深圳服装业空间演化及影响因素分析

基于服装企业点状数据,采用核密度、标准差椭圆、热点探测和Ripley's K函数相结合的点模式空间分析方法,对比研究了1995、2000、2005和2010年深圳服装企业空间分布特征,进而利用负二项回归模型检验主要区位的影响因素,结果表明：深圳服装业随时间演变,核密度高值区域日渐明朗,整体呈现集中分布态势,标准差椭圆面积有所收缩,热点区域在扩大,西部热点区倾向北移,中部热点区得到进一步强化,集聚特征呈现“先增后减”趋势,集聚范围逐年扩大;负二项回归结果表明：产业集聚、区域协作和制度因素对服装业空间演化有着显著影响,其中产业集聚和制度因素影响逐渐加强,而区域协作在城市产业发展中寻求着空间动态平衡。深圳服装业空间演化惯性效应突出,因企业对集聚经济内在需求和区位环境等外部需求产生的路径依赖,约束了产业后续空间演化的各项特征。     

NEGOTIATING DUALISMS: WOMEN, LOCALITY AND EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN OAXACA CITY, MEXICO

This paper examines the validity of the public/private and reproductive/productive dichotomies commonly adopted in the analysis of gender and employment. It considers three aspects of the dualisms: spatial division, activity patterns and the construction of identities. The discussion is based on fieldwork undertaken in three districts of Oaxaca City, Mexico, between 1992 and 1995. While recognising the usefulness of spatial dualisms within Mexican cities, the paper seeks to identify the ways in which class and location within the urban space affect the construction of the boundary between “public” and “private”, women's “employment” experiences, and women's identities.     

论城市化的空间工具效应

人类发展从要素范式向系统范式转变将是必然趋势,不得不从"空间中的生产"转变为"空间的生产",以一个个规制性功效空间的构建规范现代社会,发挥着空间治理的作用,调控着人与自然的关系。城市和国家是人类进行空间治理最基本的两类功效空间范式,直接决定着相应社会系统的政治、经济行为,以及空间福利状态。城市是人类自行营造的物质空间和空间使役系统,是在时间、空间、物质、能量、信息、资本的有效整合下人类建构生存系统的一种基本空间范式,承载着复杂的政治、经济、文化与环境功能,形成了经济资本、政治生活、权力运作等交织在一起的具有多元意义的社会空间,发挥着空间管理与治理、规范空间行为、提供持续福利等功效。     

论经济社会空间组织的增益效应

空间既是一个生产要素也是生存的基础,“建构与充填空间”既是人类发展的目的也是发展的手段,科学的空间组织是人类社会可持续发展的基础,更是生态文明发展转向的关键,促进经济发展、文化传承和环境健康的持续增益是其基本出发点。本文系统阐释了人类进行经济社会空间组织的内涵和意义;分析了功效空间建构和空间经济社会行为组织与空间福利的关系,剖析了空间组织的经济、文化和环境三大增益效应的基本特征;提出了功效空间建构和级联系统营造是维系空间福利的两大空间工具,前者体现个体的功效,后者体现整体的效应。     

TM 图像在城市绿地调查中的应用

城市绿化水平是衡量城市生态环境质量和平衡状况的主要标准,因此,收集城市的绿化信息非常重要.传统的借助人力实地勘察的手段费时费力且数据不准确,成了制约城市绿化建设的瓶颈问题.以TM卫星图像的数据源为线索,辅之以一系列遥感图像的处理方法,如几何校正、图像增强、波段组合、专题信息提取、数据的换算等,适当结合实地踏查,就能准确及时便捷地收集城市的绿化信息,为制定合理科学的城市规划提供依据.     

Illegal Farmland Conversion in China's Urban Periphery: Local Regime and National Transitions

Through a case study in a village located in suburban Haikou City, Hainan Province, this article suggests the existence of a local development regime that exercises illegal farmland conversion in China's urban periphery. This regime consists not only of state officials and business investors, but also of local farmers anxious for off-farm employment. Our study highlights the broad transitions that led to the rise of local development regimes in China's urban periphery. These transitions include (1) the development of the local state, (2) farmers' changing relations with local authorities, and (3) the asymmetrical liberalization of land transaction rights in rural and urban areas. Whereas the state government still manages to intervene in the local conversion of farmland, such intervention is increasingly ineffective as economic liberalization intensifies. A series of potential policies are recommended to protect farmland and agricultural livelihoods in the context of rapid urbanization.     

Monaco with bananas,a tropical Manhattan,or a Singapore for Central America? Explaining rapid urban growth in Panama City,Panama

The built environment of Panama City, Panama, has undergone a transformative change over the past decade. Hundreds of high‐rise residential towers have sprung up in and around its central business district, eliciting comparisons with Singapore, New York and Dubai insofar as journalists, real estate boosters and politicians have associated the increase in tall buildings with a commensurate increase in global status. Concurrently, on the urban periphery, scores of uniform housing estates have been erected to house an upwardly mobile middle class. Triggered by the handover of the Panama Canal and the surrounding Canal Zone in 1999, the city's pronounced building boom has corresponded with the highest rates of economic growth in Latin America. This paper examines the complex factors behind the recent transformation of Panama City from a historical‐morphological perspective. While the drivers of demand for real property were primarily global, the determinants of supply have been highly localized, suggesting that the interface between the global and the local is a fundamental catalyst of changes in the urban landscape.     

世界城市的人口分布格局研究——以纽约、东京、伦敦为例

本文采用最新的官方数据,分别研究了纽约、东京和伦敦三个世界城市人口分布及其演变的一般特征和规律,得出世界城市人口城市化的总体规律,认为:核心区出现逆城市化的时间均相对较早,且相对其他区域而言,核心区人口变动的剧烈程度更加明显;市域范围内核心外围式空间结构形态已被打破,进入多元化时代;进入信息化时期,中心城区人口密度通常保持在一定的上限之内,打破该极限,则此范围内的人口将仍然出现较高的不稳定性。     

低碳视角下城市空间形态紧凑度研究

全球气候变化背景下,构建功能紧凑的低碳城市空间形态已成为世界各地城市实现低碳化可持续发展的主要途径之一。但目前的城市形态研究主要集中在城市外部空间,缺乏对城市内部功能空间紧凑度的量化。从实现低碳城市的视角,提出了城市内部功能空间形态紧凑度的量化指标,用以探讨实现低碳城市的城市空间形态特征;以商业、医疗、教育和文化娱乐等4种重要服务设施布局为基础,构建了城市功能空间紧凑度指数,对不同规模、不同地理条件类型的8个案例城市进行定量研究,实证了城市内部“功能空间紧凑度”指标较城市外部“形态紧凑度”指标能够更好的反映城市形态的紧凑性内涵,适用于评价各类城市空间形态的低碳发展模式。     

长沙市城市居民宅基地转入意愿及影响因素

研究宅基地转入方的需求意愿及影响因素可为构建科学合理的宅基地流转制度提供参考。从需求的角度出发,构建城市居民宅基地转入意愿影响因素分析模型,以长沙市为例,运用Logistic回归模型分析了城市居民宅基地转入意愿的影响因素。结果表明:影响城市居民宅基地转入意愿的因素主要有宅基地形状、城市居民年龄、城市居民家庭住房使用年限、宅基地产权、宅基地与中心城区的距离和宅基地基础设施状况。宅基地流转应以城中村和城郊村为试点范围,加快宅基地确权颁证,完善宅基地基础设施。     

APPRAISAL OF GEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROGRAMS IN THE SOVIET UNION

Global distributions are commonly described by maps and tables which emphasize the dispersion of a distribution. The Mean Spheroidal Center (M.S.C.) defines the average location of a world distribution. It is an objectively determined point within the sphere's surface. The M.S.C. calculations are demonstrated using the world's 25 largest cities in each of four time periods.     

基于WPI体系的大连市水贫困评价研究

基于水贫困的概念和大连市水资源在资源、途径、能力、利用和环境5个方面的具体状况,选取22个分指标构建了大连市水贫困评价的指标体系,采用水贫困指数法对大连市2001～2009年的水贫困指数进行计算。结果表明:2001～2009年,大连市水贫困指数值总体呈上升趋势,发展势态良好,但各年的值均不高,水资源依然处于较贫困状态;从各子系统得分变化分析,途径、能力和利用得分表现出波动上升趋势,环境得分呈下降趋势以及资源得分波动较大。     

Between the Centre and the Periphery: the development of port trade in Darwin,Australia

Darwin, the capital of the Northern Territory, is a port city located in Australia's Top End and facing Southeast Asia. The distance from Darwin to Australia's main economic centres of Sydney and Melbourne is almost the same as to Singapore. This central geographical location has inspired the development of the Port and the City of Darwin from time to time while being held back by its remoteness, and especially the lack of an efficient railway link to Australia's major southern centres. The Port of Darwin has been redeveloped with the vision of repositioning the City of Darwin as Australia's gateway to Asia which it was expected to achieve with the completion of the transcontinental railway link from Adelaide to Darwin. This paper analyses trade and cargo movements for the Port of Darwin between 2000 and 2009—5 years for each period before and after the availability of intermodal transport—and examines the processes by which transformation of the gateway is actually occurring. The evidence to date, however, suggests that the landbridge development has had little material effect in terms of trans-shipments and throughputs for the Port of Darwin. The volume of container trade and interstate export and import cargo that passes through the port has in fact declined since the availability of the transcontinental railway in 2005.     

THE LEGITIMACY OF JUDICIAL DECISION MAKING IN THE CONTEXT OF RICHMOND v. CROSON

The public profile of the U.S. Supreme Court has rarely been as high as it is now. The replacement of retiring judges with Republican-nominated conservatives over the past decade combined with a series of contentious decisions regarding minority rights and affirmative action in the nation's cities have again raised doubts about the legitimacy of the Court. With respect to the Court's recent decision in City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., this paper considers the theoretical logic behind three strategies of legitimization: (1) the idealization of law as a political institution; (2) the idealization of law as a superior mode of reasoning; and (3) the idealization of law as an ethical blueprint for society. Understanding the logic and limits of these strategies in the context of urban racial justice is the goal of this paper. In doing so, however, it is argued that all three strategies make too powerful claims about the theoretical virtues of their approaches to the law. Notwithstanding the virtues of theory, there may be no substitute for a moral commitment to others.     

西宁市环境问题及可持续发展对策

西宁市现代工业迅速发展,城市规模日益扩大,城市化水平不断提高。与此同时,城市环境问题也日益突出。本文详细论述了西宁市目前发展中所面临的主要环境问题,并分析了其成因,指出走可持续发展之路是西宁市经济发展的迫切要求与必然选择,并提出可持续发展对策。     

南海市经济发展与大气环境变化

本文分析了南海市大气污染源特征及大气环境质量变化，探讨了南海市经济发展对大气环境的影响，在此基础上提出对大气环境保护的对策。     

GEOGRAPHY IN THREE WORLDS: HOW POPPER'S SYSTEM CAN HELP ELUCIDATE DICHOTOMIES AND CHANGES IN THE DISCIPLINE*

Popper's concept of Worlds 1. 2, and 3 is discussed briefly in the light of idealism and materialism and to illustrate the debate about reification and reductionism. Then six types of change in geography are classified as changes in the phenomenal environment (World 1) and in that part of the behavioral environment that constitutes World 3. These changes involve those comparisons within or between “Worlds” that identify future research problems.     

广州新塘牛仔服装制造业集群创新网络的演化阶段与特征

基于演化经济地理学视角,运用实地调研获得的第一手数据,构建由核心网络－支持网络－环境网络构成的创新网络结构模型,提出网络演化的分析框架,并对广州新塘牛仔服装制造产业集群创新网络演化过程、特征及动因进行实证研究。结果表明：1）新塘牛仔服装制造产业集群创新网络经历了萌芽（1980—1990年）、结网（1990—2000年）、成长（2000—2012年）和发展（2012—2018年）4个阶段。在萌芽期,企业间的生产和创新联系开始出现,集群创新网络初步建立;在结网期,大批量企业衍生加深了企业间的非正式联系,创新核心网络稳固发展;在成长期,政策及规划定位的调整重塑产业发展策略,创新联系增强,创新网络规模扩大;在发展期,政府与高校、研究机构和企业间的合作加强,龙头企业在牛仔服装生产上的技术创新能力得到提升,线上线下相结合的商业模式创新突显,创新网络规模稳定。2）不同子网络在推动整体网络演化过程中发挥不同作用。在萌芽期,创新环境子网络直接诱发创新网络的形成;在结网期,创新环境网络与创新核心网络共同推动创新网络的进一步发展;在成长期,创新支持网络是加速创新网络成长的主要因素。在发展期,创新环境网络再次成为创新网络演化中的关键。3）从演化动力上看,内生和外生动力共同推动集群创新网络的发展。集群外向型的经济特征使得初期网络由全球力量主导,在本地形成规模后向国内扩张。核心网络、支持网络、环境网络作为集群创新网络的重要组成部分,三者之间互为因果、互相作用,共同推进整体网络的演化。     

THE METROPOLITAN STRUCTURE OF SOUTHERN METROPOLITAN AREAS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

This paper systematically analyzes alterations in the employment patterns in 11 different sectors for 1970, 1980, and 1990 for three native-born ethnic groups and four foreign-born subpopulations in New York City. We explicitly contrast two methods of employment-change analysis to unpack the complex urban labor-market process of sectorspecific job succession. Our account builds on Roger Waldinger's recent analysis of shifts in the ethnic division of labor in New York City in the 1970s that used an innovative method of employment change decomposition. Waldinger tested the hypothesis that the upward and outward social movement of native-born whites in the city in this decade created a variegated chain of vacancies that other native-born and immigrant groups differentially filled. This paper expands his analysis to a broader set of ethnicities and explores the extent to which the system of job change altered between the 1970s and 1980s. In doing this, we show how Waldinger's method relates to shift-share analysis—the well-known method of regional employment change analysis. We find support for the theory that a key force behind the recent profound changes in New York's labor market was the redistribution and exit of whites from New York's labor force in the 1970s. In advancing the analysis to understand employment change in the 1980s by ethnic group, we reveal that the role of native whites changed. The native-white exodus from jobs in the city continued but masked sectoral differences in comparative advantage by ethnic category. Immigrant blacks and Hispanics gained jobs in every sector of the economy in the 1970s and in every sector but manufacturing in the 1980s. Immigrant Asians gained jobs in every sector including manufacturing in both decades. Total native-Hispanic employment also increased, but shifted significantly out of manufacturing to advanced services and the public sector in the 1980s. In the 1980s, African Americans lost the competitive advantage they held in the 1970s, largely as a result of significant change in the public sector. FIRE and transportation were the only sectors in which native blacks held labor-market comparative advantage by 1990.     

CHALLENGES TO FAMILY FARMING IN CHINA*

ABSTRACT. China's agricultural sector requires reforms to assure farmers and consumers of fair prices while protecting the environment and permitting sustainable growth in the coming years. The affluent eastern province of Jiangsu is an appropriate site in which to explore the effects of agricultural reforms on rural households and, in turn, the effects of these households on the environment. We compare two surveys (1987 and 1996), of 100 households each, of farmers in Huaiyin and Huai'an Counties, Jiangsu Province. Indicated are chronically low economic returns on grain, moderate returns for livestock, and the highest returns for vegetables. Unfortunately, the production of livestock and vegetables requires more farm chemicals, inorganic fertilizers, and placement of field plastic‐all of which are associated with greater environmental problems.