信息技术影响下服务业区位研究述评与展望

20世纪50年代以来,世界信息技术的快速发展及广泛应用对服务业的区位选择产生了深刻影响。首先,总结了国内外学术界对于信息技术影响下的服务业区位研究主要领域及其进展,指出西方相关研究主要集中在信息技术影响下的办公活动区位的区位演变及区位影响因素等方面;与国外相比较,国内研究起步较晚,研究集中在信息产业、办公活动、商业等领域的区位研究。其次,概括了国内外学术界对信息技术影响下服务业区位研究存在的问题,如研究范围较窄且不平衡,研究成果缺乏系统性,理论研究薄弱等问题。最后,指出随着信息技术应用越来越广泛,其对服务业区位影响更加深刻,应加强信息技术影响下的服务业区位系统研究,发展服务业地理学。     

德国在华知识密集制造业投资进入方式的时空特征及区位影响因素

外资知识密集型制造业进入中国市场,对中国制造业升级转型起着一定的作用。本文围绕区域制度环境和区域吸收能力,探讨影响知识密集型企业进入方式的区域环境,旨在揭示知识密集型产业的外商进入方式的地理驱动机制,有利于加深理解在经济发展方式转型的时代背景下,区域与城市获得外生技术发展动力的机制。采用从1982-2014年德国在华投资企业数据库,结果发现,德国知识密集型制造企业在中国的投资呈现由沿海地区向内陆地区扩张、沿海中心城市向周边城市扩散的时空趋势,并且在1995年后,其进入方式从合资为主向独资为主转变。逻辑计量模型显示,德国知识密集型制造企业的进入方式受到多项区位因子的影响,其中地方人力资源水平和产业专业化水平是知识密集型制造企业选择以合资方式的进入中国市场的重要区位因素,表明区域知识吸收能力是形成全球—地方战略协同的关键变量;另一方面,实际使用外资存量和地方专利授权量这两个区位影响因素则会显著促成知识密集型制造企业采用独资的进入决策,反映了区域制度环境对吸引以知识产权保护为战略核心的知识密集型制造业的作用。     

产业地理集中研究进展

相关企业的地理集中有利于降低市场风险和交易成本,有利于推动创新和市场竞争,也能够共享劳动力市场和基础设施,产业地理集中与产业和城市竞争力密切相关。90年代以来产业地理集中成为经济学和地理学的热点课题。文章综述了产业区位论、贸易理论以及集聚理论对产业地理集中的解释,并对国内外关于产业地理集中的实证研究进行了总结,集中讨论了资源投入、市场需求、企业规模、外部经济、产业联系以及区域经济一体化等对产业地理集中的影响,揭示了产业地理集中的微观机制。     

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF OFFICE LOCATION BEHAVIOR IN GREATER SEATTLE

lntrametropolitan office location has only received limited attention in U.S. urban studies. This paper examines the particular case of Greater Seattle with reference to the relationship between public policies for office development and empirical evidence of office location change within the metropolitan area. The City of Seattle is anxious to promote the CBD as the focus of the office economy, while adjacent King County wants to promote suburban centers in which office development will be prominent. Data on the intrametropolitan movement of offices, the reasons for location choice, and the evidence of in-migration from outside the Puget Sound region have been collected. These data suggest that office location behavior in Seattle does not mirror events in other US. cities; its office economy remains highly centralized, intraurban migration has been limited, and suburban centers must rely heavily on in-situ growth of indigenous office enterprises.     

中国西部大城市开发区企业投资决策的驱动因素——以成都、西安高新区为例

基于成都、西安高新区企业调研数据,在构建企业投资决策驱动指标体系的基础上,采用因子分析法考察企业投资决策的驱动因素,并运用单因素方差分析和相关性检验进一步探究企业异质性与投资决策驱动因素的关系。结果表明:(1)信息通信水平、获取高素质人才、人际关系网络等构成企业投资决策的关键驱动指标,而跨国公司集聚、获取自然资源、决策者偏好等指标的解释力度最小。(2)企业投资决策由6个维度因子构成,其重要程度由高至低依次为政策、产业集群与人力资源、城市环境、城市区位、企业集聚以及关系因子。(3)入园越早、规模越大、总部型及出口型企业均更加依赖政策驱动;私企与外企、一般服务业企业与高级服务业企业、部分迁移企业与非迁移企业、办公区企业与科技园企业、办公区企业与厂区企业分别形成了基本对立的投资驱动偏好。     

Globalizing Polycentricity in Istanbul: Mamdani-Type Fuzzy Rule-Based Model of CBD Office Space Rents

For some two millennia Istanbul has been one of the world's greatest cities, and is today classified as an "Alpha-" world city in the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) group's 2010 rankings. Istanbul is an emerging global city that is facilitating Turkey's transnational integration into the global economy, and as of June 2009 the city had the second largest office stock among all Southeast European countries. This paper investigates the determinants of office rent levels in the city's Central Business District (CBD) and the spatial variation of rents in a polycentric metropolis. The paper uses a stepwise regression and a Mamdani-type fuzzy rule-based model to estimate office space rents, and compares empirical results with those of a conventional OLS regression analysis. Rents are driven not only by physical characteristics and locational services, but also the terms of lease contracts. New CBD locations that command the highest rents on spacious, high-rise office spaces with comparatively few employees conform well with contemporary accounts of world-city financial districts, and confirm the significance of urban office infrastructures for globally oriented financial elites beyond the familiar roster of Global North world cities. The traditional center retains the core purpose identified nearly a century ago, in Marshall's analysis of centralization during the most vibrant period of the industrial age. Despite all the transformations of transnational urbanist polycentricity, the traditional CBD is still the place with the most diverse mix of activities, and the greatest variation in rents.     

Auckland and the creative industries: the spatial distribution of the design subsector

Auckland is New Zealand’s largest city with the largest concentration of creative sector employment and businesses in the country. This paper examines the spatial distribution of firms in the design creative subsector across the Auckland Region and in inner Auckland and ascertains the key determinants of firm location. The macrolevel findings indicate that the architectural and specialized design firms have similar spatial distribution patterns across the Auckland Region, while the advertising subsector demonstrates an extreme tendency toward spatial concentration only in inner Auckland. All three subsectors have a strong propensity to clustering within inner Auckland; however, one CBD (Central Business District) fringe area, Parnell outperforms the rest. The microlevel findings reveal hybridized creative clusters of uneven density. Parnell’s unique brand and place-specific characteristics were the key determinants of firm location which led to the spontaneous collocation of firms. These location decisions had the unintended consequence of creating agglomeration economies.     

北京市制造业空间格局演化及影响因子分析

制造业的空间扩散是推动城市空间结构呈现多极化、多中心地域系统的主要驱动力, 对制造业区位变迁及影响因素的研究是认识城市空间重构机制的微观基础。本研究基于北京市1996、2001、2010 年制造业企业数据, 以邮政编码区为空间单元, 刻画了北京市制造业空间集聚格局及演化特征。采用计量模型, 检验了导致北京制造业空间重构的主要区位因子, 对比了这些影响因子作用强度随时间的变化以及在制造业行业间的差异。结果表明, 北京市的制造业在中心城区的集聚度明显减弱, 呈显著的郊区化集聚;主要集聚区位于距市中心半径为15~35 km的空间范围内, 总体空间格局呈现出大都市区尺度上的扩散以及产业园区尺度的再集聚特征。计量模型计算结果显示, 区位通达度、集聚经济、科技园区规划与政策引导是北京制造业总体空间格局演化的主要驱动因素, 但不同区位因子的作用强度存在行业间差异。本研究揭示了北京市的制造业空间重组机制是政府规划引导下的市场经济作用机制。认识到城市经济活动空间重组中市场与政府的交互作用机理, 有助于决策者对转型期大都市区制造业空间集聚和扩散格局进行更加有效地引导, 以优化大都市区的空间结构与功能体系。     

THE CHANGING LOCATION OF PHYSICIAN OFFICES IN BLOOMINGTON-NORMAL,ILLINOIS: 1870–1988

Three locational patterns of physician offices during the last 120 years are identified in the Bloomington-Normal metropolitan area. Offices first clustered within the CBD at dispersed sites, then concentrated at two sites within the CBD. Most recently, the CBD cluster has essentially dispersed while others have emerged. These stages were responses to changing medical technology and to evolution of the urban area that affected site and area attractiveness, patient access, and need to be near other physicians and medical facilities. The loss of the CBD cluster may not be a unique feature of small SMSAs such as Bloomington-Normal.     

Metropolitan land-use patterns by economic function: a spatial analysis of firm headquarters and branch office locations in Australian cities

This paper develops a comparative means by which to understand metropolitan spatial structure through the dynamics of economic activities. Clustering and suburbanization have been key processes within the contemporary urban landscape, but few scholarly accounts have systematically merged the two to explain the geographies of economic activity. Using firm location as a variable to discern sector- and industry-based locational requirements, we explore land-use and economic activity in Australia’s five largest metropolitan areas. Drawing upon the respective headquarters and branch office locations of a set of publically traded firms, we seek to establish general spatial patterns across Australian cities using two proxy measures for clustering and suburbanization, being well-established drivers of firm locational choice. Despite the complexity that post-industrial and suburbanizing processes add to metropolitan land-use patterns, we contend that certain patterns exist that can be generalized from one context to another across urban space, and that certain emerging trends such as the development of CBD-fringe precincts merit greater attention.     

Industrial/Office Parks: a New Look for the City

Abstract

Growth of industrial/office parks in metropolitan areas is the result of the truck-auto freeway complex, changes in technology, increased i market orientation of activity, and the desire for facilities with favorable public images. This article reviews the historical development of industrial and office parks, and speculates about their behavioral characteristics at the national and metropolitan scale, including the process of decentralization. The locational and functional characteristics of these parks in Atlanta, Georgia are treated as being typical of those in a regional capital. Readers no doubt will be familiar with similar developments in their own communities and can use this paper as a resource to guide their investigations.     

上海大都市区软件产业空间集聚与郊区化

随着信息经济发展壮大,软件产业日益成为城市经济的新引擎,其空间区位对城市空间结构影响不断加深.文章以上海市软件企业名录为数据基础,运用GIS 技术、社会网络分析等方法,探讨了上海大都市区软件产业的空间分布、演变特征及影响因素.研究发现,2002 年及2008年上海软件产业空间分布的集聚化特征明显,但产业集聚中心位置发生了从中心城区转向郊区的偏移.6 年间,软件企业的空间格局呈现出"大都市区尺度上的扩散以及园区尺度的再集聚"的时空特征.不同类型企业空间集聚与扩散的特征不同,以嵌入式软件企业为主的中小企业呈现出向远郊区扩散的特征.在影响因素的分析上,负二项回归的结果表明交通通达性、政府政策影响下的科技园区建设、产业历史基础对软件企业的区位选择具有显著影响.内外资企业区位影响因素的比较分析发现,交通通达性、自然环境及办公楼条件对外资企业区位影响较大,内资企业对政府政策更为敏感.     

Globalization,Economic Restructuring,and Locational Trajectories of Software Firms in Shanghai

Producer services are traditionally considered as place-bound and clustered in city centers to benefit from agglomeration effects. Such a pattern has been reshaped, however, by the decentralization of the service industry and the development of information and communication technology (ICT), especially for the software industry. This study investigates locational trajectories and underlying factors of software firms from 1990 to 2011 in Shanghai to detect intraurban location trajectories and spatial dynamics. We find that location of the software industry has changed from a monocentric pattern concentrated in the central city area toward a polycentric pattern with a relative decline of the core area. Using a conditional logit model, the study has found that government policies, accessibility, environmental conditions, agglomeration economies, and site characteristics are important determinants of location choice for software firms. In addition, the firm-level survey and in-depth interviews in Pudong Software Park show that government policy and planning, especially rent and tax incentives, have played a vital role in attracting software firms to locate in development zones.     

产业转型背景下创业区位选择和集群空间演化

以广州软件和信息技术产业集群为案例,分析产业范式转变背景下地方创业区位选择对产业集群空间演化的影响。结果显示：初始资源富集和政策环境导向使特定空间成为创业的优势区位,早期第一代创业企业在其中集聚发展形成集群雏形,并在关系网络和区域认同作用下形成产业集群空间核心区。第二代创业企业在产业转型契机下选择开拓缝隙市场,新的区位诉求由此产生并作用在集群的空间演化上。总的来说,产业转型期同时也是集群空间转变的关键时期,创业企业通过区位选择可以改变集群的空间形态和层次。     

信息技术时代的企业区位研究(英文)

The wide application of information and communication technologies(ICTs) has been argued to be critical to spatial transformation of firms.Recent advances in the studies along this line have challenged traditional location theory.The existing literature,however,focuses mainly on the impacts of ICTs on locational conditions and industrial spatial distribution.The dynamics behind such changes have not yet been given sufficient attention by geographers.Given this background,this paper investigates the impact of new ICTs on traditional location theory and the dynamics of industrial re-location that are enabled by new ICTs,based on data collected from an investigation of 178 firms.The paper argues that the application of new ICTs has been a key location factor in the information age,and that the time-cost is becoming critical to the spatial organization of firms,particularly as a result of a shorter product life and mass customization,among other dynamics.     

港澳地区对中国内地直接投资的区位选择及其空间扩散

对港澳地区在中国内地直接投资的空间分布及其空间转移做了上分析，表明了港澳地区对中国内地的直接投资趋向于沿海地区和与这这有特殊社会文化联系的区位，同时更有向中西部和北部转移的趋势，决定港澳地区对中国内地投资空间模式和转移态势的因素是经济规模，经济增长速率，劳动力因素，经济开放度，与沿海的经济距离等。     

区位通达性与在京外资企业的区位选择

利用北京市第二次基本单位普查资料,以邮政编码区为空间单元,采用泊松回归模型探讨了在京外资企业的城市内区位选择及其影响因素。研究涵盖了2001年全部的在京外资企业,模型估计中有效样本240个。外资企业具有显著的向中心城区集聚的分布态势,相对于制造业而言,服务业外资企业更为集中。分析结果表明,区位的通达性和城市结构对在京外资企业区位选择具有显著的影响。接近高速公路、高等院校、外国使馆以及工业园区等对外资企业具有显著吸引作用,离城市中心、火车站和机场距离过远则不利于吸引各类外资企业。研究也发现,制造业外资企业和服务业外资企业以及投资来源地不同的外资企业,在进行城市内部区位选择时存在显著的差异。     

日本、韩国在华研发投资的比较分析

日、韩在华研发投资动机、区位选择与在华直接投资具有较强的关联性.日本在华研发投资动机由早期的生产支撑型向复合型(资源寻求+战略驱动+技术换市场型)过渡.韩国企业在华研发投资动机则偏重市场导向型+政策引致型.日本企业重视和中国高校合作的研发模式;韩国企业则与我国本土企业联合研发形式较多.在空间分布上两国充分发挥自身的地缘优势,高度聚集在以上海为中心的长三角地区和以北京为中心的环渤海地区.韩国在华研发机构呈点状布局、尚处于初级阶段,日本在华研发投资已经形成较大规模,研发机构分布于中国主要大中城市.此外,与制造业直接投资不同,两国在华研发投资并没有出现向中西部转移的趋势.     

中国农村工业发展：一个综合区位分析框架

本整合现代经济地理学、新制度主义和演化经济学、规范性区位分析三种理论,提出了一个包括制度、技术、市场、区位资源禀赋等区位因子并将交易成本和生产成本相结合的综合区位分析框架。运用框架,对中国农村工业的发生与发展、宏观分布与微观布局等和出了一个系统解释。     

The price for subway access: spatial econometric modelling of office rental rates in London

ABSTRACT

The relative location of commercial properties as the distance to the metro station as well as its absolute location as the address in the Central Business District (CBD) is expected to influence its valuation. We apply the advanced spatial econometric methodology, based on micro geo-located data, to the office rental transaction data from London in 2015. We use different spatial information on the local and global neighbourhood in order to estimate the spatial hedonic valuation model and test the strength of spatial spillovers and location effects on office fees. For offices in London in 2015, geographical factors may raise the price by 50%, as every next 100 m to the metro cost an additional 0.7 ? per ft² per year and the CBD location raises the cost for ca. 20 ? per ft² per year.