中国城市行政地域与实体地域的空间差异及优化整合

中国的城市界定与行政区划紧密关联。根据2010年人口普查数据,系统分析不同尺度城市行政地域与城市实体地域的界定及其空间差异。主要结论：① 按照直辖市或地级市、设区的市和不设区的市、设街道的市和不设街道的市的层级,城市行政地域范围依次收缩,但是都大于城市实体地域范围。按照实体地域界定,2010年中国城市人口仅占30.18%。② 城市实体地域更能客观地反映城市位序规模的分布状态,而按照城市行政地域会导致规模或排序偏差。③ 未来在行政区划调整时,着重考虑撤县设市、增设地级市、确立乡级行政区划调整标准等,在建立城市实体地域时,可从独立市辖区、县城、特大镇等方面优化,并加强统计信息公开。     

An Urban Policy Framework for Culture-oriented Economic Development: Lessons from the Netherlands

Over the past few decades, culture and creativity have been at the center of the shift in urban economies toward the non-material and the relational. In the new "cultural-economic" paradigm, the hypermobile class of creative workers and symbolic mediators is considered the vanguard of the knowledge society, and is nurtured and competed for by an increasing number of ambitious city governments. However, the integration of creative talent into the urban economy is not without problems: many cities are rapidly coming to realize that "traditional" approaches to economic development offer little help in the case of cultural industries, and that their impacts could be short-lived or socially ambivalent. More insight is thus needed into the dynamic relationships between culture and urban development, and on their implications for policymaking. This study is an attempt to build such knowledge, using qualitative information on four Dutch cities that have chosen culture as one of the spearheads of urban policy: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Eindhoven.     

中国城市市辖区的空间结构及演化机制

本文提出了市辖区6种空间结构类型：圈层式、组合式、并排式、独立式、包围式及飞地式,并总结了6种类型的主要特征。通过对中国市辖区分布格局及演变分析,发现城市规模等级越高,市辖区数量越多、人口密度越大。6种类型城市分布情况为圈层式结构城市集中在东部地区,组合式结构城市在东北地区分布最密,独立式结构城市大多分布于中西部,包围式结构城市中部地区最多,并排式和飞地式结构城市在全国分布比较均衡。市辖区空间结构的一般演化路径为“独立式-并排式-组合式-圈层式”,圈层式结构会继续优化,通过“内城合并、外城扩张”向第三、四圈层发展。文章最后分析了增设、拆分与合并市辖区三种行政区划调整方式的影响因素及作用机制。     

江苏省人口—经济耦合与经济发展阶段关联分析

运用灰色关联法建立耦合系统评价指标体系,构建人口与经济耦合关联模型,以江苏省县域为研究单元,基于第五次及第六次人口普查数据,定量评判人口与经济发展的耦合类型及特征,并将其与经济发展阶段相联系,研究耦合类型与不同经济发展阶段的变化规律。结果表明:2000年江苏省处于工业化初期,各县域大致划分为低水平(14个)、拮抗型(29个)、磨合型(20个)3种类型耦合区;2010年全省处于工业化中期向后期过渡阶段,各县域分为拮抗型(40个)、磨合型(11个)和协调型(12个)3种类型耦合区;耦合类型空间分布以长江为界,苏南与苏北两极分化明显,长江以北耦合类型水平较低,长江两岸耦合类型中等,长江以南耦合类型水平较高。从人口与经济发展耦合类型和经济发展阶段变化间的关联来看,在市场开放的条件下,区域的耦合类型随着经济发展阶段的升级而依次升级,经济发展阶段越高,人口与经济耦合程度越高,其耦合类型与经济发展水平在空间上则越趋向于协调一致。     

山东省人口空间分布格局的多尺度分析

人口空间分布具有一定的尺度依赖性,从不同尺度上对人口空间分布格局进行分析,可以更确切、真实地揭示人口的空间分布规律,为制定区域发展规划、灾害评价、环境保护等提供科学依据。本文以山东省为研究区,运用空间自相关方法和统计相关分析方法,比较市级、县级、1 km三个尺度上人口分布的空间自相关性及其与环境—经济因子的统计相关性,试图探讨不同尺度下人口的空间分布模式及影响(指示)因素,从不同尺度揭示人口的空间分布格局特征。结果表明:①从不同尺度对人口的空间分布格局进行分析,可以得到从宏观到微观不同详细程度的信息。从市级尺度分析,可以得到山东省整体的人口空间分布特征;从县级尺度分析,可以得到山东省各市内部的人口空间分布特征;从1 km尺度分析,可以得到山东省各县内部的人口空间分布特征。②不同尺度上,人口的空间分布格局特征不同。市级和县级尺度上,人口分布受环境—经济因子的影响表现出与一些因子显著相关,而受空间集聚的作用较小;1 km尺度上,人口分布与环境—经济因子的相关性较小,而主要受空间集聚的作用,在县内部,人口往往集中分布于某一区域,呈现出典型的集聚分布模式。     

中国城镇化进程中的空间集聚、机理及其科学问题

构建科学合理的城镇化空间格局,是推进新型城镇化的内在要求,对提升城镇化质量和推动城镇化健康发展具有重要意义。基于统计数据和地理信息技术,深刻揭示了中国城镇化进程中的空间集聚态势及其造成的突出矛盾,从理论视角综合考察了城镇化进程中的空间集聚形成机理,并简要探讨了优化城镇化空间格局的政策建议。研究表明,改革开放以来中国城镇化进程中的空间集聚态势十分明显,人口、资源、要素和产业大规模向东部沿海地区集聚,并在空间上形成了若干个城市和人口密集区。造成这种空间集聚态势的因素是多方面的,自然本底条件和资源禀赋的地带性差异起到基础性作用,国家发展战略的东部偏向及资源要素的空间集聚效应是外部条件,而更深层次的基本动力源于区域之间日益拉大的发展差距。应该看到,改革开放以来中国人口与产业向东部地区集聚具有一定的历史必然性,但二者的空间集聚未能协同一致,由此导致两个“不协调”,即人口分布与产业及就业岗位分布的不协调及人口、经济分布与资源环境承载能力的不协调。这两个“不协调”造成了数以亿计的“两栖”农民工跨区域迁移、能源与大宗商品的跨区域流动、局部地区资源环境面临巨大压力、不稳定因素和社会矛盾日益激化等突出问题。要构建高效、均衡、安全的城镇化空间格局,其本质就是要实现区域协调发展,即不单纯要强调人的繁荣,还要强调地域的繁荣。“产业西进”和“人口东移”是优化中国城镇化空间格局和形态的战略重点。     

ETHNIC NEIGHBORHOODS AND URBAN REVITALIZATION: CAN EUROPE USE THE AMERICAN MODEL?

ABSTRACT. Ethnic neighborhoods have long been used to facilitate urban revitalization in older, inner‐city neighborhoods in American cities, but this strategy is much less common in European cities. This is especially surprising because immigrants make up a significant percentage of the population in a large number of those cities. This article explores the role that a largely invented Little Italy has played in revitalizing a section of downtown San Diego in contrast to the difficulty of creating such districts in European cities. The question posed here is, Will this contrast in approaches and outcomes remain indefinitely, or will the use of ethnically themed revitalization strategies become more alike as globalization and the expansion of the European Union serve to lessen historic ethnic tensions and increase the number of distinctive immigrant districts in Europe?     

转型期煤炭资源型城市空间重构——以淮南市、淮北市为例

以淮南市、淮北市4次城市规划中土地利用现状图为基础,运用ArcGIS软件对案例城市空间结构演化进程进行可视化表达和计量分析,揭示了煤炭资源型城市空间结构演化的过程、特征。通过对不同时点、不同用地类型的叠置分析,基于城市主要用地类型间的置换规模、频度、广度、强度及空间邻近关系,总结出商—居置换重构、商—工置换重构、居—工置换重构、工—居置换重构4种空间重构模式。当前,煤炭资源型城市以商—居置换重构和居—工置换重构为主,其空间置换面积大、频率高。最后,分析了经济发展、产业演替、体制改革、城市化、环境保护以及城市规划6个因素对煤炭资源型城市空间重构的影响,认为煤炭资源型城市内部空间重构是一种自我修复过程。     

上海市上市企业总部的区位分布与影响机制

大企业总部在城市内部的分布既受城市发展的影响,又是重塑城市空间格局的重要力量。基于历年上海市上市公司数据,探讨上海市的上市公司总部区位分布特征及影响因素。上市企业总部在上海呈显著的中心型分布,多数总部集聚在中心区,且总部密度随到城市中心距离的增加而迅速降低。企业总部分布还呈现强烈的接近交通干道和开发区集聚的倾向。计量模型结果表明,企业所有制条件、上市时间、企业规模、行业类型显著影响上市企业总部的区位分布,通常国有企业、规模较大的企业和上市时间较早的企业更倾向于布局在中心城区区位条件更加优越的地区,形成总部分布的二元结构。市场化改革和规划下不同类型企业的主从秩序可以解释这种企业总部分布的核心边缘二元结构。     

基于空间公平理论的公共交通服务评价——以深圳市为例

使用空间无关的公平性衡量指数评价公交服务时,会忽视公交服务需求与供给的空间分布特征.为解决此问题,论文提出基于空间公平理论的公交服务评价框架,即通过构建综合基尼系数与莫兰指数的空间公平评价方法,实现整体尺度公交服务评价;通过对分析单元上相对需求与相对供给变量的匹配关系、空间差距进行分析,实现局部尺度公交服务评价,对整体...     

转型时期广州城市公共服务设施空间分析

通过构建城市公共服务设施空间分布综合公平指数模型,借助三维模拟及GIS空间自相关技术,探讨了广州城市公共服务设施空间分布格局、公平性特征及其形成机制.结果表明:广州城市公共服务设施空间分布呈核心-边缘格局,区域供给规模差异大且与人口分布不相协调,区际及不同类型设施的空间聚集水平差异显著;城市公共服务设施空间分布综合公平...     

SOCIAL RELATIONS SPATIALLY FIXED: CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN SAN ANTONIO,TEXAS

ABSTRACT. More than 140 court cases filed in the United States between 1970 and 2003 argued that unacceptable and unconstitutional funding disparities exist among school districts in most states. In those arguments, stories, statistics, and maps are used to compare various school districts to prove that conditions are indeed unequal. Both sides—plaintiff and defendant—use such information to disprove each other's contentions. In so doing, each assumes that the political spaces of the school districts are absolute, timeless, and independent. Failure to recognize that these spaces—the school districts—are not objective but, in fact, constitutive of the class and race relations actually being argued and debated in court further legitimates local geographies of privilege and deprivation. I examine the formation of the school districts around San Antonio, Texas to illustrate that these districts are far from independent of one another and were formed to isolate privileged communities from the rest of the city. A relational view of space‐time allows such spaces as school districts to assume a political role, as opposed to the absolute, independent spaces they now represent.     

多维视角下京津冀地区人口集疏时空变化

城镇化过程中,人口集疏是区域空间结构演化的根本动力。基于四普、五普、六普及2015年人口抽样数据,从多维视角分析京津冀地区近25年人口空间分布特征与集疏态势,研究发现：①京津冀地区人口总体分布仍呈西南稠密而东北稀疏格局,交通干线沿线人口地理集中度高;1990—2015年区县尺度上数量差异加剧,且在空间上存在强相关性：人口热点分布呈现以京、津和沿海区域为轴的“T”形结构,冷点区域则小幅扩张呈“C”形结构;②1990—2015年,京、津两市人口集疏空间表现出明显圈层特性,且人口扩散表现“核心-边缘”特性;河北各市人口集中在市辖区,且其周边区县人口流失程度呈阶段性加重。③综合城市规模等级与行政等级视角,城市规模与行政等级挂钩,城市行政等级越高其人口规模越大,人口集聚能力越强;主体功能分区视角下,开发区人口份额在提高,生态功能区人口份额在下降;京津冀地区人口集疏空间在2010年后发生转变,向沿海地区集聚趋势突出,表现出显著临海性。     

中国城市群空间结构的演化与影响因素——基于人口分布的形态单中心—多中心视角

城市群是未来中国城镇化的主要空间载体,研究城市群空间结构的演化特征和影响因素具有重要意义。已有文献较少从形态单中心—多中心视角研究中国城市群空间结构的演化和影响因素,而且通常采用户籍人口而非常住人口测度城市群空间结构,导致测量误差。为解决这个问题,本文采用基于人口普查的常住人口数据进行分析,并运用联合国数据对结果进行佐证。以已有文献采用客观标准界定的13个城市群为样本,使用规模-位序法则测度城市群的形态单中心—多中心程度,探究城市群的空间结构演化趋势和影响因素。结果发现,1980年代以来大多数城市群的空间结构呈现多中心化趋势;人均GDP水平的提高和人口规模的增加是导致城市群空间结构多中心化的主要原因。因此,政府对于空间结构偏多中心的城市群,应强化城市间的交通联系和政策一体化,获取更大的发展红利;对于个别处于单中心化阶段的城市群,政策导向则避免过早地多中心化。     

郑州市旅游资源空间格局特征及便利度评价

以国家中心城市郑州的旅游类兴趣点数据为基础,运用核密度分析、标准差椭圆分析、空间相关性分析等GIS空间分析方法,对郑州市旅游资源空间格局特征及便利度进行分析,为郑州市旅游空间布局规划决策提供科学依据。研究结果表明:(1)郑州市旅游资源空间分布不均衡,整体上表现为“北多南少、北密南疏”的格局,呈现出面状集聚和点状分布并存的局面,市辖区的旅游资源远多于其他区县;(2)郑州市旅游资源相对较分散,各类旅游资源主要沿“东南-西北”“东北-西南”的方向分布,且存在一定的向心性;(3)餐饮、酒店、交通等服务设施与不同城市旅游资源类型的空间匹配度不同,其中交通设施与旅游资源的空间匹配度最高,旅游资源倾向于分布在交通发达、食宿方便的区域;(4)郑州市旅游资源便利度在空间上表现为“中间高,四周低,城区连片,郊区分散”的整体格局。     

The Assassination of New York. Bob Fitch; From Redlining to Reinvestment: Community Responses to Urban Disinvestment. Gregory D. Squires,editor; At Road’s End Transportation and Land Use Choices for Communihs. Daniel Carlson et al.

This study disentangles the relationship between income and real estate value development in Dutch urban neighborhoods. Within the literature on upgrading and downgrading, it is often assumed that neighborhood income and real estate value development are strongly linked. The results reported here—based on research in Amsterdam, The Hague, and Tilburg—indicate that income and real estate values develop simultaneously in only a relatively small number of neighborhoods, which are at the top and bottom of the housing market hierarchy. The majority reveal a more complex relationship: a number of neighborhoods show a time lag between the trends, whereas in other neighborhoods income and real estate values show partially diverging trends. Several tentative explanations are offered for the complex relationship, and stress the importance of place-specific knowledge. Three points of attention are suggested for further research: understanding the role of household dynamics, the position of neighborhoods within their urban system, and the role of the state and housing associations in neighborhood change.     

基于RS/GIS的珠海市城市空间扩展

以珠海市为研究区域,基于RS/GIS数据源,将多个时段TM遥感影像解译成土地利用现状图,研究1973-2008年珠海市城市空间扩展。结果表明：（1）1973-1988年是珠海市城市发展的初期,飞地式扩展占新增城市用地面积的84.51%,边缘式扩展的比例为12.76%,而填充式扩展为2.71%;（2）1988-1998、1998-2008年分别是城市发展的“扩散”阶段和“边缘扩张”阶段,飞地式扩展开始沿着交通线在金湾和斗门两区范围内大幅扩散,全市以飞地式扩展为主,边缘式和填充式扩展比例较低;（3）从政策和经济两方面分析影响珠海市城市空间扩展的驱动力因素,其中政策因素对珠海市的城市发展有着重要影响,从特区设立开始,到后来的特区扩容,珠海的发展深深地刻上了特区政策的烙印;经济驱动是珠海市城市发展的重要因素,其与人口增长因素是导致珠海市城市空间扩展的最直接驱动力。     

基于社会属性的北京市居民群体空间自相关分析

以北京市各街道居民为调查研究对象,利用问卷调查数据,使用因子生态分析和空间自相关分析技术,将被调查人群综合性地分为五类,即低潜力差现状型人群、高潜力差现状型人群、高潜力中现状型人群、中潜力中现状型人群和高潜力优现状型人群。通过对不同类人群的总体和局部空间自相关分析,得出结论:居民群体空间聚集现象明显。其中低潜力差现状型人群在通州、黑庄户等街道聚集,高潜力差现状型人群在以东直门街道为圆心的一个扇形区域聚集,中潜力中现状型人群多居住于中心城区,高潜力中现状型人群多在天通苑、四季青一带和南苑街道附近聚集,高潜力优现状型人群主要聚集在四季青至永定路街道的区域。     

An analysis of urban spatial structure using comprehensive prominence of irregular areas

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new notion on prominent areas of a city defined by two types of comprehensive prominence for identifying urban spatial structure. Not only geometric attributes and topological attributes but also thematic attributes of irregular areas (e.g. districts of a city) are used to define these indices. In the paper, first the topological prominence related to geometric attributes such as size, location, and shape of areas is constructed by spatial weight matrix. Second, for finding comprehensive prominences, the principle axis factor model is adopted, and the first factor score is defined as the comprehensive prominence 1. Then, the proportion of thematic attributes of each area occupied in across the city is used to define the comprehensive prominence 2. Finally, we use these comprehensive prominences to extract some important regions in Matsudo City of Chiba Prefecture in Japan. The areas composing those regions show a high topological prominence, have a large population, have many offices, and are located around the train station.     

Fast food and liquor store density,co-tenancy,and turnover: Vice store operations in Chicago, 1995–2008

Fast food restaurants and liquor stores—vice stores—have been shown to be more prevalent in predominantly Black and low income U.S. neighborhoods, and are associated with a number of health risks and social ills. The purpose of this study was to investigate in the City of Chicago vice store density and spatial distribution as a function of racial, socioeconomic, and other population characteristics; to examine spatial clustering among these outlets; and to study how store turnover follows population change over a 13-year period. We used spatial point process analysis to fit linear and non-linear models for the intensity function of stores. Spatial clustering was estimated using the K function. We found heterogeneous associations between stores and population characteristics, with the most consistent finding being a positive association between percent Black and liquor store exposure. A high degree of spatial clustering was evident, and liquor stores were more likely to stay in business over time than fast food restaurants. However, when liquor stores closed, they were more likely to be replaced by non-vice businesses. Results suggest that vice stores are associated with lower positions in racial and socioeconomic hierarchies, and this patterning is often durable over time.