Transnational Urbanism in Port of Spain: Returning Middle-Class Urban Elites

Port of Spain, Trinidad offers an ideal context in which to analyze pre-retirement return migration to a Global South urban realm, expanding transnational urban research beyond the conventional focus on Global North metropolitan destinations. In this article, we draw on the transnational narratives of a selected sample of relatively youthful Trinidadians, who have spent many years abroad acquiring education and professional experience, but who have then decided to return in mid-career to the capital region of the island nation of their birth, or of their parent(s). Theoretically, we position these returning professionals as members of a "middling" transnational urban class whose return is at least partly motivated by a desire to "make a difference." Our results contribute to a growing literature that documents the role of transnational middle-class urban elites returning elsewhere in the Carribbean: "middling" transnational urbanism is reshaping key facets of urbanization in the Global South.     

1990—2015年亚洲内部人口迁移格局及影响因素

把握亚洲内部跨国/地区人口迁移规律,有助于新时期中国制定合理的国际移民政策,推动“一带一路”倡议迈向高质量发展。本文基于1990—2015年国际双边移民流量数据,运用社会网络分析和空间滤波面板负二项引力模型,阐明亚洲内部跨国/地区人口迁移的时空格局与驱动因素。研究发现：① 1990—2000年亚洲主要迁移流集中在西亚、南亚和东南亚各区域内部,且大多发生在邻国之间,2000—2015年出现多条横跨上述三大区域的大规模迁移流;② 人口迁移网络强度相对较低,联系紧密程度先升后降;③ 政治不稳定与战乱冲突是人口迁移的重要推动力,经济发展水平差异和国民收入差异是重要驱动力,多维邻近因素（经济邻近和文化邻近）也起到一定的推动作用;④ 25年间,经济差异的影响先增后减;政治不稳定一直是人口迁移的主要影响因素,且对人口迁出的影响更大;进出口贸易发展在部分时期积极促进人口流动,留学吸引力影响呈波动趋势;⑤ 非经济和结构性力量在亚洲内部跨国/地区人口迁移过程中起到决定性作用。     

21世纪以来非洲跨国移民空间格局及其对FDI影响

运用ArcGIS软件与DPS软件,结合世界银行数据库与《非洲统计年鉴》等,分析21世纪以来非洲跨国移民空间格局及其对FDI影响,结果表明:基于目的地国、原籍国的跨国移民分别集中于北非地区与撒哈拉以南的非洲,其中前者呈现以"摩洛哥-埃及-苏丹"为中心的集聚格局,而后者先以科特迪瓦最为集中,随后逐渐被南非所取代;北非地区F...     

City on edge: immigrant businesses and the right to urban space in inner-city Johannesburg

Paradoxically, Johannesburg is a quintessentially migrant city and also ranks among the least immigrant-friendly cities in the world. Over the past 20 years, inner-city Johannesburg has been vacated and then reconstituted as a hive of informal trade networks and migration circuits that extends well beyond national borders. Research on immigrants in Johannesburg has contributed significantly to understandings of xenophobic sentiments and immigrant identities, but there remains a large gap in knowledge about immigrant entrepreneurship, economic enclaves and economic mobility. Our research is based on extensive fieldwork, discussions with immigrant organizations and in-depth interviews with immigrants and South Africans engaged in business in three prominent inner-city immigrant business enclaves: Jeppe/Delvers, Eighth Avenue and Raleigh Street. Our research shows that these immigrant business zones each operate differently and vary in the degree to which they connect to urban and national economic grids; some retain stronger ties to transnational networks that link dispersed spaces to Johannesburg, creating specific local milieus. We advocate for a more geographically sensitive and nuanced understanding of immigrant entrepreneurs and a reconsideration of their rights to the city.     

Emerging Asias: Transnational Forces,Developmental States,and “Asian Values”

Discussions of East Asian developmental states and Asian values discourse have been deformed by national-territorial frameworks that limit scholars' ability to highlight transnational phenomena. Such limits can be overcome by adopting a “Pacificist” perspective, one that highlights the transnational collaborative efforts of Pacific ruling class members, from both Asia and the United States. Such a Pacificist approach has the virtue of highlighting phenomena of transnational class formation that help account for the emergence of both developmental states in East Asia and Asian values discourse, and it also suggested the importance of attending to other kinds of emerging actors in Asian development politics, such as labor and democracy movements.     

Sweet Auburn: Constructing Atlanta's Auburn Avenue as a Heritage Tourist Destination

Utilizing redevelopment plans created by Central Atlanta Progress, this study explores the process of constructing a heritage tourist landscape on Atlanta's Auburn Avenue. Once home to the wealthiest African American community in the United States, Auburn Avenue went through a period of economic decline in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2000, planners for the City of Atlanta focused on redeveloping the Auburn Avenue corridor. At that time, Central Atlanta Progress began to update plans to convert Auburn Avenue into the United States' premier African American tourist destination. Utilizing those plans, this article argues that the city's redevelopment vision ties into particular aspects of African American identity, which link to neoliberal economic policies in an effort to turn Auburn Avenue into a "culturetainment" district. This vision is juxtaposed against the reaction of community residents who seek an alternative redevelopment vision.     

Geographies of the Firm and Transnational Agro-food Corporations in East Asia

Agro-food transnational corporations (TNCs) are pivotal players in the emergent regulatory structures of the East Asian agro-food system, but there has been little explicit concern to account theoretically or empirically for their prevailing socio-spatial practices and strategies. This paper uses the case of Nestlé in South East Asia to make three claims. First, transnational corporate strategy is best understood as comprising an interaction of restructuring processes within the arenas of production, realisation (sales), and reproduction (corporate finance and investment). Second, the analysis of agro-food transnationals in Asia requires elevated attention to the local regulation of food systems. Third, in Nestlé's case at least, the articulation of global strategies with local arenas of production and markets encourages corporate finance to play a key role in the generation of profit. This is evidenced through the extensive use of intra-firm trade and royalty payments (or, related party transactions) by Nestlé in Thailand.     

Views From Above and Below: The Petronas Twin Towers and/in Contesting Visions of Development in Contemporary Malaysia

Large-scale urban transformation in Malaysia is the most visible sign of the rapid development which has accompanied the premiership of the current Prime Minister, Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. The national capital, Kuala Lumpur, has seen the development of a new city centre (Kuala Lumpur City Centre, KLCC) which includes the world's tallest building, the Petronas Twin Towers. Using techniques from cultural geography, this paper provides a "reading" of the building. The paper first considers the symbolic role of the Petronas Towers in realising a state vision of national development, the so-called Vision 2020. The building is seen to both image Malaysia as a "world class" national player (and Kuala Lumpur as a "world city") as well as to promote new "ways of seeing" among national citizens. However, the paper also considers ways in which intended symbolic meanings are contested and the would-be hegemonic state vision reworked "from below" through everyday experiences of life in the city and the nation.     

抚远三角洲国际区域合作模式的构建

本文从抚远三角洲（大黑瞎子岛）的归属问题入手,剖析了抚远三角洲的区域特点与未来发展前景,对目前中俄两国的国际合作机制和国际区域合作的支撑条件进行梳理。在不破坏大黑瞎子岛生态环境原则的基础上,以岛为依托,构建了东北亚综合贸易体、打造东北亚自由贸易区、建立跨国城市联合体、建设抚远为哈巴罗夫斯克卫星城以及开发抚远三角洲为国际生态文化旅游特区五种国际合作模式。     

跨国人口迁移新特征下的移民研究转向——移民产业概念的提出、发展与应用

基于西方学界中移民产业的相关文献,系统梳理了移民产业概念的形成、发展与应用。研究发现：首先,移民产业概念在分析尺度上将宏观与微观相结合,并引入多主体分析的视角,因此其在解释跨国人口迁移在不同阶段的特征与机制方面显现出相对的灵活性;其次,移民产业概念主要被应用于解释流动性机制、跨国移民治理、跨国移民的在地化3个方面。通过对移民产业概念的渊源、发展和相关实证研究的梳理,以期为中国的移民研究提供新的视角、为移民管制及移民政策的制订提供参考与借鉴。     

国外儿童地理学研究进展与启示

20世纪70至80年代,在地理学“空间转向”的背景下,国外儿童地理学研究兴起。2003年Children’s Geographies诞生,成为儿童地理学的旗帜性刊物,标志着儿童地理学的发展进入新阶段。借助可视化工具,系统梳理国外儿童地理学研究的核心主题、研究热点以及研究方法。研究发现：（1）国外儿童地理学的科研人员、科研机构以及研究所属区域都呈现高度集中性,欧美国家占据主导地位;（2）核心研究主题包括移民与流动身份、伦理与地区差异、教育与青年志向、童年与多元空间以及游戏与情感体验等;（3）亚洲儿童地理研究成为近期研究热点,聚焦于“跨国儿童移民”以及“亚洲青年教育及就业问题”两部分;（4）研究方法历经探索期、发展期、繁盛期以及信息技术广泛应用时期的演进,技术手段随时代发展不断更新。     

全球原油贸易网络视角下的亚洲溢价与中日印韩原油潜在竞争关系

随着全球原油贸易关系的复杂化和亚洲原油需求的上升,全球能源市场的“亚洲溢价”现象成为需要关注的议题。本文基于全球石油贸易网络复杂性视角,选取1993—2018年国际原油贸易数据进行样本数据考察,通过构建复杂网络模型和潜在竞争指数,对全球原油贸易网络中的亚洲溢价现象和中日印韩四国潜在竞争力进行分析。结果表明：全球原油贸易集团分化交融,中日印韩呈现出贸易集团化的趋势。从全球原油贸易网络指标来看,中日印韩四国在全球原油贸易网络地位和影响力不断提升,有力推动了全球原油消费中心向亚太地区转移。潜在竞争指数表明,中国与日本、印度、韩国的潜在原油竞争关系呈现出不同特征,中日表现出“先强后弱”的特点,而中印、中韩表现为整体持续增强的特征。     

印度领衔下的南亚地缘政治特点及其对中国的启示

南亚作为哈·麦金德"陆心说"中"世界岛"和斯皮克曼"陆缘说"中欧亚大陆边缘地带的重要组成部分,其地缘政治地位因印度作为重要大国的出现而上升到突出位置并成为独立的地缘政治区。印度作为南亚力量中心,其在与南亚邻国互动过程中使得南亚地缘政治显现出印度领衔下的吸引力与排斥力互动的统一,现实利益需求与不确定性并存,地缘政治主体间合作与心存互疑的矛盾心理和南亚地缘政治走势受印度影响等特点。而导致这些特点的原因既是南亚地理环境作用的结果,也与印度地缘政治思想,南亚国家间权力结构以及印度抵制外部势力渗透等有关。最后提出对中国经略南亚的3点启示。     

Linguistics,geography, and the potential of Australian island toponymies

Australian placename studies have focused on documenting toponymic histories and issues of concern mainly for placename taxonomy and etymology. Language-external factors such as geographical and environmental conditions have not been of great interest to Australian toponymists. This article assesses the role of geographical and environmental constriction of island places on their toponymy. It considers whether or not island locations breed ‘insular toponymies’ or placename histories inaccessible and not readily accessible to outsider researchers. The case studies are Norfolk Island, South Pacific, and Dudley Peninsula, South Australia, two island environments within political Australia. The results demonstrate that the degree of insularity of the toponymies of the two island environments is driven more by geographical and social factors than linguistic elements. The results put forward several ways in which geographers, linguists, historians, toponymists, and Australian studies scholars could work together and collaborate to better understand Australian island places.     

“一带一路”背景下中国在南亚的贸易格局分析

选取UN Comtrade 2000年—2016年中国与南亚各国相关贸易数据,从中国与南亚的贸易现状入手,对中国在南亚地区的贸易格局进行了分析,并运用HM指数对中国与南亚国家的贸易相互依赖程度进行测算。研究表明：①中国与南亚地区的贸易总额呈增长态势,印度是中国在南亚最大的贸易伙伴;②中国与南亚各国贸易显著不平衡;③中国在南亚的贸易格局一直以印度为主,以巴基斯坦和孟加拉国为辅;④中国出口南亚的主要商品类别的国家间差异在缩小,以资本或技术密集型产品中的机械及运输设备为主;⑤中国进口南亚的主要商品类别的国家间差异较大,但以劳动密集型产品为主;⑥中国出口对南亚国家的依赖程度明显低于南亚国家出口对中国的依赖程度;⑦“一带一路”倡议提出至今,中国出口对南亚国家的依赖程度整体呈增长态势,而南亚国家出口对中国的依赖程度多呈下降态势。     

地缘城市跨国整合发展研究

结合21世纪经济发展全球化、区域经济一体化和城市整合发展的趋势,文章在有关“地缘关系”理论的基础上,提出“地缘城市”的概念,通过边界、次区域合作和城市整合的界定与分析来探讨地缘城市跨国整合的理论内涵,并对地缘城市跨国整合发展的一般特征、动力机制和基本模式进行理论总结。指出,地缘城市是指地缘区域内在地缘关系中承担一定任务的城市;地缘城市跨国整合是城市整合类型中的一种,主要是指地缘城市跨越国界与对面地缘城市的相互作用和整合发展的过程。     

Southeast Asian cities as co-producers of ecological knowledge in transnational city networks

In a polycentric world, cities increasingly bear responsibility for implementing climate policies. To do so, they establish transnational city networks (TCNs), which produce ambitious imaginaries of the future of cities, such as ‘smart cities’ or ‘resilient cities’, based on ecological knowledge. This paper analyses Southeast Asian (SEA) cities’ participation in TCNs. First, this paper presents city networks operating in SEA. Then, drawing on a case study of Quezon City, this paper shows how SEA cities often position themselves in the network as knowledge consumers rather than (co)producers and prefer to learn from cities in the Global North. This research also shows how TCNs—with limited success—seek to counter this neo-colonial knowledge flow model. The paper contributes to the literature on TCNs, arguing that the ongoing North–South imbalance needs to be addressed if networks are to promote viable models of future SEA cities. Identifying the patterns of knowledge flows inside TCNs, this study argues that networks should assist cities in imagining possible city futures beyond the experiences of the select world and global cities. TCNs should pay more attention to supporting their SEA members in looking ‘outwards’ to comparable cities worldwide rather than merely ‘upwards’ to global and mega-cities.     

基于企业母子联系的中国跨国城市网络结构——以中韩城市之间联系为例

从基于企业活动为城市经济活动的主要动因、企业组织联系为城市网络基础的认识出发,以企业跨国母子组织联系为根据,建立网络基本要素和联系密度等概念与指标。以中韩城市联系为例,分析了中国城市跨国网络结构特点。结果表明:跨国城市网络不断扩大的同时,网络基本要素分布呈现区位倾向性,集聚于环渤海和长三角;城市对和结点城市联系密度位序—规模分布显著,形成青岛、上海、北京、天津与首尔主导轴和青岛、天津、上海、北京等主导结点;城市对和结点城市的联系密度规模位序不断调整,同时在高位序群中保持相对稳定性;结点城市呈现专门性、综合性的分化,如北京和上海显示综合性,青岛和天津显示专门性等;受企业母子相互关系影响网络联系键具有矢量性,进而结点城市中形成源结点和受结点之分。     

A seismic study of deep geological structure in the Bristol Channel area, SW Britain

Summary. Results from eight seismic refraction lines, 35–90 km long, in the Bristol Channel area are presented. The data, mostly land recordings of marine shots, have been interpreted mainly by ray-tracing and time-term modelling. Upper layer velocities through Palaeozoic rocks usually fall within the range 4.8–5.2 km s⁻¹. Below the Carboniferous Limestone with a normal velocity of 5.1–5.2 kms⁻¹, the Old Red Sandstone with a velocity of 4.7–4.8 kms⁻¹ acts as a low velocity layer, as do parts of the underlying Lower Palaeozoic succession. In the central South Wales/Bristol Channel area and the Mendips, a 5.4–5.5 km s⁻¹ refractor is correlated with a horizon at or near the top of the Lower Palaeozoic succession. Under the whole area, except for north Devon, a 6.0–6.2 km s⁻¹ basal refractor has been located and is correlated with Precambrian crystalline basement rocks. In general, this refractor deepens southwards from a series of basement highs, which existed before the major movements of the Variscan orogeny in South Wales, resulting in a southerly thickening of the pre Upper Carboniferous supra-basement sequence. In north Devon, a 6.2 km s⁻¹ refractor at shallow depth, interpreted as a horizon in the Devonian or Lower Palaeozoic succession, overlies a deep reflector that may represent the Precambrian crystalline basement.     

《水经注》塔里木盆地“南河”考辨

本文认为《水经注》记述的塔里木盆地的“南河”并非虚构。南河并非横穿塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地自西向东流动,也不是盆地南缘诸绿洲地下水溢出的泉水河。“南河”是对几个并不一定直接相通连的河段的概括称谓。