Australian ports,metropolitan areas and trade‐related services

One important service carried out in Australian port cities and metropolitan areas involves the organisation of the transport of goods from producers for export, and for delivery to importers. This paper examines the activities that are involved in those links, grouped under the heading of trade‐related services. Data assembled on the location of these services in Australia, together with a study of a sample of firms, indicates their location is influenced by networks and linkages between firms; services are not necessarily located in the busiest port, but rather in the city with the most diverse service sector. This result illustrates the selectivity in location that is typical of producer services, and has important consequences for the role and influence of cities. It is illustrated in the paper with reference to Melbourne and Sydney.     

RECONSTRUCTED PRODUCTION LANDSCAPES IN THE POSTMODERN CITY: APPLIED DESIGN AND CREATIVE SERVICES IN THE METROPOLITAN CORE

Applied design and creative services are central to the formation of metropolitan landscapes and urban culture (both in historical and contemporary contexts), as well as to the production of the full range of industrial and consumer goods. More specifically, applied design firms are essential to the development of advanced industrial systems, and facilitate the operation of flexible production regimes by (1) enabling production differentiation in segmented markets, (2) improving productivity, (3) promoting production synergies, (4) enhancing short-run customized production, and (5) contributing to the condensing of longer-run style cycles. A case study of design and creative services firms in Vancouver discloses that such firms exhibit important commonalities with other producer services industries (e.g., intermediate market orientation, clustering propensity, divisions of labor). At the same time, firms engaged in the production of design may be differentiated from “mainstream” business or corporate service firms in terms of (1) location and milieu, with a clear affinity for the CBD fringe and inner city, rather than the CBD proper; (2) function, with an emphasis on creativity as both raison d'etre and operating characteristic; and (3) services-goods interface (design services are not “arms length” from goods production, like most business services, but are directly concerned with the style, configuration, and identity of end products). Finally, the clustering of design and creative service firms exemplifies the “internal specialization of the production spaces of the large metropolis” (Scott, 1988), although empirical evidence from the Vancouver case asserts the significance of sociocultural, as well as economic, features of agglomeration. [Key words: design, production, inner city, clustering, agglomeration.]     

The Location of Office Space in the Metropolitan Service Economy of the United States, 1985–1990

As the economic base of most American metropolitan areas relies increasingly on services, office industries have shifted to a more pivotal role in the new metropolitan service economy. Using primary office-space usage data of the time period 1985–1990, the changing spatial patterns of this new metropolitan service economy are investigated. It is found that the primary office activities are predominantly concentrated in a relatively small number of the largest metropolitan areas. However, an emerging spatial dispersion in primary office activities is also exhibited. Such dispersion is extremely strong at the upper end of the urban hierarchy. The Sunbelt-Snowbelt dichotomy fails to reveal any differences in the growth pattern of the new metropolitan service economy. A more diversified growth pattern of primary office activities is observed. Concentrated dispersion is the major spatial characteristic of this new metropolitan service economy.     

Postsuburban Spatial Evolution of Vienna's Urban Fringe: Evidence from Point Process Modeling

Metropolitan areas today are faced with pervasive changes of their urban spatial structure and are reshaped by postsuburbanization processes. In this study, one example of such postsuburban restructuring, the multinucleated monofunctional clustering of higher-order services, is investigated in the urban fringe of Vienna, Austria. The methodological framework uses microgeographic data for 2006 and applies a case-control point process modeling approach, which accounts for nonstationarity in first-order effects. The results show a relocation of highly specialized firms into the outer metropolitan ring, where these firms provide functional enrichment. This disagrees with the classical notion of a central place hierarchy. The urban fringe thus increasingly conforms to the core city. This spatial functional agglomeration shows statistically significant evidence of a bicentric urban structure, with the two new subcenters located in traditional suburban areas. Accordingly, Vienna's urban fringe is being altered by new postsuburban forms.     

City-Suburb Differences in African American Male Labor Market Achievement

This research tests the spatial mismatch hypothesis by comparing the employment probabilities of central city versus suburban African American males in nine metropolitan areas. Treatment effects models are used to control for the effects of both individual characteristics and residential self-selection on the probability of employment. A positive effect of suburban residential location on employment is found for the residents of Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, and Washington, while no effect is found for the residents of Cleveland, Houston. Jackson, Memphis, and Newark. The general conclusion to be drawn is that the spatial mismatch effect is contingent on the particular characteristics of each metropolitan area. Preliminary analysis shows that metropolitan areas with a spatial mismatch effect are large in terms of total population and total land area, and have less efficient transportation systems.     

大都市区功能性多中心的产业集聚检验——以珠三角企业网络为例

大都市区产业集聚是共享市场资源、降低交易费用的地域分工结果。学术界和规划实践领域认为频密的功能联系有助于大都市区实现专业分工的多中心体系,即在多中心大都市区内部形成有机联系的专门化集聚,因而是一种理想的空间结构模式。基于理论辨析,以同城的多部门企业子母机构为参照组,试图检验企业空间组织总部-分支功能联系与产业部类专业分工的耦合性。在巨型城市功能性多中心理论回顾的基础上,梳理了企业内部功能组织的多中心与不同产业部类间专业集聚的概念模型、计量方法,引入集聚规模变量以弥补区位熵、克鲁格曼比较优势等统计量的不足,并对珠三角大都市区的多中心网络格局演化开展实证。研究发现：① 2008—2017年间,企业内部子母机构空间组织的功能联系明显促进了珠三角的网络密度,提升了大都市区整体的功能性多中心,并同步大幅增加了跨城企业的集聚功能强度;② 珠三角都市区企业空间组织从产业部类分工走向功能性分工,但是企业总部并没有全然集中于广州、深圳主城区,广深走廊尤其是龙岗、宝安等深圳近圈层地区总部机构的集聚功能强度明显提升,企业分支机构尤其是商业消费门店式并不趋于都市区/都市圈的外围地域;③ 珠三角制造业为主导的专业镇模式日益式微,随着全球化波动下的产业变动,珠三角区域的“世界工厂”角色正处于转型阶段。     

北京都市区生产者服务业地域结构

利用北京第二次全国基本单位普查数据,以"街区单元"为基本空间单位,运用因子分析和聚类分析技术分析了北京都市区生产者服务业地域结构的特征、模式及内在机制。发现:北京都市区可以划分为7种生产者服务业地域类型区;中心城多类型混合同质性较差,近郊区内沿同质性较强,近郊区外缘和远郊区的广大地域为传统国有生产者服务业散布区;政府和市场两方面的力量共同影响了地域结构的形成。论文最后,通过将研究结论与西方主流观点的比较,总结了转型期快速形成的北京都市区生产者服务业地域结构的独特性。     

Maps,Numbers, Text,and Context: Mixing Methods in Feminist Political Ecology∗

This research tests the spatial mismatch hypothesis by comparing the employment probabilities of central city versus suburban African American males in nine metropolitan areas. Treatment effects models are used to control for the effects of both individual characteristics and residential self-selection on the probability of employment. A positive effect of suburban residential location on employment is found for the residents of Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, and Washington, while no effect is found for the residents of Cleveland, Houston. Jackson, Memphis, and Newark. The general conclusion to be drawn is that the spatial mismatch effect is contingent on the particular characteristics of each metropolitan area. Preliminary analysis shows that metropolitan areas with a spatial mismatch effect are large in terms of total population and total land area, and have less efficient transportation systems.     

武汉都市圈经济联系的空间结构

都市圈空间结构是城市体系中最综合、最富于变化的热点部分。基于武汉都市圈近年来的统计资料,构建经济联系强度模型,定量分析武汉都市圈空间竞争与范围的动态性特征:中心城市对外经济联系存在主要方向,具有时间惯性,空间极化明显;地域空间上经济联系作用强度距离衰减,形成圈层结构分异。从点、线、面组合关系角度,构建节点中心性、通道网络性、范围系统性指标,定量揭示出武汉都市圈经济联系的空间结构等级层次性特征:中心城市中心性等级差异明显,空间分布不均,与交通地理区位紧密相关;主要通道与侍服能力也存在等级层次性,明显形成两城际交通走廊;中心城市腹地范围与自身外向经济联系强度密切相关,受自然地理、行政区划影响明显。     

MANUFACTURING LOCATION IN A POLYCENTRIC URBAN AREA: A STUDY IN THE COMPOSITION AND ATTRACTIVENESS OF EMPLOYMENT SUBCENTERS

Attention has shifted to the role of subsidiary urban centers as the new “spatial nodes” within metropolitan areas as manufacturing employment has dispersed away from its traditional central city locations over the past decades. Understanding the character and evolving functions of these new “centers” is crucial to predicting (or influencing) future metropolitan spatial patterns. This paper explores the nature and role of the principal employment centers within the Dallas-Fort Worth region from the perspective of locational choices by firms in three-digit SIC Manufacturing. First the centers are empirically identified via a methodology that “maps” employment land-use polygons onto a zip code-level geography. The industrial attributes of firms choosing such centers are then investigated using multinomial logit. The general attractiveness to firms in manufacturing of various spatial characteristics of these centers are next studied through a discrete choice framework. Finally, a “mixed” conditional logit model is specified and implemented to identify special affinities between a type of firm and a kind of location. Results of the exercise enable judgment on the utility of the employment center concept and on industrial location behavior in a modem urban context.     

太原市城市复合生态系统调节服务时空格局演化及驱动机制研究

以太原市主城区为例,根据生态系统服务理论对太原不同土地利用类型所提供的正负生态系统调节服务价值分别进行测度计算,并综合分析城市复合生态系统调节服务的时空演化特征,最后,从直接原因(土地利用变化)和根本原因(空间城镇化、人口城镇化、产业空间组织与空间规划、政府相关政策与规划)2个方面,对太原市生态系统调节服务能力变化进行...     

重庆市主城都市区人口老龄化与养老服务资源配置空间错位研究

基于县域尺度下第七次人口普查数据,构建养老服务资源配置综合指数,利用泰尔指数、空间错位指数以及地理探测器,从匹配性角度探讨重庆市主城都市区人口老龄化和养老服务资源配置的协调关系及其驱动机制。结果表明：1）2020年重庆市主城都市区人口老龄化系数与老年人口数量的空间分布特征基本一致,呈现从中心城区到主城新区由内至外增加的圈层结构特征;2）2020年重庆市主城都市区养老服务资源配置空间分布不均衡,中心城区形成养老服务资源配置评价高地,主城新区形成养老服务资源配置评价低值环;3）2020年重庆市主城都市区人口老龄化与养老服务资源配置存在空间错位现象,中心城区资源过剩与主城新区资源不足的矛盾突出;4）政府政策、居民收入水平以及产业结构的区域差异对养老服务资源的协调发展具有显著的正向影响,而市场经济规模的扩大、家庭规模的缩小以及人口结构的变动未能有效推动养老服务资源协调发展。     

南京大都市区建设用地扩张特征与机理

作为全球城市化最快的地区之一,中国建设用地的扩张引起了广泛的关注。以长三角北翼中心城市南京为例,利用遥感、土地利用调查等数据研究大都市区建设用地扩张的过程、格局与机理。研究表明,1985-2007年南京市在工业化、城市化和国际化的推动下经济快速增长,引致了建设用地的扩张,年均增长率为3.14%。2001年后随着城市发展模式由单中心向多中心转换,建设用地呈加速扩展趋势。南京市建设用地扩展具有明显的沿长江和南北交通走廊轴向发展的特征。开发区和新城建设是南京市建设用地扩张的主要方式。区、县尺度的回归分析表明,人口增加、全球化是城镇工矿用地扩张的重要推手;经济的服务业化有利于土地集约利用,减少对用地的需求,这种影响在城区更大;在分权化竞争中,都市区政府具有更强的控制力。     

沈阳市部门企业地理集聚与城市结构

基于产业空间聚集分布情况探寻城市结构特征,是当前大都市区实证研究中的聚焦点所在,但由于方法论的限制而无法真正揭示产业地理集聚之间的内在关联性。基于已有研究基础,试图通过完善潜力模型、设置距离参数、结合主成分分析法实现对产业地理集聚测度方法论的完善与发展,并选取极具代表性大都市区核心城市——沈阳市为样本单元,以2008年的经济普查部门企业数据开展实证检验。结果表明：沈阳市部门企业之间除了交通运输、仓储和邮政中心产业属于地方化经济外,其余的均为企业关联;水利、环境和公共设施管理业产业依附于制造业呈临街抑或隔街集聚,而与公共管理和组织产业之间同街道集聚;支配主角之间,存在中心CBD主宰制造业的布局,而制造业又在很大程度上影响着交通运输、仓储和邮政中心的布局;企业地理集聚形成的城市结构依然是一个明显的“单中心圈层”结构,没有表现出“去中心化”抑或多极化或分散化演变趋势。研究成果与现实情况基本吻合,侧面说明该模式对揭示城市产业地理集聚模式以及由此形成的城市结构特征具有一定的解释力。     

北京大都市土地开发的乘数效应和增长模式研究

本依据1992－2000年北京地区2000多个土地开发项目统计资料，通过实证对城市土地空间开发的理论模式进行研究。结果表明，城市特定区域的土地开发，表现为乘数效应作用下的逻辑斯蒂增长。根据模型对各环线和扇面模拟的相关系数高达0．95以上。在此基础上，结合北京举办奥运会带来的巨大投资规模，预测北京大市土地开发的趋势。     

CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF WETLANDS ECOSYSTEM SERVICE IN SHANGHAI, CHINA

1INTRODUCTIONGlobally,wetlands are under heavy pressure.Despite of increasing recognition of the need to con-serve wetlands,losses have been continued.Onemain reason is that wetlands throughout the world areconsidered by many to be of little or no value,o…     

基于点状数据与GIS的广州大都市区产业空间格局

利用2004年数字城市数据,研究了广州大都市区产业内部、产业之间的空间关系,比较了广州大都市区中心城区和新城区各种产业的空间格局。将广州大都市区行业分为制造业、批发和运输、零售、生产服务业、房地产业、管理服务、教育、医疗保健及社会扶助和娱乐设施等10类。利用1 km2格网画出了各行业点状密度,并通过分区产业百分比及区位商分析了各产业企业的空间分布,中心城区的主导产业是管理服务、房地产、零售及金融保险等服务行业,而在新城区其主导功能是制造业、批发与运输及生产服务业等。利用平均最邻近距离分析广州大都市区中心城区和新城区各产业内企业之间的空间关系,广州大都市区各产业企业都呈凝聚分布,在中心城区金融行业分布最集中,其次是房地产、生产服务业、娱乐、管理服务等。利用邻近性指数分析了各产业之间的空间关系,发现生产服务业和管理服务业、教育和医疗保健与社会扶助、娱乐和零售等邻近性较大。     

ATLANTA IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS AGE: THE FIBER-OPTIC INFORMATION NETWORK

This paper addresses the role of the Atlanta metropolitan area as a telecommunications center based on the use of fiber optics. The major focus is on the intrametropolitan layout of this network, including fiber-optic access points, downtown and suburban fiber loops, and the location of data service and teleservice centers. The aim is to identify congruence between high-technology firms and fiber-optic lines that produce clustering within the metropolitan region. Atlanta has a dense fiber-optic infrastructure in place in the CBD-Midtown area and in several corporate clusters in the suburbs. A number of fiber-optic carriers compete in the Atlanta market—including BellSouth, with approximately 400,000 miles of fiber-optic cable—giving Atlanta more miles of optic fiber than any other metropolitan area in the United States. This extensive fiber network bestows fresh advantages to old downtown property and businesses and creates burgeoning opportunities in the suburbs as it literally undergirds the growth of edge cities at such locations as Perimeter Center and Cumberland-Galleria. Long-established Atlanta firms such as Coca-Cola have drawn fiber sites to themselves, whereas sites on fiber-optic loops attract new businesses seeking ready backbone and broadband access to other metropolitan areas in the United States and cities around the globe. This study also focuses on Atlanta's position within the U.S. intermetropolitan telecommunications hierarchy, where the metropolitan area ranks sixth in total number of backbone connections with other U.S. Metropolitan areas. [Key words: Atlanta, fiber optics, telecommunications.]     

基于约束性CA的大都市郊区城镇增长的情景模拟与管控——以武汉市江夏区为例

大都市郊区是快速城镇化进程中空间演变最为频繁、人地矛盾最为突出的区域,尤其在中国加快推进“就地就近”城镇化战略的背景下,把握大都市郊区小城镇土地利用时空变化过程及其演变机制,对制定科学合理的管控政策和优化都市空间结构具有重要的现实意义。约束性元胞自动机(constrained Cellular Automata, constrained CA)能够通过简单的规则模拟复杂的城市动态演化过程。本文将土地利用总体规划指标、城镇空间发展战略布局、土地利用开发适宜性等,嵌入约束性CA的转换规则中,采用Logistic逐步回归法分析土地利用空间影响因素,对严格约束下的武汉市江夏区2020年土地利用进行情景模拟分析,并提出城市增长管控手段。结果表明：①研究时段内,江夏区城镇用地呈低效外延式扩张,土地利用集约节约程度较低,其人口规模并未有较大增长,对主城区人口的分散作用尚未真正形成;②约束性CA在模拟大都市郊区演化方面具有较高的可靠性,能够真实反映近郊小城镇的未来空间布局与结构,模拟结果与土地利用规划和城市规划较为契合;③将规划目标导向与现实发展趋势下的模拟结果进行叠加分析,可确定城镇增长需求与规划指标调控间冲突的空间分布,从而划定土地督察的重点监测区域,为加强大都市近郊区的违法用地监查和土地利用管控提供先验的预警知识。     

基于EG模型的北京都市区生产性服务业地理集中研究

生产性服务业在都市区呈现集中分布状态,由于缺少统一理论指导和有效的分析工具及方法,长期以来有关生产性服务业地理集中的文献相对较少,且多局限于描述性分析。利用EG指数方法对北京都市区生产性服务业的地理集中及其集中根源进行实证检验。结果表明,在对空间集中进行了严格界定后,北京都市区层面的生产性服务业仍然是集中的,并且这种集中很大程度上是由聚集力量引起的,而非厂商随机选址的结果。