WHEN THE LIGHTS GO OUT IN CHESHIRE*

ABSTRACT. The purchase and subsequent demolition of Cheshire, Ohio‐located in the shadow of the General James M. Gavin Power Plant‐has attracted national attention. According to a New York Times report, “the deal … is believed to be the first by a company to dissolve an entire town.” In this article we consider historical precedents for the case, explore the thirty‐year history of community‐plant relations in Cheshire, and recount the series of incidents that ultimately led to the town's sale. We discuss the impact that the town's sale has had on the local community and the larger implications of American Electric Power's actions.     

Toward a Cartography of the Commons: Constituting the Political and Economic Possibilities of Place

Competing with the cartography of capitalism, undermining its power to fix resources as open to capitalist appropriation and space as enclosed, will require a cartography of the commons that makes visible community and commons processes; it will require a shift in strategy from explicating and defending existing commons to mapping spaces into which a commons future might be projected. The “Buffalo Commons” and a map-based project in New England fisheries link new spatial imaginaries with desires for and enactments of alternative economic initiatives. Each project rereads economic and environmental processes relative to the potential of the commons rather than the potential of capitalism.     

Rural change and tourism in remote regions: Developments and Indigenous endeavour in Westland,Te Tai o Poutini,Aotearoa New Zealand

Remote rural areas have encountered significant change and the need for renegotiation of economic and social priorities in the late 20th and early 21st century. In our broader research, we ask how have such communities been responding to this change? What role have different organisations and agencies played? And, how have they acted on the aspirations of marginalised communities? In this paper we examine these issues through a case study of Westland District on the west coast of Aotearoa New Zealand's South Island. We probe the general shift towards prioritising tourism in the District, and highlight particular experiences in regard to Indigenous endeavour in tourism. We find that those engaged in leading local development and tourism have not collaborated strategically across the sector and have not established meaningful partnerships with the community that recognise both economic and socio‐cultural aspirations.     

He Iwi Kotahi Tatou Trust: Post-development practices in Moerewa,Northland

This paper examines community development projects in Moerewa, a small town in Te Tai Tokerau (central Northland) decimated by industrial decline in the late 1980s. It builds on a series of conversations with Ngahau Davis of He Iwi Kotahi Tatou Trust, which has sought to revitalise Moerewa by challenging conventional understandings of development. The paper is part of an on-going engagement with the Trust, which includes involving it with a second year undergraduate field course. In the paper, we argue for the political and theoretical potential of post-development inquiry and practice in communities like Moerewa.     

Resilient Landscapes: The Reconstruction of Southeastern Connecticut Following the 1938 Hurricane

Following the 1938 hurricane that damaged much of the New England coast, New London, Connecticut, responded like most communities by leveraging federal and state funds to rebuild and augment engineered mitigation structures. Eighty years of subsequent storm experience, however, illustrates that a small number of nonstructural mitigation projects, especially private property acquisitions, have had significant long-term effects on New London's coastal resiliency, especially in the Ocean Beach neighborhood. Archival research identifies that these nonstructural mitigation projects were not initially intended to reduce hurricane or flooding risk but were aimed at removing structures determined to be public nuisances and reducing fire hazard. Therefore, New London's post-1938 mitigation experience underscores how community-scale mitigation planning following one disaster can greatly affect the outcome of future disasters. Analytically, New London's experience offers a compelling case study to critically compare two competing environmental mitigation approaches following the same disaster and to offer insight into the environmental legacies of both.     

HYPHENATED GEOGRAPHIES: THE DEINDUSTRIALIZATION OF NATURE‐SOCIETY GEOGRAPHY*

As visions of ecological crisis mark the daily headlines, industrial spaces of intensive energy and material consumption become a more intense object of political and social concern. In this article, I attempt to situate geography's relative neglect of the ecological underpinnings of industrial capitalism within the context of the history of geographical thought. I argue that the ways in which geographers read the hyphen in the phrase “nature‐society” reveals epistemological limits to their object of study. I then offer three dramatically different readings of the hyphen and discuss how they have affected the lineages and trajectories of geographical research—Barrows's human ecology, Sauer's cultural landscape, and critical theories of social nature. I conclude by suggesting that geography needs to let go of its empirical and conceptual fixation on “nature”.     

Constrained age of Glacial Lake Narragansett and the deglacial chronology of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in southeastern New England

The lack of radiocarbon ages and correlated varve sequences in southeastern New England has left the deglacial chronology of the region poorly constrained. A 265-year varve series from Glacial Lake Narragansett was constructed from eight continuous sediment cores collected from the Providence River, Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. This varve series could not be correlated with either the North American Varve Chronology or other varve sequences from southern New England or southeastern New York. The uncorrelated varve sequences presented here represent the minimum time of deposition within the northern segment of Glacial Lake Narragansett. These sequences, used in conjunction with the calibrated North American Varve Chronology and cosmogenic exposure ages from recessional end moraines, provide minimum (>19,400 cal BP) and maximum (<20,500 cal BP) ages for Glacial Lake Narragansett. Correlations with the updated Greenland (NGRIP and GRIP) ice core records suggest that cold periods associated with moraine formation are 200–250 years older than the cosmogenic exposure ages. Whereas many studies refer to the last glacial maximum occurring from 20,000 to 18,000 cal BP, the constrained age of Glacial Lake Narragansett suggests that at least for the southeastern portion of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, deglaciation was well underway by this time.     

Gathering in Thoreau's backyard: nontimber forest product harvesting as practice

Understanding of the gathering of nontimber forest products (NTFPs) in woodlands has focused heavily on politics surrounding public lands and harvester communities. Yet forest gathering may be far more universal. This paper reports the results of a survey of residents in New England, querying whether people gather wild things and for what purposes. The results suggest that gathering in New England, and elsewhere in the developed world, is not restricted to a unique type of community or economy, but instead is a form of practice. Those analytical approaches to NTFPs that seek to produce 'alternatives' to the dominant economy may therefore ironically work to reinforce a capitalocentric view of daily life.     

The Legacy of Jedidiah Morse in Early American Geography Education: Forgotten and/or Forgettable Geographer?

Despite numerous and significant writings by historians of geography and biographers from other disciplines, and his authorship of the first geography textbooks written in and for the new American republic, most geographers are largely unaware of the contributions of Jedidiah Morse in academic geography. Writings about Morse suggest that he had alienated himself from many of his contemporaries early in his career through his authoritarian brand of Calvinistic republicanism, a perceived contradiction of that style with his entrepreneurial ambitions, his role in the controversial Bavarian Illuminati, and a dispute with a noted New England historian. But subsequent, broader intellectual movements sealed Morse's fate as a forgotten geographer (to most), including the end of the Second Great Awakening, Transcendentalism, Darwinism, and the “new,” process‐based geographical thinking inspired by Carl Ritter, Alexander von Humboldt, and Arnold Guyot. Regardless of the reasons for Morse's lost legacy, his contributions to geographical education are important and should be remembered.     

Adaptive Management of Urban Ecosystem Restoration: Learning From Restoration Managers in Rhode Island,USA

Urban aquatic restoration can be difficult to accomplish because of complications like industrial pollutants, population density, infrastructure, and expense; however, unique opportunities in urban settings, including the potential to provide benefits to many diverse people, can make urban restoration especially rewarding. The success of urban restoration projects—even those focused primarily on ecological targets—depends on community involvement and managers considering community needs. However, research on the social barriers to urban restoration and strategies managers use to overcome them is relatively rare. This work attempts to fill that gap by presenting barriers for aquatic restoration projects in urban settings and strategies to overcome them. Building from interviews with restoration managers involved in urban aquatic restoration projects in Rhode Island, we contribute through an adaptive management approach: identifying and synthesizing the lessons learned from managers’ work in urban settings. Ultimately, we suggest potential for double- and triple-loop learning by disentangling and critiquing the frames and policy/power structures that influence decision making in urban aquatic restoration.     

区域镇村社区空间网络结构特征及其优化策略

镇村社区空间网络是以镇区为依托、镇村社区为节点、彼此关联为连边构成的空间组织形态,探索其结构特征及其优化策略对引导要素合理流动、提升网络运行效率等具有重要意义。本文选取重庆市沙坪坝区凤凰镇19个镇村社区作为网络节点,采用修正后的引力强度模型反映节点之间的联系,运用GIS工具和社会网络分析法、相关性分析等方法探究镇村社区空间网络结构的总体特征、节点特征及差异特征,提出镇村社区空间网络的优化策略。研究表明：镇村社区空间网络总体处于低水平、非均衡的发展阶段,网络兼具整体松散性与局部集聚性,且小世界特征较为显著,凝聚子群之间的关联性差异明显;镇村社区空间网络呈现“核心-边缘”的节点结构,核心节点的结构洞优势有待加强;社区居民不同的社会属性对网络结构造成了差异性影响;基于此,拟从节点自身功能完善、节点等级体系构建及节点间经济联系强化等方面,构建“1轴、1心、18点”+“1网、57线”的空间网络化模式,为当前及未来的农村社区建设提供示范。     

Change and adaptation in four rural communities in New England,NSW

The negative image created by a preoccupation with population losses in some rural areas and the decline in some economic and service functions in many small country towns has masked the considerable improvements which have occurred there. Insufficient attention has been given to the raised level of living in many rural locations which has increased the attraction of a rural lifestyle. Local shire councils have played an important role in enhancing the quality of local life through investment in new town facilities, and residents record a high level of community satisfaction. Although past social and economic roles are changing in rural locations, new functions are emerging in four settlements in New England, NSW, and this is facilitating their adaptation to a changing rural environment.     

FROM NIMBY TO FAIR SHARE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW YORK CITY'S MUNICIPAL SHELTER SITING POLICIES, 1980-1990

A trajectory of city siting policies for homeless shelters is examined, reflecting either community opposition per se or the city's fear of community opposition. Furthermore, these policies created distinct geographic patterns of shelter siting. New York City's shelter siting history, from the beginning of mandatory shelter provision in the early 1980s to the institution of fair-share planning for the dispersal of city-owned facilities in 1990, is examined. City siting responses—isolation, circumvention, and cooperation—correlate with the type of community opposition being mounted.     

“GEOGRAPHY IS TWINNED WITH DIVINITY”: THE LAUDIAN GEOGRAPHY OF PETER HEYLYN

ABSTRACT. This critical history of geography looks to the political concepts that historical actors held and analyzes the incorporation of these concepts into geography. Peter Heylyn, who politicized his geographical books Microcosmus (1621) and, still more, Cosmographie (1657), followed William Laud's characteristic brand of High Church Anglicanism, avowedly hostile both to Roman Catholicism and to Calvinist forms of Protestantism, while upholding an ideal of the Church of England as both independent and apostolic. Further, Laudians were stalwart defendants of monarchy as a divine institution. This Laudian vision of church and state informed Heylyn's geographical works, which goes against a received wisdom that they are divorced from his polemical historical, political, and theological tracts. We thus recover the politics of early modern geography as contemporaries might have understood them.     

基于城际创业投资联系的中国城市网络结构和组织模式

鉴于现有的城市网络研究尚没有关注企业间投资这一最重要的经济行为之一,所得认知不全面,本文基于城际创业投资联系这一全新视角,刻画了中国城市网络的结构和组织模式,以丰富城市等级和距离衰减作用下的城市网络研究.从节点看,城际创业投资空间分布不均,高度集中在超大城市和直辖市.从联系看,城际创业投资具有明显的层级性,形成以京沪深...     

基于社会交换理论的社区旅游支持度模型及应用——以黄山风景区门户社区为例

门户社区毗邻风景区且处于其出入口位置,在旅游发展中面临特殊的机遇和难题.依据社会交换理论,选择“社区参与度”、“居住区条件”、“对旅游机构信任度”、“旅游利益感知”、“旅游成本感知”、“社区满意度”和“旅游支持度”7 个结构变量构建社区旅游支持度测度模型,以黄山风景区的4 个门户社区为研究案例,对该模型进行检验,通过结构方程模型分析和因子分析,探讨模型内各变量对社区旅游支持度发挥作用的路径及造成同一风景区不同门户社区支持度差异的影响因素.研究结果表明:① 总体而言,旅游利益感知和社区满意度对旅游支持度有正向影响;居住区条件、对旅游机构信任度和社区满意度对旅游利益感知有正向影响;社区参与度、居住区条件和对旅游机构信任度对社区满意度有正向影响.社区参与度对旅游利益感知正向影响不显著,旅游成本感知这一变量与其他变量之间关系不大.②各地居民感知和旅游支持度存在差异,南门汤口各维度总体得分最高,北门甘棠-耿城次之,东门谭家桥第三,西门焦村得分最低.③ 门户社区与黄山风景区的空间关系、区位条件与交通格局、旅游经济发展水平等因素造成了各门户社区旅游支持度的差异.     

Secondary school student perspectives on community resilience in Grey District

For a national competition supported by the New Zealand Board of Geography Teachers, secondary school students in years 10–13 were asked to identify and investigate factors that were building community resilience in their home areas, and the entries provided young people's perspectives on how well individuals, families and communities ‘bounce back’, adapt, change and become stronger following an adverse event. This article concerns the findings of students at Greymouth High School. Their entries showed that community resilience in Grey District depended on individual and collective capacity for action. The greater their involvement in community affairs and projects, the more likely individuals and families were to form networks and participate in communal activities. In Greymouth, as elsewhere in New Zealand, membership of voluntary organisations and participation in planning for, and responding to, catastrophic events has helped residents respond effectively in times of adversity and has enhanced community resilience.     

Gypsy Architecture: Houses of the Roma in Eastern Europe

Why is Ortley Beach, New Jersey, known as Superstorm Sandy's ground zero? This article employs qualitative vulnerability analysis to understand why vulnerability of second homes in Ortley Beach resulted in dune failure and slow rebuilding after Sandy. The second-home owners who largely make up the community in Ortley Beach are identified as the key vulnerable group. This group's lack of political representation and financial compensation after Sandy increased house damage and slowed rebuilding. Identifying the level of vulnerability of the majority group in a location is paramount to understanding how the community recovers from a disaster. Such identification can also aid in preparing communities, especially for types of disasters they have not yet encountered.     

THE NATURE‐CULTURE BOUNDARY AND OCEAN POLICY: GREAT BARRIER ISLAND,NEW ZEALAND*

ABSTRACT. This article analyzes New Zealand's rights‐based system of fisheries management from the perspective of local stakeholders on northern Great Barrier Island. The research identified differing perspectives through use of the concept of “boundary construction,” not only in terms of society and nature but also among societal institutions. Great Barrier Island participants exhibited significant differences, especially between staff of the local Department of Conservation and local Maori, both of whom were engaged in negotiating policy implementation at the local level. These differences expressed themselves in conceptions of both societal boundaries—the scale at which community was envisioned—and conceptions of the boundary between nature and culture. The findings confirm the need for the continued development of models of community‐based resource management as well as for the conceptual integration of society and nature in the realm of policy construction.