Employment Structure and the Environment in Cape Coast, Ghana

The relationships between poverty, population growth and government policy in the creation of poor sanitary environments in low income residential areas are discussed. In recent years, the implementation of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries has had the effect of shrinking the formal/modern sectors and expanding the informal sector. While small scale informal sector activities have dominated Cape Coast's economic base for a long time, the contraction of the formal sector resulting from structural adjustment conditionalities has engendered a disproportionate growth of the informal sector. This paper examines the environmental implications on an urban economy (Cape Coast) dominated by informal sector activities. It shows how the low pay associated with available employment reduces the ability of the municipal authority to promote urban development especially environmental health on the basis of taxes alone.     

珠三角外向型制造业非正规部门的形成发展机制——以广州市狮岭镇皮具产业为例

作为世界城市化发展中的普遍现象,非正规部门的形成发展一直是研究重点。以广州狮岭皮具产业为例,以非正规工厂和临时工为对象,研究了外向型制造业中非正规部门的形成发展机制。研究认为：正规企业为满足产品生产和降低成本的需求而采取的生产分包模式是非正规部门形成的根本因素;正规企业劳动保障的缺失与工人对自由轻松的工作方式的追求促使工人转入非正规工厂和临时工市场,推动了非正规部门的发展;当地宽松的管制环境为非正规部门的存在提供了可能。全球金融危机在短期内对非正规部门的发展起到了催化作用。研究支持了新马克思主义理论,认为正规部门和非正规部门是相互联系的关系,是产业经济发展中有利的组成要素。非正规部门不是劳动者进入正规部门的“跳板”,而是他们逃避正规经济过度剥削的“避难所”。最后讨论了有关非正规部门和非正规劳动者的政策启示。     

Cartographic Constructs: A Case Study of Nantucket Island Oral Histories

The widespread adoption of neoliberal reforms during the past quarter century has had profound implications for the livelihoods of those who live and work in cities throughout Latin America. This case study of Mérida, Mexico, builds directly on recent research about the changing nature of work and the role of informality as a livelihood strategy in Latin America and attempts to explain how place-specific patterns of informal work emerge from neoliberal reforms and concomitant urban economic restructuring. Drawing on field research and a large household survey, this article reveals that general patterns of informality coincide with previous findings from Latin America: high levels of informal work; increased heterogeneity of informality; and significant mobility, with a large share of workers “opting out” of the formal sector voluntarily. However, compared with previous research in Mexico, this study shows that informal work is significantly more pervasive, particularly among women; less likely to be voluntary; and pays considerably less. In light of gender considerations and significant discrepancies between local patterns of informality and national trends, this case study casts doubt on recent World Bank encyclicals affirming the resemblance between self-employment in Mexico and microentrepreneurship in more developed countries. Moreover, the article concludes that World Bank literature conveniently overlooks the gendered nature of informal work in Latin America and the profound divergence between the express purposes of neoliberalism and its actual implications. As a result, World Bank research on informality serves to justify the neoliberal model, rather than improve the livelihoods of those who live and work in cities throughout Latin America.     

Spatial Integration,Adjustment, and Structural Transformation in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Some Linkage Pattern Changes in Ghana

In 1983, Ghana embarked on a program of structural adjustment under the auspices of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, to resuscitate the economy and to foster development. This paper utilizes the Lagos Plan of Action, a comprehensive, continent‐wide effort and African‐led policy strategy for the economic development of the African continent, to examine the contribution of adjustment to the development of an integrated economy in Ghana. Adjustment is examined as a form of structural transformation, as evidenced by the emergent intranational (intra‐ and inter‐sectoral) and international linkages in the formal wood processing industry, a key sector with tremendous potential for such linkages. Intranationally, this study shows that, as in the pre‐adjustment years, inter‐sectoral linkages, although important, were not dynamic enough to play a significantly galvanizing role in the nation's economic development. However, intra‐sectorally, a dramatic expansion in lumber exports led to an unprecedented constriction in the traditional forward linkage between sawmills and downstream processors. This forced the latter to depend on the informal sector for inputs. Internationally, Ghanaian firms operated as subcontractors of convenience for firms overseas (particularly in Europe) via an expanded forward linkage, reflecting a new “colonial relationship” under the program.     

China＇s economic development stage and its spatiotemporal evolution： A prefectural-level analysis

As important mechanisms of regional strategy and policy,prefecture-level regions have played an increasingly significant role in the development of China’s economy.However,little research has grasped the essence of the economic development stage and the spatio-temporal evolution process at the prefecture level;this may lead to biased policies and their ineffective implementations.Based on Chenery’s economic development theory,this paper identifies China’s economic development stages at both national and prefectural levels.Both the Global Moran I index and the Getis-Ord Gi* index are employed to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of China’s economic development from 1990 to 2010.Major conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) China’s economic development is generally in the state of agglomeration.It entered the Primary Production Stage in 1990,and the Middle Industrialized Stage in 2010,with a ’balanced-unbalanced-gradually rebalanced’ pattern in the process.(2) China’s rapid economic growth experienced a spatial shift from the coastal areas to the the inland areas.Most advanced cities in mid-western China can be roughly categorized into regional hub cities and resource-dependent cities.(3) Hot spots in China’s economy moved northward and westward.The interactions between cities and prefectures became weaker in Eastern China,while cities and prefectures in Central and Western China were still at the stage of individual development,with limited effect on the surrounding cities.(4) While the overall growth rate of China’s economy has gradually slowed down during the past two decades,the growth rate of cities and prefectures in Central and Western China was much faster than those in coastal areas.(5) Areas rich in resources,such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia,have become the new hot spots of economic growth in recent years.For these regions,however,more attention needs to be paid to their unbalanced industrial structures and the lagging social development against the backdrop of the rapid economic growth,driven predominantly by the exploitation of resources.     

Land pressure and adaptation in the mountainous region of northern China: An empirical analysis of 21 small watersheds

Land pressure and adaptation are the main factors determining environmental degradation in most of China’s mountainous regions. Little attention so far has been paid to the adaptation strategies based on evaluation of land pressure in these regions. We evaluated the grain production pressure and economic development pressure for 21 small watersheds undergoing soil conservation measures in the northern mountainous region of China, compared the evaluation results with actual production for each of the watersheds, and analyzed the adaptation strategies. The results imply that land pressure was spatially heterogeneous among the sample watersheds, but there was a balancing trend between land pressure and productive capacity for each watershed. Under rising pressure, these watersheds developed a variety of adaptation strategies such as labor migration, increasing fruit and nut production, and expanding rural tourism if possible. These strategies result from evolution of the market economy in China, and persistent development of the national economy determines the variation of environment in these mountainous regions.     

中国北方山区的土地压力及其缓解途径:21个小流域的经验分析(英文)

Land pressure and adaptation are the main factors determining environmental degradation in most of China’s mountainous regions. Little attention so far has been paid to the adaptation strategies based on evaluation of land pressure in these regions. We evaluated the grain production pressure and economic development pressure for 21 small watersheds undergoing soil conservation measures in the northern mountainous region of China, compared the evaluation results with actual production for each of the watersheds, and analyzed the adaptation strategies. The results imply that land pressure was spatially heterogeneous among the sample watersheds, but there was a balancing trend between land pressure and productive capacity for each watershed. Under rising pressure, these watersheds developed a variety of adaptation strategies such as labor migration, increasing fruit and nut production, and expanding rural tourism if possible. These strategies result from evolution of the market economy in China, and persistent development of the national economy determines the variation of environment in these mountainous regions.     

集聚经济、制度约束与汽车产业跨国公司在华功能区位

基于全球500强在华投资数据,研究了汽车产业跨国公司在华功能区位。随着汽车产业跨国公司在华功能不断拓展,不同功能的空间分离已非常明显;服务功能主要集中在北京、上海,而生产功能则对上海、天津、重庆、广州等城市具有更强的偏好。条件逻辑模型的研究结果表明,集聚经济和制度约束是影响汽车产业跨国公司在华不同功能区位选择的重要因素...     

首都圈产业分布变化及其空间溢出效应分析——基于制造业从业人数的实证研究

使用探索性空间分析技术,对首都圈制造业空间分布及其变化的地域与行业特征进行了研究,并建立空间计量模型重点分析了中心城市的空间溢出效应对产业空间格局变化的影响。2001-2009 年,多数制造业空间集聚程度表现出不断地加强的趋势,而且分行业的发展热点区在空间上有变化和迁移的现象,总体上工业发展表现出由中心向外围扩散的趋势,临近中心城市的外围郊县区成为工业集聚与发展的热点地区。中心城市发展对区域内的空间溢出效应是推动首都圈产业空间分布变化的重要因素。北京、天津两个中心城市对外围地区产业发展具有一定的空间溢出效应,但这种影响也因产业特征与中心城市产业结构及发展阶段的差异而有所不同。北京整体的发展环境相对有利于对资本、技术、人才需求较高的科技、资本密集型产业,北京本身这类产业的发展会袭夺外围地区的生产要素,引致负面的回流效应;而天津还处于工业化后期阶段,无论是经济总量增长还是分行业的发展对外围地区的空间作用并不具有明显的一致性。     

非正规就业:女性人力资本积累的一种方式——以广州芳村茶叶市场茶艺表演业为例

非正规就业对女性的影响一直是非正规就业研究的重点,其中许多研究认为,从事非正规就业的女性往往难以实现向上发展而强化了自身弱势地位.这类研究忽视了非正规性的多样化性质,过度地强调了非正规就业对女性的负面影响.本研究以广州市芳村茶叶市场茶艺表演业为例,使用观察、问卷调查和深度访谈的方法研究了非正规就业对女性人力资本积累与向...     

中国电子废物的地区间流动

电子废物跨境转移近年来开始引起国际经济地理学者关注,其中折射了全球生产网络中污染控制与市场化再生利用之间的治理矛盾和价值冲突。中国在规范电子废物管理的过程中,采纳了生产者责任延伸制度,逐渐形成生产者缴纳政府基金,基金补贴正规处理厂,正规处理厂再通过市场采购方式从非正式的回收渠道收集电子废物的分工格局。这一格局杂合了巴塞尔公约的属地化管理机制和地区贸易的市场化机制,反映了政府在规制复杂产品环境问题中所面临的两难。本文在多年参与式调查的基础上,根据环保部公布的2014年全国109家正规处理厂实际回收废弃家电产品的数量,采用威尔逊空间相互作用模型,估算了全国非正式回收渠道内的废旧家电产品地区间流动格局,并结合处理厂问卷调查对比了实际流向与理论模型的差异。研究结果显示：由于非正式回收渠道的竞争性所导致的废旧家电跨省流动占到全国正规渠道电子废物回收总量的1/3以上,这与电子废物处理设施省级属地化管理,主要满足本省产生的电子废物处理需求的规划初衷有较大出入。为此本文探讨了这种规划目标与市场流动之间发生错位的内在原因,指出当前电子废物管理重点应该从围绕处理设施的管理控制转向逆向物流系统的优化和商业模式创新。     

SMALL‐SCALE INDUSTRY AS A SPONGE? EMPIRICAL SURVEY IN THE CENTRAL REGION,GHANA

It has been posited that small‐scale industry – businesses with less than 30 workers – provides a large share of employment and income in Ghana. This paper examines the proposition that while such enterprises in the informal sector are said to act as a sponge to soak up surplus labour in marginal activities, they are unprofitable. Using data from a survey in 1998 of 175 micro and small‐scale enterprises in the Central Region of Ghana, the paper also confirms problematic aspects of employment in this sector including the lack of formal contracts, irregular pay, low remuneration, non‐existent social protection and only marginal employment growth. The implication is that the small‐scale industry sector is not economically sustainable in its present form in Ghana.     

新亚欧大陆桥新疆段沿线人类农业化过程对区域环境演变的影响

本文主要论述了新亚欧大型桥新疆段线人类农业化过程对区域环境演变的影响。指出绿洲内部的环境得到明显改善，而绿洲外部的环境则在不断恶化、必须引起重视。     

中国城市非正规就业的发展特征与城市化效应

在城市化过程中,大部分农村剩余劳动力并未进入城市正规部门,而进入非正规部门,但关于非正规就业对城市化的作用却不清楚.基于国际劳工组织提出的中国城市非正规就业估算方案,采用协整和误差修正模型测度与解释非正规就业对城市化的作用.自1990年以来,非正规就业已发展成为中国城市就业的主要方式和就业增长的主要来源,其空间分布总体上呈现自东部,中部到西部依次减少的特征,其在城市就业的比重与城市化水平的关系符合倒U形的规律.模型显示:尽管短期内非正规就业,正规就业和城市化之间存在波动关系,但长期看非正规就业对城市化具有显著的推动作用,非正规就业每增长1%,推动城市化水平提高0.1%.这种作用主要体现在非正规就业推动农村人口向城市地区的转移过程与劳动力在正规就业与非正规就业之间的流动过程.结论强调,中国城市化面临的挑战不仅是失业问题,而更多是如何应对处于社会保障系统以外的非正规就业问题.     

中国三大都会经济区的演变及其发展战略

我国沿海地区特别是主要入海河流的三角洲上的城市,乃近代发展最迅速的城市。1978年改革开放以来,全球经济一体化更为这些城市注入了新的动力。围绕着北京、上海和香港等核心城市,近年来已形成三个不同程度的外向型都会经济区。过往20年来,它们在外贸、外资、经济发展及城市化速度方面均领先全国。因此对这些都会经济区的功能特点和形成机制进行研究,是我国区域发展规划的重要前提。同时都会经济区亦是我国城市化二元体中有关大城市群或都市连绵带式的城市化的重要内容     

区域经济增长俱乐部趋同：假说检验及解释

研究俱乐部趋同可以更加准确地观察区域经济增长的空间格局,针对性地分析不同类型区域经济增长的影响因素,这对于缩小区域经济差异具有重要意义。从俱乐部趋同假说的检验、解释及中国的相关研究等方面对现有国内外文献进行综述,并指出有待进一步拓展的研究方向,以期为国内该领域的深入研究提供借鉴。     

中国非正规经济发展格局及与城镇化的关系——基于多指标多原因(MIMIC)模型的研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

非正规经济是世界城市化过程的普遍现象,关于它的发展态势及与城市化的关系是学界长期关注的重要问题。本文引入多指标多原因(MIMIC)模型估算中国非正规经济规模,在分析其发展空间格局的基础上,运用计量模型揭示了非正规经济与城镇化的动态关系。研究表明,2000年以来中国非正规经济不断增长,2008年后出现较快增长态势,2017年占GDP比例达到20.55%,非正规就业人员达1.59亿人。非正规经济的空间分布呈现西北-东南高、西南-东北低的不平衡特点。模型显示,中国非正规经济与人口城镇化水平存在倒U型关系,即非正规经济占整体经济的份额随城镇化水平的提高呈现先上升、后下降的变化过程,发生这一变化的城镇化水平临界值为72.48%。由此推断中国非正规经济占比还将伴随城镇化进程而继续上升,由于城镇化发展阶段的差异,不同地区的非正规经济发展态势将不同。非正规经济还受到经济发展阶段、产业结构、流动人口、国有经济和政府管制等因素的影响。本文有助于加深认识非正规经济的发展规律,为制定基于城镇化发展阶段差异的非正规经济政策提供理论依据。     

我国中部地区都市经济区空间组织体系研究

区域经济发展水平的提高客观上要求生产要素和产业格局在空间上合理配置, 以形成高 效的空间组织形态。面对国内外竞争, 如何构建高效的空间结构, 使之形成富有活力的组织体系, 是“中部崛起战略”的热点问题和亟待解决的重大课题。本研究结合中部地区的社会经济基础及 发展潜力, 指出在现有人口- 产业集聚区基础上构建多层次、高效运转的都市经济区空间组织体 系是增强中部地区竞争能力的关键。文章在城市中心性和交通运输联系分析的基础上, 提出武汉 大都市经济区, 长沙、郑州中等都市区, 太原、合肥、南昌基本都市区的等级体系与划分方案。     

ECONOMIC REFORMS AND SOCIALIST CITY STRUCTURE: A CASE STUDY OF GUANGZHOU,CHINA

This paper examines the impact of the 1978 economic reforms on the socialist nature of the Chinese city, using Guangzhou, one of the most open cities in China, as a case study. Despite a reorientation of Guangzhou's role as a trade center and port, labor is still predominantly engaged in the secondary sector with a strong emphasis on heavy industry. Tertiary activities have only recently attained an equivalent level of importance during the early Communist period and exhibit a noticeable dearth of the more advanced forms of tertiary activities, such as finance, insurance, and real estate. The spatial structure of the city of Guangzhou has developed according to a State-approved Master Plan with socialist influences and has evolved into three interdependent linear clusters separated by agricultural land and linked by west-east-running highways and railroads. Residential differentiation is based on occupation types which are related to the land use in the city. The city planners continue to practice the socialist method of planning, including standardization, city-size control, and application of the neighborhood unit concept. The economic system of the city is still firmly based on public (state sector) production. Guangzhou exhibits the characteristics of a city in transition from a planned system to a market-oriented economy and highlights the political-ideological conflicts of urban development in post-reform China.     

不同等级城市的农民工人力资本增长差异及影响因素——基于河北省清苑县的调查分析

农民工外出务工动机正由"生存型"向"发展型"转变,人力资本成为影响其城市融入的重要因素。通过对河北省清苑县的分层随机抽样调查,运用数理统计和对比分析法研究外出农民工的人力资本增长及其作用机理。结果表明:相对于进入全国中心城市和其他中小城市的农民工群体,区域中心城市的农民工技能增长的比例最高。在人力资本增长途径上,非正式学习途径效果突出,正式培训对人力资本增长的效果以区域中心城市最为显著,不仅进入该类城市的农民工能够获得更多的正式培训机会,而且企业对员工的培训频次及培训专业化程度均较另两类城市高。非正式学习受农民工学习主动性的影响,Logistic回归显示企业培训频次对技能提升主动性发挥正向作用且效果最强,而地方文化设施环境与农民工技能提升的主动性呈现负相关,全国性中心城市尤为明显。