国际城市的分类、建设经验与启示

本文首先对国内外学者关于国际城市的分类研究进行梳理,认为不同地区、不同职能的城市通往国际城市的模式有所差异,城市规模与城市的国际影响力并无绝对的联系。以城市主要功能和在全球城市分工体系中承担的核心角色为依据,从这一新的视角将国际城市分为金融与管理型、混合性（含组合城市）、商贸与交通枢纽型、旅游与历史文化型和专业型5五种类型,进而通过对各类城市的建设经验进行总结,得出关于我国建设国际城市的启示。     

Globalisation, the Economic Crisis, and Small Enterprises in Makassar, Indonesia: Focusing on the Local Dimensions

It has been suggested that the economic crisis in Southeast Asia had a severe effect on small scale enterprises in the region. In this paper, I interpret the different consequences of this economic crisis ( krismon ) for small enterprises in the city of Makassar, Sulawesi, in the light of current globalisation debates. It is argued that for the majority of small enterprises, there have not been significant changes because of the relative isolation of Sulawesi within the Indonesian and global economies. However, for other small enterprises, there have been two significant changes indirectly linked to wider globalisation influences, because of the importance of conspicuous consumption amongst local cultural groups. In turn, this leads to an evaluation of both the strength of globalisation tendencies in the city, and the important influence of local cultural traits on the ways in which members of the local economy have responded to change.     

全球城市理论与中国的国际城市建设

全球城市是多因素作用的结果,研究范式由20世纪70年代的马克思主义政治经济学向全球与地区相互作用的范式转换。全球城市体系的划分从单一指标向经济与文化结合的多指标方向发展。但如何选取指标,如何进行指标的测量,如何确定各指标的权重分配以及如何采集城市间相互作用的数据与资料,都是全球城市研究要面对的重要问题。中国的全球城市建设要从全球城市体系的等级、位序规律出发,根据社会经济发展的实际,要有步骤、有目标、分阶段,稳步推进,逐步提升城市发展的层次,促进城市国际化的步伐,建设中国的国际城市。     

Global cities,cosmopolitanism, and geographies of tolerance

Scholarly attention devoted to global cities has emphasized their economic and political significance. Yet global cities are also deeply cultural and ideological in nature. Contrary to a long tradition of urban studies that views urban life as inherently alienating, this essay argues that the social and cultural diversity of global cities renders them mechanisms for the generation of tolerance and empathy. It opens with a brief review of global cities. Second, it traces the contours of cosmopolitanism as an ideology that fosters respect for social and cultural differences and a wider community of caring. Third, it reviews the empirical evidence of American global cities to make the case that their diversity leads them to generate a progressive cosmopolitan ethnics. It draws on the literature of social psychology, the work of Richard Florida, and indices of immigration, religious and linguistic diversity, homophobia, and voting patterns to substantiate the claim that cosmopolitan values are most evident and deeply rooted in globalized metropolitan centers.     

“村改居”后中小城市居民与迁入移民地方认同差异及其影响因素

村委会改为居委会或社区委员会（即“村改居”）给当地居民生活方式带来诸多变化,特别是迁入移民与本地居民的混合居住对当地居民的地方认同产生了重要影响,这两类居民在不断互动与融合中重新形成地方认同并成为乡村社会可持续发展的关键。文章以灵宝市Y社区为例,运用统计检验、因子分析法、质性研究方法探讨本地居民和迁入移民在地方认同方面的差异及其影响因素。研究发现：1）本地居民的地方认同水平高于移民居民,其差异主要体现在功能性的社区参与、情感性的社区意义以及决策性的去留意向方面;2）本地居民更加重视社区参与,移民居民虽然关心社区生活环境,但社区参与行为明显缺乏;本地居民和移民居民的情感认同分异显著,前者形成自我建构联结型情感认同,而后者产生他者凝视依附型的情感认同;去留意向表现出户籍-年龄异质性,本地居民比移民居民的去留意向更为明确,年轻居民搬离社区的意愿更强烈;3）地方认同差异是人地相互作用过程中,社区管理制度、地方自然、文化环境以及居民身份差异形成的结果。     

Outside the boundary - Land use changes in the surroundings of urban nature reserves

The importance of the landscape surrounding a protected area for sustaining its values is frequently discussed in conservation literature. Studies on the interactions of urbanisation and nature conservation at the global scale suggest that protected nature attracts urbanisation, and that this in turn might negatively impact the area. However, studies specifically addressing such land use dynamics at city scale are largely missing. In this study we examine the change in proportion of built up area in two zones (500 m and 1000 m) surrounding 15 urban nature reserves in southern Sweden. By using comprehensive maps from the last 50 years, we compared the zones to the overall urbanisation in the cities to reveal discrepancies in land use surrounding the nature reserves. We found that the amount of built up area in the buffer zones surrounding nature reserves followed the same trend as the corresponding cities and this relation was stable over time, although the positive relationship was not significant. The establishment of nature reserves had no detectable effect on surrounding land use, however two distinguished groups of reserves were identified with either more or less built up area in buffers zones compared to cities. These differences were related to specific local drivers such as land ownership, land use history and nature reserve location. In contrast to earlier studies at global scale, our study did not show that nature reserves attract urbanisation. Instead, we stress that the great variety of contextual factors at the city scale makes quantitative analysis of this kind extremely difficult. However, a general neglect from planning and nature conservation agencies to recognise nature reserves’ dependence on the surrounding landscape configuration could be detrimental to sustain their values in the long-term. Hence we suggest that zones surrounding nature-protected areas should be planned and managed according to local land use history and current landscape conditions to enable and enhance necessary cross-boundary interactions.     

A global analysis of cities’ geosocial temporal signatures for points of interest hours of operation

ABSTRACT

The temporal nature of humans interaction with Points of Interest (POIs) in cities can differ depending on place type and regional location. Times when many people are likely to visit restaurants (place type) in Italy, may differ from times when many people are likely to visit restaurants in Lebanon (i.e. regional differences). Geosocial data are a powerful resource to model these temporal differences in cities, as traditional methods used to study cross-cultural differences do not scale to a global level. As cities continue to grow in population and economic development, research identifying the social and geophysical (e.g., climate) factors that influence city function remains important and incomplete. In this work, we take a quantitative approach, applying dynamic time warping and hierarchical clustering on temporal signatures to model geosocial temporal patterns for Retail and Restaurant Facebook POIs hours of operation for more than 100 cities in 90 countries around the world. Results show cities’ temporal patterns cluster to reflect the cultural region they represent. Furthermore, temporal patterns are influenced by a mix of social and geophysical factors. Trends in the data suggest social factors influence unique drops in temporal signatures, and geophysical factors influence when daily temporal patterns start and finish.     

MAKING SUSTAINABLE CREATIVE/CULTURAL SPACE IN SHANGHAI AND SINGAPORE*

ABSTRACT. Shanghai and Singapore are two economically vibrant Asian cities that have recently adopted creative/cultural economy strategies. In this article I examine new spatial expressions of cultural and economic interests in the two cities: state‐vaunted cultural edifices and organically evolved cultural spaces. I discuss the simultaneous precariousness and sustainability of these spaces, focusing on Shanghai's Grand Theatre and Moganshan Lu and on Singapore's Esplanade—Theatres by the Bay and Wessex Estate. Their cultural sustainability is understood as their ability to support the development of indigenous content and local idioms in artistic work. Their social sustainability is examined in terms of the social inclusion and community bonds they engender; environmental sustainability refers to the articulation with the language of existing urban forms and the preservation of or improvements to the landscape. Although both Shanghai and Singapore demonstrate simultaneous precariousness and sustainability, Singapore's city‐state status places greater pressure on it to ensure sustainability than does Shanghai, within a much larger China in which Beijing serves as the cultural hearth while Shanghai remains essentially a commercial center.     

基于ESDA-GIS的城镇群体空间结构

基于ESDA-GIS的空间分析框架,利用江苏省1346个小城镇的统计数据,对其城镇群体空间结构进行了研究。首先对统计数据进行了概括性因子分析,抽取的规模与经济因子值的频率分布都是偏态的,且两因子之间不存在规模-效益的正相关性。随后,对小城镇群体的空间结构进行了探索性分析,由密度图显示:小城镇空间分布不均衡,其密度由东南部的沿长江、环太湖地区向西和向北递减。通过空间自相关测度分析得出:小城镇的经济因子的空间分布具有正相关性,呈现出空间集聚的特征;规模因子的空间相关特征不明显。最后,将小城镇的局域空间自相关系数按县(市、区)行政单元进行聚类,利用方差图的结论修正聚类结果,得出江苏省小城镇经济发展类型分区:三区、一环(带)、一片,即苏北中部地区、苏中及宁镇区、苏锡常地区、苏北边缘环带、睢宁片区,对应的经济发展类型分别为:弥漫发展型、极核发展型、集群发展型、过渡发展型、持续贫困型。     

World Cities in the Pacific Rim: A New Global Test of Regional Coherence

A new evaluation of the Pacific Rim concept is presented. The originality of this test for regional coherence is to be found in the basic units being analysed: cities instead of states. Based on a theoretical framework that identifies world city and world city network formation in terms of the office networks of advanced producer service firms, we use a principal components analysis to analyse a data set of 28 Pacific Rim cities and 46 global service firms. This identifies five main groupings of cities in terms of similar mixes of corporate service firms: a western Rim group; a group of ‘old Commonwealth’ cities; a market communist group of cities; Tokyo as a global city; and US cities as a specific separate group. These results confirm numerous earlier studies that were sceptical of the existence of a coherent Pacific Rim region. However, the particular approach adopted here allows us to identify the Pacific Rim generically as a particularly pernicious construct. We conclude that the Pacific Rim is a geographical chaotic conception.     

新世纪中国银行体制改革与地方银行机构 网点的空间分布 ——兼与全国性商业银行的比较

20世纪90年代以来,中国银行体制改革催生了以城市商业银行和农村商业银行为代表的地方银行,它们以中小企业和城乡居民为主要服务对象,弥补了全国性商业银行的市场空缺,在我国金融体系中发挥着日益重要的作用。对银行体制改革的分析发现,城市商业银行和农村商业银行从仅限于单一地区经营,到放开地域经营限制,允许跨区域设立分行后,两银行机构网点的数量呈现出快速增长趋势,其网点的地理分布在改革前后发生了较大变化。将两银行与全国性商业银行的网点分布进行对比发现,其总行布局与地方经济发展刺激下的金融需求有着更为密切的联系;两银行跨区域设立异地分行的区位选择具有较大差别：城市商业银行优先选择发达地区,而后采取全国性战略布局和区域性梯度式布局两种模式扩张;农村商业银行则优先考虑欠发达地区,然后主要以区域内跳跃式扩张。     

全球重构中尺度重组及其地域性管制实践研究

为解释20世纪70年代以来的全球重构现象,西方人文地理学经历了尺度转向并开展了尺度重组的理论和实证研究。“尺度重组”的常见含义有三类:抽象层面的社会建构基础上尺度的历史演变、具体层面的国家或城市尺度重组以及政治斗争视角的行动者对尺度的运用。这一概念具备4个基本要素或特征,即尺度的社会建构和动态演进、尺度重组同政治斗争的关联性、尺度重组的路径依赖性以及尺度重组同其他空间维度的关联性。基于当前理论和实证研究,尺度重组的典型地域性管制实践可归纳为行政权限调整、行政区划调整、地方增长极的培育和跨边界区域合作。     

全球和地方力量对中国城市制造业增长的影响

企业动态是中国制造业空间重构的微观基础。采用中国制造业企业数据,根据新企业成立和就业净增长的关系,把中国城市划分为创业型、旋转门型、惯例型和缓增型4类增长模式,描述其在2003—2008年和2008—2013年的时空变化。发现受全球金融危机影响,东部外向型制造业核心区的城市新企业成立不足,现有企业增长乏力,制造业就业增长率下降,由惯例型转变为缓增型;在国内市场潜力不断提高的背景下,东部的相对欠发达地区和中部地区的城市持续吸引了大量新企业成立,并推动制造业就业快速增长,由旋转门型转变为创业型。论文建立“全球力量和地方力量”的分析框架,采用多项Logit模型揭示全球力量和地方力量对中国城市制造业增长模式在2个时期的不同影响。研究发现：全球力量中的出口导向和地方力量中的集聚经济对中国城市制造业增长的影响经历了从向心力到离心力的转变;全球力量中的出口导向和地方力量中的小企业比重和产业结构的影响此消彼长,体现了“全球-地方”联系。     

Local Uniqueness in the Global Village: Heritage Tourism in Singapore

It is commonly assumed that the development of tourist attractions, the formulation of tourism policies, and the marketing of destination areas are dictated by the needs and interests of foreign visitors. What is ignored is the role that local factors and agencies play in these processes. This paper explores the way local and non-local factors are responsible for shaping the form and function of tourism development. Drawing upon the case of Singapore, I examine the country's heritage tourism phenomenon as the outcome of “local” and “global” forces. This argument is elaborated along three lines of enquiry. They include: (a) a study of the government's tourism policies; (b) an examination of marketing and promotional strategies; and (c) a look at a particular urban landscape—the Little India Historic District. To conceptualize the global-local nexus, the paper embraces two bodies of theory. They are the “locality concept” advanced by industrial geographers in the 1980s, and writings on “globalism/localism” by cultural/economic geographers in the 1990s. Both theoretical discussions reinforce the argument that place uniqueness need not be sacrificed as a result of globalization. They also provide a way of viewing tourism geographies as the product of global and local forces.     

Operation Fly Trap: L.A. Gangs,Drugs, and the Law. Susan A. Phillips

Globalization is constituted not only through interurban networks of global city regions, but also by intraurban linkages within city regions. In this article, we use the Madrid city region as a case study to analyze the emergence of new “globalization arenas”—dense agglomeration nodes of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBSs)—on the outskirts of large metropolises (METs). We focus on two distinct types of centers. New employment centers (NECs) are produced by intrametropolitan suburbanization and realignment of preexisting small agglomerations. Historic administrative cities (HACs) are created by suprametropolitan scale processes remaking historically autonomous centers beyond the MET, which are only now being articulated in metropolitan transformation. We use statistical, cartographic, and econometric techniques to analyze proximity and economic base characteristics of NECs and HACs. As KIBSs continue to evolve in patterns of decentralized concentration, HACs are becoming more important KIBS nodes amidst complex landscapes of functional specialization and repositioning.     

(Trans)national Bodies, (Trans)national Languages and the Transformation of Local Urban Space

This paper discusses some of the ways that international students, particularly those from East Asia, are involved in the transformation of urban space in Auckland City. Using existing economic reports, local media accounts and the author's initial observations, the paper identifies how the embodied and linguistic practices of international students are involved in the changing landscapes of Auckland's inner city. This cursory reading serves to identify a research agenda and to reflect upon some key theoretical textxs. The insights of Arjun Appadurai, Michael Peter Smith and Ulrich Beck are used to suggest that the changes in Auckland, whilst certainly local, are also influenced fry factors that emerge from beyond the borders of international students' origin communities, cities and nations.     

Second-Hand Spaces: Restructuring Retail Geographies in an Era of E-Commerce

Are online markets replacing or remaking second-hand markets in cities? The restructuring of secondary markets in light of virtual outlets like eBay is not well understood. In this article, we describe secondary markets and their important historic, economic, cultural, and social roles in cities. The literature on e-Commerce suggests that virtual retailers compete with bricks-and-mortar stores and potentially displace them. We question whether the internet can substitute for second-hand stores, which have traditionally relied on a loyal and local customer base, personalized shopping experiences, and surprise encounters. Given the historically embedded nature of exchange, we focus on one large Mid-western city, drawing upon survey and interview data from Chicago retailers. Our exploration of supply, demand, and geographic practices reveals subtle and complex alterations in second-hand exchange, rather than a displacement of second-hand markets by eBay. We also find substantive integration, fluidity, and hybridization within and across market sectors. Rather than supplant the production of new goods, secondary markets are intertwined with and deepen primary markets, calling into question some of the presumed benefits of and meanings associated with second-hand exchange as well as the usefulness of categorical distinctions. [Key words: secondary markets, second-hand, resale, thrift, e-commerce, eBay.]     

中国电子信息制造业时空格局演化及影响因素

为探究后经济危机时期中国电子信息制造业的时空变化及其影响因素,基于基尼系数、空间相关性分析、负二项回归模型等方法,采用天眼查企业数据库以及相关城市统计年鉴数据,对2009－2018年中国电子信息制造业时空格局演化及影响因素进行分析,结果表明：1）中国电子信息制造业稳步发展,由出口导向转为内需拉动。2）企业主要集中在珠三角、长三角地区,长江中游城市群蓄势待发,中部及川渝地区的城市发展迅猛而东北地区陷入发展困境,企业空间分布存在显著的空间正相关关系。3）深圳、东莞等城市一直为产业重要集聚区,城市两级分化严重。3）总体上,企业更倾向于选址在产业协同集聚程度高、创新能力强、劳动力成本较高而经济后发城市;在城市群尺度,不同因素对不同城市群存在异质性,反映产业发展水平、特点存在很大差异,长三角企业偏好创新能力高、产业市场化水平高且交通基础设施完善的城市,珠三角企业偏好劳动力成本高的城市,京津冀城市偏好劳动力成本高且交通基础设施完善的城市,成渝地区企业偏好产业市场化水平高且创新能力弱的后发城市,长江中游城市偏好劳动力成本高的后发城市。     

Planning and Local Economies in Navi Mumbai: Processes of Growth and Governance

The objective of this article is to situate the development of unplanned settlements in the newly planned city of Navi Mumbai (New Bombay) in terms of the increasing contradictions in global interconnectedness experienced by the larger Mumbai (Bombay) metropolitan region. The article distinguishes between a global and a local economy operating in the urban region. Using the governance approach to urban poverty in Third World cities, it highlights the complex spatial patterning of the local economy, which is comprised of nonpermanent shelters of a floating migrant population, permanent slums and shanties and villages that predate the new city. What is stressed is that the "poor" do not constitute a homogeneous interest group but are separated among other factors by their residential status and length of stay in the city. Second, both patron-client relations as well as activism are used as strategies to garner a livelihood and shelter in the new city.     

耦合网络视角下长三角地区紧凑性的演化特征

区域紧凑作为紧凑城市理念在更大空间尺度的扩展,指通过城市间有效的相互作用,实现区域一体化发展的地理空间模式。论文以长三角地区为实证对象,基于高铁和城际大巴2种交通出行方式构建区域耦合网络,选取最短出行时间和出行路径评估城市间作用关系的紧凑程度,从全局网络复杂性、核心—边缘结构演化、局部模体结构等层面系统考察长三角地区紧凑性的演化特征。研究发现,长三角地区城市紧凑性在全局层面存在明显的分异特征,随着时间推移,紧凑性分布的不均衡现象逐步突出,空间上的集聚特征趋于显著;局部层面上,紧凑性处于从集聚向均衡的成长阶段,稳定状态下易形成低成本的局部高聚类特征,就城市个体而言,由局部结构涌现的角色类别表现出多样性选择机制。与已有研究相比,论文将紧凑性与出行网络有机衔接,从关系视角为区域紧凑性探索提供了有益尝试。