Producer Services Research in the United Kingdom

This paper reviews recent research in the United Kingdom on producer services and suggests directions for further research. A recurrent theme in UK-based geographic research into producer services is the role of service activities, establishments, and trade in uneven development of the UK space economy, a role manifested in uneven provision and quality of services in peripheral regions. During the 1980s, overall growth in demand for producer services and the rapid rise in metropolitan London real estate costs reduced London's dominance, but these trends moderated by the end of the decade. In the absence of adequate government statistics, regular and standardized surveys are needed to compile a time series of service change in the United Kingdom. Directions for continued empirical research include the role of producer services in innovation and technology transfer, the implications of information technology for the location of employment in the sector, and the impacts of productivity increases on employment and wages.     

基于EG模型的北京都市区生产性服务业地理集中研究

生产性服务业在都市区呈现集中分布状态,由于缺少统一理论指导和有效的分析工具及方法,长期以来有关生产性服务业地理集中的文献相对较少,且多局限于描述性分析。利用EG指数方法对北京都市区生产性服务业的地理集中及其集中根源进行实证检验。结果表明,在对空间集中进行了严格界定后,北京都市区层面的生产性服务业仍然是集中的,并且这种集中很大程度上是由聚集力量引起的,而非厂商随机选址的结果。     

基于点状数据与GIS的广州大都市区产业空间格局

利用2004年数字城市数据,研究了广州大都市区产业内部、产业之间的空间关系,比较了广州大都市区中心城区和新城区各种产业的空间格局。将广州大都市区行业分为制造业、批发和运输、零售、生产服务业、房地产业、管理服务、教育、医疗保健及社会扶助和娱乐设施等10类。利用1 km2格网画出了各行业点状密度,并通过分区产业百分比及区位商分析了各产业企业的空间分布,中心城区的主导产业是管理服务、房地产、零售及金融保险等服务行业,而在新城区其主导功能是制造业、批发与运输及生产服务业等。利用平均最邻近距离分析广州大都市区中心城区和新城区各产业内企业之间的空间关系,广州大都市区各产业企业都呈凝聚分布,在中心城区金融行业分布最集中,其次是房地产、生产服务业、娱乐、管理服务等。利用邻近性指数分析了各产业之间的空间关系,发现生产服务业和管理服务业、教育和医疗保健与社会扶助、娱乐和零售等邻近性较大。     

北京市生产者服务业聚集特征

国际发展经验表明, 大都市生产者服务业具有强烈的向中心商务区聚集的特征, 同时 随着产业分工深化和技术进步, 也具有向郊区扩散的趋势。利用空间基尼系数、经济计量模 型分析等方法分析北京市的金融服务业、信息咨询服务业、计算机服务业三大类生产者服务 业在城市中尤其是在中心城区和近郊区的的空间分布和聚集情况, 发现北京市的生产者服务 业呈现明显的聚集特征, 而向郊区扩散的趋势并不明显, 并且金融业、信息咨询业、计算机 服务业三类生产者服务业的聚集特征有所差别。北京市生产者服务业空间区位选择是由市场 规律、政府规划、城市特色共同作用的结果。总结国内外的研究结果发现, 生产者服务业的 空间分布主要由经济活动的联系特征、生产要素特征和区位条件三个要素所决定。     

北京都市区生产者服务业地域结构

利用北京第二次全国基本单位普查数据,以"街区单元"为基本空间单位,运用因子分析和聚类分析技术分析了北京都市区生产者服务业地域结构的特征、模式及内在机制。发现:北京都市区可以划分为7种生产者服务业地域类型区;中心城多类型混合同质性较差,近郊区内沿同质性较强,近郊区外缘和远郊区的广大地域为传统国有生产者服务业散布区;政府和市场两方面的力量共同影响了地域结构的形成。论文最后,通过将研究结论与西方主流观点的比较,总结了转型期快速形成的北京都市区生产者服务业地域结构的独特性。     

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN U.S. METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1979-1983

Ordinary least-squares multiple regression is used to construct a path diagram showing the direct and indirect effects of corporate location factors on the share of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the 44 largest metropolitan areas in the United States during the period 1979-1983. The results show that the metropolitan areas with the most rapid population growth over the period 1970-1980 correspond to the centers with greater shares of FDI. The growth in Fortune measure, an indicator of the market dynamics of the metropolitan areas, has a direct effect on the level of investment. The growth of employment in manufacturing and in finance, insurance, and real estate, used as indexes of labor supply and of producer services, have indirect effects on FDI. The results show that foreign direct investors tend to concentrate in centers offering strong markets and strong bases of producer services, regardless of their regional locations.     

京津冀生产性服务业空间分工特征及溢出效应

生产性服务业在京津冀地区的合理分工对于实现京津冀地区空间协调发展具有非常重要的推动作用。利用2003-2012年京津冀地区13个地级城市面板数据,测算了京津冀生产性服务业分工的空间特征与行业特征,并基于空间面板计量模型,实证检验了生产性服务业各行业在京津冀地区城市之间的空间外溢效应。主要结论：① 北京和天津在京津冀生产性服务业分工体系中都呈现出多样化的特征,而河北省11个城市则呈现出专业化特征,大多专注于金融服务业和交通运输业的发展;② 北京与天津之间的生产性服务业分工程度相对较低,并且从动态上两个城市的生产性服务业结构呈现趋同的趋势;③ 金融服务业、商务服务业、信服务业和交通运输业在京津冀地区的地方化程度较高,而科技服务业和房地产服务业的地方化程度则明显偏低。④ 地方化程度较低的科技服务业和房地产服务业在京津冀地区各城市间的空间外溢效应显著,但受交易成本和对“面对面”接触需求的影响,空间溢出效应随距离增加而衰减,在150 km范围内的空间溢出效应最强;而地方化程度相对较高的交通运输业、金融服务业和商务服务业的空间外溢效应则不显著。信息服务业在京津冀地区城市间的溢出仅体现在相邻城市之间。实证结果一定程度上反映生产性服务业各行业的地方化程度越低,城市之间的空间溢出越易实现。     

“Software,Jobs Go Begging,Threatening Technology Boom”: Computer Services Employment in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1982 and 1993

The campaign to promote the networking of America underscores the importance of information infrastructures that can support regional competitiveness. One crucial element of a regional information infrastructure is a computer services (CS) industry that supports computer systems, provides backward and forward linkages among all sectors of the economy, serves as engines for economic growth, enhances production efficiency, and encourages innovation. But research on metropolitan CS has been limited, and where CS are analyzed directly, spatial units of analysis vary and CS are rarely disaggregated. This paper situates CS employment within spatial analyses of producer services, outlines infrastructural characteristics, analyzes CS distribution across metropolitan areas in 1982 and 1993, and considers the implications of the findings. The data suggest that while large metropolitan areas are most likely to have a diverse base of specializations in multiple CS types, many smaller metropolitan areas possess CS specializations. We conclude that ranking in the urban CS hierarchy is more likely to be a function of local economic structure than metropolitan population. The uneven dispersion of CS capacity across metropolitan areas potentially has negative ramifications for implementation of national policy and development of underserved regional economies.     

中国生产性服务业产业关联效应分析

以中国1997 年、2002 年投入产出数据为基础, 运用投入产出法, 对中国生产性服务业 的产业关联效应进行分析。研究结果表明: 中国生产性服务业发展速度明显加快, 在国民经济中的地位逐步上升; 生产性服务业主要为第二产业服务, 对第三产业的支撑、引领作用不足; 第二产业(尤其是制造业) 对生产性服务业的中间需求比重趋于下降, 而投入到第三产业的中间服务不断上升; 制造业对生产性服务业的中间需求集中在批发和零售贸易业、交通运 输及仓储业这两个传统服务业, 制造业生产过程对中间投入服务的消耗层次偏低; 生产性服务业普遍具有“低附加值、高带动能力” 的产业特性, 对国民经济的推动作用普遍大于各行业受其他部门的需求拉动作用, 但与国民经济其他部门的后向关联效应较弱, 对国民经济的乘数推动作用不强; 商务服务业具有很强的前后向关联效应, 发展潜力巨大。     

国内外生产性服务业空间集聚的研究进展

20世纪90年代以来,作为服务业中重要一支的生产性服务业正成为推动我国大城市经济增长的重要力量和体现城市经济职能的主要方面。本文在对产业集聚和服务业区位等相关理论回顾的基础上,对目前国内外生产性服务业空间集聚的主要研究内容和研究方法进行了详尽梳理。总体来看,围绕着区域和大都市内两个尺度,生产性服务业空间集聚的研究取得了明显进展,但同时尚存在一些不足:①偏重于空间集聚的格局研究,对其演变过程研究相对薄弱;②空间集聚的机理研究稍显不足,缺乏规律的总结;③研究方法上大多将制造业集聚的测度模型移植到生产性服务业,其适用性和针对性尚需进一步探讨。今后应围绕"测度辨识—格局过程—作用机理",运用定性、定量与空间分析综合集成的方法,继续深化和完善生产性服务业集聚的地理学研究。     

The Changing Location of Service Activities in the Copenhagen Region

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 97: 120–131, 1997.

The location of services in the Copenhagen region is described and analyzed. Six types of services are distinguished:

Local private and public services, serving the daily needs of the population, e.g. retailing, have suburbanized, closely following the distribution of population, though with a time-lag. The same goes for services which serve more special needs, e, g, hospitals.

Among producer services, some remain in the centre of Copenhagen, e.g. lawyer firms, partly for historical reasons, partly to minimize costs of face-to-face contacts with business partners. But contrary to traditional theory, most producer services are suburbanizing, mainly in order to find large sites and to improve their accessibility for cars. Some have shifted to the western suburbs to reduce costs (back offices) or to be close to the traffic arteries which connect Copenhagen with the rest of Denmark (wholesaling). Business services, e.g. engineering consultants, have primarily moved to the northern, amenity-rich suburbs, for reasons of prestige and of proximity to their high-status labour force. Still other services have located in a more hap-hazard way where they could find large areas, e.g. the airport and military establishments.     

Australian ports,metropolitan areas and trade‐related services

One important service carried out in Australian port cities and metropolitan areas involves the organisation of the transport of goods from producers for export, and for delivery to importers. This paper examines the activities that are involved in those links, grouped under the heading of trade‐related services. Data assembled on the location of these services in Australia, together with a study of a sample of firms, indicates their location is influenced by networks and linkages between firms; services are not necessarily located in the busiest port, but rather in the city with the most diverse service sector. This result illustrates the selectivity in location that is typical of producer services, and has important consequences for the role and influence of cities. It is illustrated in the paper with reference to Melbourne and Sydney.     

北京都市区城市功能格局及其变化——基于经济普查数据的分析

利用北京市第一、第二次经济普查数据,以“乡镇＼街道”为基本空间单元,运用因子分析和聚类分析方法研究北京都市区城市功能格局的特征与模式。与2004年相比,2008年北京都市区城市功能格局发生了明显变化。北京都市区城市功能布局呈现郊区化态势：建筑运输与制造功能呈现最明显的郊区化特征,沿主要交通干线向远郊区快速拓展;生产服务...     

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”航运服务业网络格局研究

在“一带一路”倡议下,发展航运服务业对于巩固与提升中国在全球航运网络中的地位具有重要意义。构建103家跨国公司在“21世纪海上丝绸之路（海丝之路）”沿线1 054个城市的分布数据库,分析7种航运服务业在“海丝之路”沿线的网络特征。研究表明：① “海丝之路”沿线航运服务业网络的层级分布特征明显,处于第一层级的均为亚洲城市,说明亚洲航运服务业在航运服务业网络中地位重要。② 在“海丝之路”这一层面,伦敦、香港、新加坡等城市和地区构成大的联系三角,在中国层面,上海、香港、北京构成小的联系三角。③ 高端航运服务业主要分布在欧洲城市,亚洲城市在中端航运服务业方面占据重要地位,在低端航运服务业方面,非洲城市在仓储服务业表现突出,亚洲和欧洲城市则在船舶修造业实力雄厚。④ 高端航运服务业往往受城市的历史、文化、语言、法律、制度影响较大,对地方的根植性较强,倾向于首都等内陆城市,而中低端航运服务业主要依托于货物运输,受自然条件和区位条件等因素的影响较大,往往随货物运输转移而转移,倾向于分布在港口城市。     

中国生产性服务业市场潜能与空间分布——基于面板工具模型的实证研究

利用2003~2012年全国285个地级及以上城市面板数据,研究了中国生产性服务业及其市场潜能的空间分布特征,并基于面板工具计量模型,实证检验了生产性服务业市场潜能对其空间分布的影响。主要结论是：① 生产性服务业主要集中在区域中心城市,且中心城市与非中心城市生产性服务业发展差距日益加大;生产性服务业市场潜能主要集中在东部沿海地区,从动态上东部地区与中西部地区生产性服务业市场潜能差距在逐渐减小;② 生产性服务业市场潜能对生产性服务业空间分布具有显著影响。分行业看,市场潜能仅对金融服务业和科技服务业的空间分布影响不显著,对商务服务业的空间分布影响最大;③ 市场潜能有效地带动了区域中心城市生产性服务业的发展,但对非中心城市生产性服务业的带动作用不明显,市场潜能没能有效地转化为真实需求。基于此,建议中国未来应提高非中心城市生产性服务业的市场潜能,带动其生产性服务业的发展,尤其是提高非中心城市的本地化专业服务水平,以满足非中心城市工业转型升级过程中受距离限制不能从中心城市获得的专业化生产服务。     

Suburban Food Security: Walkability and Nutritional Access in Metropolitan Detroit

This article explored the relationship between the local food environment and walkability in the socioeconomically diverse, inner-ring suburbs of metropolitan Detroit. The availability and cost differentials of food were surveyed using a modified version of the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for Stores (NEMS–S), and a geographic information system–based method was designed to map walkability relative to licensed food retail establishments. Results showed that minority communities lack access to fresh produce and nutritionally adequate foods, which is compounded by limited mobility. By incorporating local-based economic incentives, low-income communities can better align neighborhood goals of obtaining nutritionally adequate food (and other services) with economic opportunity.     

INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION AND TECHNICAL SERVICE LINKAGES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM TORONTO

This paper focuses on some of the main technological associations which exist between small manufacturing firms and specialist units in the producer services. It is argued that knowledge-intensive inputs from external consultants play a major enabling role in local industrial innovation. Empirical evidence from a stratified sample of Toronto manufacturers is used to illustrate the scale, nature, and effects of current linkage arrangements. Survey data are presented which indicate that small industrial firms deliver substantial streams of income to local consultants. A major finding of the survey is that technical service inputs assist the export and innovation objectives of small Toronto firms.     

基于投入产出法的京沪生产性服务业比较

生产性服务业发达是全球城市的最重要的特征。以旨在建设全球城市的北京和上海为研究对象,以投入产出表为研究基础,从生产性服务业的中间投入性、外部关联性、内部融合性和尺度影响性4个方面对北京和上海的生产性服务业进行比较研究,得出如下研究结论:在现阶段,北京和上海的服务型经济已经形成,生产性服务业均以流通、金融服务业为主体,生产性服务业发展水平正在有序提升。其中,金融服务业对城市经济的影响与其产业规模相比是不对等的。北京与上海的生产性服务业发展差异显著,原因在于市场化程度和城市功能的不同。     

论生产服务业的若干理论问题

基于国外生产服务业的研究综述,探讨生产服务业发展的3个理论问题,包括生产服务业在区域发展中的作用、生产服务业的外部化以及生产服务业的区位。指出加强生产服务业的理论研究、拓展我国的生产服务业具有重要的现实意义。     

西方生产性服务业的地理学研究进展

1980年以来,生产性服务业成为西方服务业研究的核心内容,地理学研究凭借其对于空间 属性的关注成为重要的研究分支之一.从生产性服务业的增长动力、在城市和区域发展 中的作用、生产性服务业的空间分布、生产性服务业企业的空间行为、全球城市框架下的生 产性服务业几方面,对西方生产性服务业地理学研究进展进行梳理,归纳西方生产性服务业 地理学研究的主要特点,提出新的发展背景下我国生产性服务业地理学研究的拓展方向.