THE URBANIZATION PROCESS: TOWARD A PARADIGM OF POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION

This study applies procedures developed by Nelson for his classic article on "A Service Classification of American Cities" to examine patterns of employment specialization among SMSAs in 1980. Frequency distributions of employment proportions by sector among metropolitan areas and maps of the locations of metropolitan areas specialized in different sectors reveal that many of the patterns previously observed for 1950 continue to be apparent, although there have been some notable changes, For example, service industries replaced manufacturing industries as the leading employment sector in many metropolitan areas between 1950 and 1980. For SMSAs in 1980, analysis of variance tests fail to support the thesis that employment specialization is closely tied to differences in population scale for most major employment sectors.     

THE URBAN LABOR MARKET IN MEXICO: GLOBAL CHANGE,INFORMALITY, AND SOCIAL POLARIZATION

In this study I argue that Mexico's integration into the global economy has increased the dependent nature of its capitalist development and has resulted in the weakening of organized labor and growth of the informal sector. Neoliberal policies in Mexico have accentuated the disparities between the formal and informal sectors and between highly paid skilled workers and those working in unskilled and poorly paid occupations. New forms of geographic dispersion and agglomeration of economic activities contribute to the reproduction of differentiated labor markets in various regions and cities. This is particularly true in those areas most affected by the global economy, such as the major metropolitan areas and the northern regions of the country.

The main changes in the urban labor market associated with economic restructuring in Mexico during the 1980s are analyzed. The paper makes three main points: (1) the ability of the formal sector and especially industry to absorb labor has declined, and there is a clear trend toward a tertiarization of the economy; (2) the informal sector has experienced rapid growth, particularly in small firms and other less productive economic activities; and (3) the occupational structure displays more marginal employment and signs of polarization between the proportions of jobs with the highest and lowest levels of skill.     

Determinants of crop diversity in the regions of Bangladesh (1990–2008)

The paper measures the level of crop diversity and identifies factors influencing diversification using a panel data of 17 regions of Bangladesh covering a 19 year period (1990–2008). Results revealed the trends that agricultural areas allocated to high‐yielding variety rice, spices and vegetables has increased, while areas cultivating traditional rice, minor cereals, oilseeds, pulses, jute and sugarcane has declined at variable rates across regions with significant differences. The level of crop diversity is also significantly different across regions and has decreased in 2008 from its 1990 level in most regions except Faridpur, Khulna and Sylhet. Among the determinants, an increase in the relative prices of vegetables and urea fertilizer, extension expenditure, labour stock per farm, average farm size, irrigation and a reduction in livestock per farm significantly increase crop diversity. Price policies to improve vegetable prices and investment in irrigation infrastructure and extension services are suggested to promote crop diversity in Bangladesh.     

THE INTRAMETROPOLITAN LOCATION OF SERVICES IN THE UNITED STATES

In metropolitan areas, firms trade-off land and information costs. Firms that gain the most from access to the knowledge and know-how of other firms in the same sector are willing and able to pay for expensive central city land. We found that legal services, advertising, and accounting and auditing services are the most centralized services in the 74 largest metropolitan areas of the United States. Maps of seven fast-growing business and professional services in Phoenix, Arizona, show that central city services are mainly located in the CBD. Using a logarithmic function, we found that service jobs are more decentralized in the larger metropolitan areas and in metropolitan areas outside the Northeast. Analysis of disaggregate service sectors shows significant intersectoral variation in this relationship.     

Finding work in 2001: urban–rural contrasts across England in employment rates and local job availability

Early results from the 2001 census of England allow a preliminary analysis of joblessness. People in the prime working ages (25–49) are more likely to be in work than those in their 50s, but the differences are quite subtle: in particular, men without qualifications are not much more likely to be in work when they are younger, despite the suggestions that too many men cease working in their 50s. The evidence supports the view that there is a national shortfall of demand for labour, that the low-skilled are the least able to compete for scarce jobs, and older people are the most likely to be unqualified. Moreover there is a strong spatial clustering of areas where job availability has declined or grown least, undermining the government's claim that there were often available jobs near to concentrations of people without work.     

THE IMPACT OF FEDERAL LOCAL PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE UPON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR

Despite substantial amounts of federal assistance to local public transportation, ridership has declined considerably in the country as a whole since 1964, suggesting an ineffective government program. A city-by-city comparison of assistance received with changes in transit ridership shows that declines in transit usage were least in cities receiving the most federal aid, and greatest in cities receiving the least aid. This demonstrates that federal aid has had an impact upon travel behavior. Indeed, it is the single most important factor explaining differences between cities in travel behavior changes in the 1970's.     

长三角一体化区域城市房价空间分异的模式与效应

城市住房制度市场化改革以来,中国城市房价整体快速上涨,区域房价分异加剧。区域内部房价空间分异是城市发展差距的综合反映,即城市资源要素综合配置能力差异的物化表达。基于中国房价行情平台提供的2008—2018年地级城市和区县尺度城市房价数据,分析长三角一体化区域房价增长与分异过程,发现区域整体房价呈现快速上涨、相对平稳和再度快速上涨3个阶段,区域房价差异随房价上涨而扩大,上海、杭州和南京等城市房价增长更快,浙江、苏南地区与安徽、苏北地区的房价差距拉大。根据房价增长、城市等级与区位特征,将长三角327个区县划分为核心城市城区、中心城市城区、发达城市城区、其他城市城区、核心圈层县市和外围地区县市6种类型,提出一体化区域城市房价表现为整体上涨相对更快、不同类型区县间差异拉大、同类区县间存在“俱乐部收敛”等增长与分异模式。区域城市房价快速上涨与过度分异,驱使高端产业、人口等资源要素向少数“超级明星城市”集聚,加剧区域不平衡,不利于长三角地区实现更高质量一体化发展。     

THE COMMUTING OF EXURBAN HOME BUYERS

The commuting times of exurbanites are explored using data from a survey of recent home purchasers in the Portland, Oregon region. Despite the suburbanization of jobs, most exurbanites spend more time commuting than their suburban counterparts. Household dynamics strongly influence exurban travel times with working spouses shortening the commutes of primary earners and children shortening the trips of secondary earners. In exchange for longer trips to work, exurban households obtain more space, a rural environment, lower housing prices, and/or better places for raising their children. The diversity of exurban households is captured in four exurban household types—Economy-Minded, Family-Oriented, Affluent, and Long-Distance Commuters—each of which has different commuting and socioeconomic characteristics.     

中国城市房价、收入与房价收入比的时空分异格局

中国城市房价快速增长背景下,城市房价、收入与房价收入比空间格局既有相似性,也表现出差异性,其空间异质性与空间依赖性特征显著。本文以中国337个地级行政单元为研究对象,运用泰尔指数、位序-规模和空间马尔科夫链等方法,对2009—2018年中国城市房价、收入和房价收入比的时空分异格局、整体稳定性和空间依赖性特征进行分析发现:(1)中国城市房价增长呈现出波动性特征,整体分异程度增强,房价城市体系呈现"金字塔型"结构,收入则表现出平稳增长态势,整体分异度降低,城市体系呈现"橄榄型"结构,在房价与收入共同影响下,房价收入比整体差异性显著加强;(2)城市房价空间格局表现出"地带性"与"等级性"差异并存,而收入更多表现出"地带性"差异,房价收入比则以"等级性"差异为主;(3)城市房价和收入类型的稳定性和空间依赖性较强,高、低水平城市存在两极分化与"俱乐部收敛"现象,房价收入比稳定性相对较弱。对中国城市房价、收入和房价收入比时空分异格局和空间关联效应的分析,可以为探索中国城市房价收入比空间分异模式与机理提供必要研究基础。     

THE IMPACT OF FEDERAL LOCAL PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE UPON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR

Despite substantial amounts of federal assistance to local public transportation, ridership has declined considerably in the country as a whole since 1964, suggesting an ineffective government program. A city-by-city comparison of assistance received with changes in transit ridership shows that declines in transit usage were least in cities receiving the most federal aid, and greatest in cities receiving the least aid. This demonstrates that federal aid has had an impact upon travel behavior. Indeed, it is the single most important factor explaining differences between cities in travel behavior changes in the 1970's.     

THE COGNITION OF SHOPPING CENTERS BY THE CENTRAL AREA AND SUBURBAN ELDERLY: AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER INFORMATION FIELDS AND EVALUATIVE CRITERIA

This article reports an empirical analysis of the shopping center cognitions of subgroups of older urban consumers domiciled in (a) the central area and (b) two contrasting suburban distr' ts. Attention is focused on two behavioral constructs which underlie consumer spatial dec'sion-making: f (i) information field, and (ii) evaluative criteria. The data are based on a questionnairehterview survey of ambulatory elderly residents of Winnipeg, Manitoba. The findings disclose significant differences among the subgroups concerning both the magnitudes and compositions of their information fields. Additionally, the results of a resistanceto- change experiment reveal that each subgroup identifies "distance from home," "prices," and provision of a "grocery supermarket" as the most important of seventeen shopping center attributes. Significant differences among the levels of importance assigned to eight of the other attributes not only reflect the limited mobility of the central area elderly, but also the contextual effects of the local shopping resources of the three subgroups.     

城市住宅价格空间分异的区域一体化因素分析 ——以河南省开封市为例

选取2001年、2006年、2009年、2016年4个时点的城市商品住宅交易数据,基于空间分析与计量模型等方法,对开封市住宅价格时空变化特征及其与区域一体化因素的关系进行分析。结果表明:开封市城区住宅价格空间分布由单中心模式向多中心结构转变,邻近郑州的金明区正成为房价“高峰”;跨界交通和新城规划等一体化因素对开封市住宅价格的影响较为显著,且影响力随着一体化推进而变化。其中,郑开大道对住宅价格的正向促进作用呈先增后降的特点,开通相对较晚的郑开城际轻轨对住宅价格有着明显的正向作用,而开封西郊金明区的快速扩张弱化了其潜在效应。这有效地证实了区域一体化对城市住宅价格有显著影响。     

The Australian clothing industry: competition,productivity and scale

There has been substantial change in the Australian clothing industry over the last 20 years. Forms of restructuring in the industry include both the re‐emergence of outworking and subcontracting, and locational changes (decline in inner metropolitan areas, perhaps offset by outworking, but relative growth in other regions). The total turnover has slightly increased whereas employment has declined sharply. The changes in employment and output have led to major growth in labour productivity and in capital intensity. Yet labour productivity growth may not be the outcome of significant technical change: productivity growth is sometimes the result of plant closure; the formal social relations of outworking may permit plants to capture some of the profits produced by subcontractors. In any event, there is no evidence of improvements in total factor productivity in the clothing industry. Despite popular conceptions, the clothing industry has been able to achieve high rates of profit. Thus, the prices charged by the clothing industry have exceeded those needed to earn an average rate of return. But that rate of profit produces only small quantities of profit in its typical small plants. The general problem of the clothing industry is the very small scale of the most plants, resulting in lack of income for enterprises and of funds for new investment. The issue, then, is more complex than simply costs and international competition: it is more a question of investment dynamics and scale.     

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN AN ETHNO-IDEOLOGICALLY DIVIDED CITY: THE CASE OF JERUSALEM

Jerusalem is an extreme case of ethnic segregation or an ethno-ideologically divided city. Studying such a city can help determine what are the effects of segregation on urban development. This paper examines the distribution of population within the city of Jerusalem and changes in its population density between 1972 and 1983, by estimating a polycentric exponential population density function and testing various hypotheses that represent alternative urban structures, while implementing various improvements of the standard statistical techniques. The Jewish and Arab sectors differ markedly in their socioeconomic characteristics. The population density gradients in the two sectors are different, though a polycentric or segregated structure is rejected. The changes that have occurred in the density gradients of the Jewish and Arab sectors between I972 and 1983 are those predicted for a developed and a developing country city, respectively, but are not statistically significant. Additionally the map of regression residuals is discussed. The monocentric population distribution is centered on the Damascus Gate implying that infrastructure and housing vintage factors may be most important in determining the macro-scale distribution of population in the city.     

Bitumen Prices and Structural Changes in North American Crude Oil Markets

In an earlier report, changes in bitumen prices at Hardesty, Alberta, Canada, were modeled as the responses to changes in monthly prices of Hardesty light/medium crude oil for the period 2000–2006 with a simple error correction econometric model. This note re-examines that price relationship for the period 2009–2014. Over the period 2006–2014, there was also rapid growth in North American light oil production from low-permeability carbonate, sandstone, and shale reservoirs. During that period, Canadian raw bitumen production grew by more than 12% per year and there was significant geographical diversification in its markets. Results of the statistical analysis showed that the change in the dynamic relationships between bitumen prices and Hardesty light oil prices probably reflected, in part, the maturation of bitumen markets and closer integration with North American light oil markets. The analysis also examines the dynamic relationships between bitumen prices and West Texas Intermediate and Brent international benchmark crude oil prices. Ideally, if bitumen prices are found to be closely related to a widely traded benchmark crude oil, the benchmark crude oil price forecasts could be used as a basis for predicting bitumen prices. However, neither of international benchmark crude oils tested had high explanatory power.     

Food deserts? Healthy food access in Amsterdam

Healthy food environments are imperative for public health. Access to supermarkets that offer wholesome food products at low prices varies across space and over socioeconomic status and ethnic neighborhoods. This research examined food inequalities in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Supermarket accessibility was calculated and linked to property prices and the share of native Dutch people on a geographic micro-scale with a spatial resolution of 100 meters. Mann–Whitney tests and Spearman correlations were used to test differences and associations between accessibility, property prices, and the share of natives per area. The spatially explicit contextual neural gas approach was used for data clustering. The results show access differences in supermarkets in favor of areas with high property prices and those areas with a large share of native Dutch people. The correlations indicate that low-priced areas and those with a low share of native Dutch people have a lower supermarket density, but the results are the opposite when proximity to and variety of supermarkets are examined. The clustering revealed no evidence of undersupplied areas. Pronounced inequalities in access to healthy food could not be confirmed. On the basis of this analysis, there is no urgent need for policymakers to intervene in the geographies of supermarkets.     

日本对外直接投资与我国产业结构调整

近年来,日本对外直接投资的重点日益转向亚洲,并向我国集中,对我国产业结构的影响日益深刻。本文在分析大量数据和资料的基础上,阐述了日本对外直接投资的战略转移和在我国直接投资的特点与趋势,重点分析了日本直接投资对我国产业结构的影响及我们的对策。     

基于投入产出方法的中国省域产业生态补偿研究

基于区域关联的视角,构建了省域生态补偿框架。运用投入产出方法,在2010年中国区域间投入产出表的基础上,以2010年统计数据为例,对中国省域间产业的土地资源占用量进行了测算。研究结果表明：①农林牧渔业大多属于被占用型产业,农业的发展应得到补偿;②工业属于占用型产业,应付出一定的生态资源补偿费;③建筑业在消费、投资情境下,属于占用型产业;在出口情境下,省域差异较大;④交通运输及仓储业,在消费和投资情境下,大多为占用型产业;而在出口情境下,省域差异较大;⑤批发零售业大多为占用型产业,应该承担生态补偿的责任;⑥其他服务业在消费情景下,大多为占用型产业;而出口和投资情景下,则大多为被占用型产业。最后,从加强产业生态补偿的立法、完善产业生态补偿的税收手段等方面,提出了相关政策建议。     

Local Spatiotemporal Modeling of House Prices: A Mixed Model Approach

The real estate market has long provided an active application area for spatial–temporal modeling and analysis and it is well known that house prices tend to be not only spatially but also temporally correlated. In the spatial dimension, nearby properties tend to have similar values because they share similar characteristics, but house prices tend to vary over space due to differences in these characteristics. In the temporal dimension, current house prices tend to be based on property values from previous years and in the spatial–temporal dimension, the properties on which current prices are based tend to be in close spatial proximity. To date, however, most research on house prices has adopted either a spatial perspective or a temporal one; relatively little effort has been devoted to situations where both spatial and temporal effects coexist. Using ten years of house price data in Fife, Scotland (2003–2012), this research applies a mixed model approach, semiparametric geographically weighted regression (GWR), to explore, model, and analyze the spatiotemporal variations in the relationships between house prices and associated determinants. The study demonstrates that the mixed modeling technique provides better results than standard approaches to predicting house prices by accounting for spatiotemporal relationships at both global and local scales.     

中国县域住宅价格的空间差异特征与影响机制

以2014年中国2872个县级单元的住宅平均单价为基本数据,通过空间自相关和核密度函数分析中国住宅价格的差异格局、空间关联特征和分布形态,构建“住宅价格等级金字塔”;根据“需求+供给+市场”的三维理论视角建立包括5大住宅价格差异影响因素在内的价格模型,采用地理探测器分析全国及其区域子市场的影响因素强度差异,并探索其影响机制。结果表明：① 中国区域住宅价格呈现以行政等级性为主、空间集聚性为辅的双重差异格局,其空间关联与集聚性显著;② 中国住宅价格呈现出房价越高,区域越少,所居住城镇人口越少的“金字塔式”等级分布特征。③ 租房户比例、流动人口规模、住房支付能力、住房市场活跃度、土地成本是中国住宅价格差异的5个核心影响因素,不同行政等级子市场的影响因素作用强度各异。