶,早期教育地理研究主要是借助地理学的视角和工具解决教育的空间问题,包括教育规划、教育土地利用、学校选择以及与居住地相关的教育机会和结果差异等;1990年代以来的教育地理研究注重从社会空间的角度来解析教育,关注教育与社会、经济、政治和文化等的内在联系,并建立起了以尺度为框架的研究体系。在最初的研究中,教育空间被当作既定的客观空间;1990年代以来,受社会科学空间转向的影响,教育空间被看成是与经济、社会、文化、政治等相互塑造的空间。当前,教育地理研究已经建立起了知识体系和研究框架,研究尺度包括微观(学习者、学习空间、学校与社区等)、中观(区域、国家等)和宏观(国际)的空间尺度研究,教育地理的研究范围得到扩展。国内教育地理研究可以从不同尺度上加强空间的研究以及空间之间的联系讨论,扩展非正式教育这一广阔的领域,加强教育公平的社会空间解释。     

Morphological systematics of the relief and its implications for geography and geoecology

We examine the issue concerning the determination of the line of demarcation between geomorphology and the related Earth sciences which is associated with elementarization of continual topographic surface of the planet’s relief. We present our view of the progression along this direction that relies on the theory of the system-morphological foundation of Earth sciences. We established the existence of the synenergy effect in the use of the system-morphological approach in all particular geographical sciences: in microclimatology, it provides a means of referencing microclimates and “local climates” to topographic features; in soil science, it revitalizes the notion of an elementary soil area thus simplifying the process of soil mapping. In geobotany and biogeocenology, this approach helps to make results from studying phytocenose productivity and from dendroindication investigations more representative. We determined a direct practical importance of landscape geophysics and assessments of the significance of geotopes on land surface as well as on the bottom of the World Ocean and beneath mainland glaciers. It is suggested that the system-morphological approach be used in the interests of a further development not only of traditional analytical geomorphology but also its new, synthetic direction that relates geomorphology with social sciences. It is established that in such a case the symmetry tools can be sued to define the relief as the set of locations with anthropogenic objects, processes and phenomena.     

欧美经济地理学的三个发展方向

经济地理学是在与经济学的交融中创新、发展的。基于经济学发展中的三个重要流派:新古典主义、制度主义和演化主义,经济地理学在新世纪将进入前所未有的纷争时代——新古典经济地理学、制度主义经济地理学和演化经济地理学三足鼎立的"三国时代"。在对经济学领域的这三大流派基本特征分析的基础上,探讨了欧美经济地理学领域这三个发展方向各自的理论出发点及其异同,进而分析了其竞争、合作和创新的基本途径以及对中国经济地理学发展的借鉴意义。     

Simultaneous Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Social Science Data in Conservation

Conservation research includes social as well as natural sciences, and social sciences include qualitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Most mixed-methods research adopts quantitative and qualitative approaches in parallel or in sequence, using related but distinct sets of data. Transformations of raw data, to apply qualitative and quantitative approaches to the same dataset, are uncommon, and beset by obstacles. I argue that dual analysis of a single dataset can be valuable and sound, subject to four caveats. Authors must: check for adequate sampling as well as theoretical saturation; distinguish clearly between structural and statistical associations; explicitly describe conversion from qualitative constructs and codes, to quantitative categories or other variables; and ensure that precision, reliability and generalizability are considered appropriately within both analyses.     

身体、身体观以及人文地理学对身体的研究

1970年代以来,伴随着消费主义和女权运动,身体研究在人文社会学科中兴起,一个被布莱恩·特纳（Bryan Turner）称之为“身体社会崛起”的时代来临了。身体研究成为西方人文与社会科学研究的“新大陆”,众多哲学家、社会理论学家纷纷投身于身体研究,重新解读了身体在认识世界和知识生产中的重要性。身体转向作为文化转向的一部分,同样受到了人文地理学家的关注。许多批判地理学家,如女性主义、马克思主义、反种族主义、后殖民主义、酷儿地理学家认为,身体研究是改善社会、文化、经济关系的可能途径。在“身体转向”的影响下,身体研究逐渐渗入到情感地理学、旅游地理学、乡村地理学等众多研究领域。与此同时,人文地理学家从人文社会科学中引入多种理论,如表演理论、精神分析法、非表征理论等对身体研究进行了探讨和阐释。基于这样的背景,梳理了西方人文地理学中有关身体研究的文献,归纳了人文地理学中身体研究的主要议题和理论,以及由此而展开的一系列具体的研究成果,此工作具有切实的学术意义并对后续相关研究的展开具有指导意义。     

制度在都市政治中的论辩与研究进展

“制度”原是政治经济学取向中传统的分析对象,但在1970年代后的社会脉络变迁与学术发展进程的影响下,制度开始拥有主体性的地位。在都市政治的研究场域里,一方面由于都市从统治(government)迈向治理(governance)成为普遍的趋势,另一方面受到社会科学制度转向的学术风潮影响,制度在都市政治研究中的角色开始面临重新反省与理论化的困境,但此一部份缺乏系统性的探讨。本文即在这样的脉络下,首先将分析都市政治的变迁,及其与地方政府制度间的关系;其次则试图论述制度论的演进与观点,及其在都市治理范畴中的发展;最后则讨论重新将制度理论化的取径,反省制度转向后的理论议题,并试图提出可能的研究观点,藉以寻求媒合不同概念层次之都市政治理论的可能。