多中心空间结构的通勤效率——上海和杭州的实证研究

依据多中心空间结构的理想通勤模式构建通勤距离分布的理论模型,将实测结果与理论模型做比较,检验通勤效率。研究以上海和杭州为对象,发现：① 多中心空间结构确实有助于缩短通勤距离,但随着与就业中心距离增加,就业中心对缩短通勤距离的正效应逐渐减弱;② 社会经济发展水平更高的上海,其多中心空间结构的通勤效率比杭州发挥得更好。研究讨论了城市规模、多中心的实施时间、住房市场等对通勤效率的影响：上海的多中心空间结构发展更加成熟、租赁房源比例更高,为维持城市正常运转必须有更高效的交通组织,且居民确实经历了更长时间、有更多住房选择来调整职住空间以缩短通勤距离;杭州的城市功能尚处在完善中,多中心空间结构的通勤效率还未完全发挥作用。     

Modeling Commuting Patterns in Chicago in a GIS Environment: A Job Accessibility Perspective

Using the newly released Census for Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) 1990, this research utilizes GIS tools to explain intraurban variations of commuting in Chicago at the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level. While commute times are directly available from the CTPP, commute distances are derived from the shortest time distances through real‐world road networks. GIS surface modeling is used to help identify the major employment center (CBD) and other subcenters. The explanations of commute times and distances are attempted by various measures of job accessibility: the jobs‐housing balance ratio defined in a floating catchment area, distances from the CBD and subcenters, and a gravity‐based index that takes the effects of all jobs into account. These measurements better explain how far people commute than how much time they spend on commuting. The best model explains over 50% of the variation of commuting among 7,835 TAZs. This is a significant improvement over existing literature, which at best explained less than 30 percent.     

Modeling Commuting Patterns in Chicago in a GIS Environment: A Job Accessibility Perspective

Using the newly released Census for Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) 1990, this research utilizes GIS tools to explain intraurban variations of commuting in Chicago at the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level. While commute times are directly available from the CTPP, commute distances are derived from the shortest time distances through real-world road networks. GIS surface modeling is used to help identify the major employment center (CBD) and other subcenters. The explanations of commute times and distances are attempted by various measures of job accessibility: the jobs-housing balance ratio defined in a floating catchment area, distances from the CBD and subcenters, and a gravity-based index that takes the effects of all jobs into account. These measurements better explain how far people commute than how much time they spend on commuting. The best model explains over 50% of the variation of commuting among 7,835 TAZs. This is a significant improvement over existing literature, which at best explained less than 30 percent.     

Racial Variations in Males' Commuting Times in Atlanta: What Does the Evidence Suggest?*

Using a sample from the comparatively most privileged group of black males, those married and living with a working spouse, this article investigates how race‐based residential locations and the spatial structure of labor markets affect commuting experiences. This research uses the most sophisticated commuting data available at the time the research was conducted, the 1990 5 percent Public‐Use Microdata Samples for the Atlanta Metropolitan Area, and again confirms severe spatial mismatch problems for central‐city blacks, regardless of socioeconomic status, household formation, and access to automobiles. However, the situation with black males living in suburban areas differs significantly as those in the southern (predominantly black) suburbs show considerable evidence of spatial mismatch, whereas the northern (predominantly white) suburbs show no such evidence.     

Commuting and Gender in Italy: A Methodological Issue*

Commuting in Italy has always been addressed without regard to gender differences. Following the issuance of a comprehensive database by the National Statistical Institute, it is now possible to analyze gender differences in personal mobility for the first time in Italy. For our analyses we used Local Labor Systems (LLS) zoning in lieu of administrative zoning. LLSs are territorial subdivisions based on the principle of a self‐contained labor market and are widely used in Italy. This article also reports the results of a multidimensional data analysis aimed at highlighting relations between different gender‐based commuting patterns and a set of variables (education level, age, household structure, occupational category, and position, etc.). The analysis points out gender differences in the relationship among commuting and socioeconomic characteristics, reveals that these relationships are in turn related to the economic structure and geographical context of different regional labor markets, and suggests to analysts that they be sensitive to singular context when interpreting the meaning of gender differences in commuting.     

Effects of Married-Couple Dual-Earner Households on Metropolitan Commuting: Evidence from the Atlanta Metropolitan Area

The idea of creating a balance between jobs and housing within different commuter catchment areas of a metropolis has been a prominent approach for reducing traffic congestion, air pollution, and journey-to-work times. Married-couple, dual-earner households, in which both spouses are employed, have been identified as an obstacle to the job-housing balance concept because of their constrained ability to choose a residential location near both workplaces. However, this has not yet been conclusively tested. Drawing on the 2000 5% PUMS dataset for metropolitan Atlanta, this article examines the commuting behavior of such households relative to single-earner households. The results challenge the dominant assumption that the average commutes of married-couple, dual-earner households are necessarily longer than those of single-earner households. In fact, after controlling for all forms of socioeconomic factors in the analysis, this study shows there are either no significant differences, or if there are, the average commutes of single-earner households are longer. It is a lack of affordable housing near job locations, or vice versa, and not the presence of dual-earner households, that should be blamed for lengthening commuting time and difficulties in implementing job-housing balances.     

Commuting behaviour and urban form: a longitudinal study of a polycentric urban region in Denmark

This paper is an empirical investigation of the relation between urban form and commuting behaviour in a polycentric urban region. It explores to what extent urban form and location variables help to explain commuting time, distance and mode based on an empirical case, East Jutland, which is a polycentric urban region in Denmark. Data from the National Transport Survey of Denmark were used for this quantitative analysis and two time periods were selected to highlight any potential changes over time. Empirical findings indicate that urban form and location variables help to explain the three selected aspects of commuting. However, urban form variables have greater explanatory power in explaining commuting modes than commuting time and commuting distance. No general trends in commuting were detectable from the data. Finally, the empirical findings revealed specificities of the case study. For instance, two of the important findings are that the distance to the closest urban centre is an important factor which affects the three selected aspects of commuting, while the distance from the residence to the closest large city (i.e. second-ranked city) is associated with a relatively short commuting distance in East Jutland.     

北京市职住空间错位对居民通勤行为的影响分析——基于就业可达性与通勤时间的讨论

基于问卷调查的非汇总数据、第五次人口普查和第一次经济普查数据,测度了北京城市124 个街道的就业可达性,并作为职住空间错位的标度指标,讨论了职住空间错位与居民通勤时间之间的关系。研究发现：① 北京城市中心区的就业可达性高于郊区,高就业可达性的街道主要集中在二环以内及东二环至东四环的东北一隅。② 全体样本的回归分析发现,在控制社会经济属性与住房状况等条件下,街道就业可达性对通勤时间的影响并不显著,但就业可达性平方与居民通勤时间存在负向相关关系。③ 分收入组来看,中高收入组两变量影响均不显著,中低收入组和低收入组就业可达性对通勤时间的影响显著,表现为通勤时间与就业可达性为正向相关,与就业可达性平方为负向相关,说明一定的阈值范围内居住街道就业可达性的提高鼓励居民延长通勤时间,但超过一定阈值后则限制居民长时间通勤。该结果与西方城市研究的研究结论不同,反映出中国城市处于空间重构和转型期的独特性。但二者的共同点是低收入居民等弱势群体更容易受城市职住关系的结构性变化的制约,城市规划和住房政策应更加重视通过公共服务设施的空间配置消减低收入居民面临的空间障碍。     

Job/Housing Imbalance and Commuting Time in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area: Exploration of Causes of Longer Commuting Time

Commuting is the major source of congestion and air pollution in the United States. For almost a decade, urban policy-makers have been concerned about the geographical balance between locations of jobs and housing as a strategy for reducing traffic congestion and air pollution in American cities. Despite the popularity and apparent acceptance of the job/housing (J/H) imbalance concept among public policy-makers, little empirical research has been done on the J/H imbalance and how it relates to commuting patterns. This research examines commuting patterns in the Atlanta metropolitan area to determine the extent to which commuting flow volume is the result of an imbalance between the location of home and workplace by using the most sophisticated and largest geographical scale data provided by the 1990 U.S. Census of Transportation Planning Package. This paper uses a Geographic Information System (GIS) to measure the job/housing imbalance within a commuting catchment area having a 7-mile radius from the centroid of each Transportation Analysis Zone. Analysis of variance, stepwise multiple regression and cartographic evidence all confirm the relationship between the imbalance of jobs and housing (J/H) and mean travel time to work. This investigation highlights the fact that the imbalance between the location of jobs and housing is the most important determinant for longer commuting and suggests that higher quality housing growth close to the job-rich communities may benefit the workers to economize the commuting time.     

基于GPS数据的城市居民通勤弹性研究——以北京市郊区巨型社区为例

通勤是居民出行行为的重要组成部分,受到地理、规划、交通等领域的广泛关注,已有对通勤的研究多利用问卷调查数据,定位技术与信息通信技术为个体行为时空数据的采集带来了新的契机。本研究关注个体在不同工作日中通勤的可变性,将活动弹性的概念引入对通勤行为的研究中,提出通勤弹性的概念,并界定了时间、空间、方式、路径4 个通勤弹性维度,通过探讨4 种弹性之间的相互作用关系,提出7 种基于弹性的理论通勤模式。研究以北京市天通苑与亦庄两个郊区巨型社区为案例,基于活动日志与GPS 定位数据相结合的为期一周的居民时空行为数据,分别利用传统方法和通勤弹性视角研究居民的通勤特征,验证通勤弹性现象的存在以及该视角透视城市居民通勤行为的合理性,并利用GIS 三维可视化技术对7 种理论通勤模式居民的活动—移动时空特征进行刻画,从而透视北京市郊区巨型社区居民的通勤特征及复杂模式,为北京市城市与交通问题的解决提供了独特的视角。     

不同游客吸引半径景区国内旅游交通碳排放特征比较

旅游交通是旅游业碳排放的最重要环节。选择具有不同游客吸引半径的福州国家森林公园、太姥山山岳景区、武夷山风景名胜区为研究对象,通过对游客交通的问卷调查,探讨不同景区国内旅游交通碳排放的基本规律。研究表明,随着游客吸引半径增加,人均碳排放量显著增加,表现为福州森林公园<太姥山<武夷山。虽然每人每公里碳排放量亦表现为福州森林公园<太姥山<武夷山,但人均旅行距离的增大则是人均碳排放量增加的最主要因素。在350 km以内,每人每公里碳排放量和人均碳排放量随距离增加变化不明显或略微下降;而350 km以上,两者均随距离增加而急剧增长,这与距离对交通方式选择的影响有关。从旅游交通碳排放特征看,350 km大致可作为中途和长途旅行划分的界线。3个景区的年碳排放总量大小顺序为:武夷山>太姥山>福州森林公园,平均碳排放密度则表现为武夷山>福州森林公园>太姥山。各景区长途旅游者和乘坐飞机旅游者均占景区旅游交通碳排放的大部分,且其比例随景区游客吸引半径的增加而增多。因而减少长途旅行和乘坐飞机次数是降低景区旅游交通碳排放量的重要途径。     

居住—就业平衡与城市通勤——以上海普陀区为例

居住—就业平衡一直是城市规划界关注的热点之一。国内外规划学界对于能否解决居住—就业平衡问题以及是否有必要解决有着争论。通过对上海市普陀区居民进行随机抽样调查,得出上海市普陀区居民的通勤物理距离、时间距离和费用距离都在加大以及居住—就业匹配失衡情况较严重等结论。这种失衡加剧的可能原因是级差地租、市场经济下的政策和高房价,同时在市场机制下人们的选择较为复杂,通过规划实现居住和就业的就地平衡较为困难。因此,现阶段的重点仍应放在大力发展公共交通、提高公共交通的吸引力上,同时减少高峰时段私家车和非必要公务用车的使用,中远期应探索更好的解决方案。     

国内外情感地理研究热点、内涵及意义——基于文献计量与可视化

随着西方地理学的情感转向,以人为本的“情地关系”研究逐渐受到国内外学者的高度关注。基于文献计量法与可视化对1992—2020年主题为“情感地理”的265篇外文文献与248篇中文文献进行全面梳理、归纳,凝练出情感地理的研究热点、内涵和意义。结果发现,国内外情感地理经过近30年的研究,主题与内容不断拓展：国外侧重教育、政治、社会性别、儿童的情感地理成为研究热点,国内则侧重旅游和居民的地方感研究;研究内涵方面,国外学者不同学术领域专家对情感地理有不同的诠释,教育地理学家侧重教学互动关系,人类地理学家注重情感空间特征,文化地理学者强调情感与文化的联系。国内大多数学者则认为情感地理是揭示人、情感与地方三者之间的相互关系,着力研究不同地理空间的自然和人文特征对情感的影响;情感地理突出情感的时间性、空间性和社会性研究,关注人地关系“情地关系”、人际关系“情感传递”,将有温度的情感融入空间或区域,赋予地方新的使命。情感是社会关系的重要组成部分,研究其在教育、政治、社会性别、儿童、旅游和居民等方面都具有重要意义。     

From Chicago to L.A. and Back Again: A Chicago‐Inspired Quantitative Analysis of Income Distribution in Montreal*

In a recent issue of Urban Geography (2001) , a number of key players in the 1960s and 1970s school of quantitative urban geography (called Chicago II in this article) set out some of the approach's key methodological premises and assessed its influence in the wider arena of urban studies. At about the same time, the 1920s and 1930s Chicago School of urban sociology (called the Chicago School in this article) was being reassessed in France ( Huet 2000 ), and deconstructed in Los Angeles ( Dear 2001 ). In this article, we outline a selection of basic models of urban space proposed by the Chicago School and further elaborated by Chicago II. We then consider certain aspects of three important critiques: humanist/aesthetic, Marxist, and postmodern. We argue that none of these invalidates the Chicago II approach to the study of urban areas, and we demonstrate its resilience and usefulness by way of the empirical example of Montreal. Though the results are of interest in their own right, the principal purpose of the analysis is to illustrate the type of insight that a structured quantitative approach provides and the way this approach rests on a theoretical understanding of processes at work in cities. We conclude by arguing that the humanist and Marxist critiques shed important light upon the possibilities and limits of the Chicago II approach, but that the postmodern claim that the spatial development of urban areas is not structured by at least some general processes is inaccurate.     

多中心城市中山市职住空间关系特征

以低密度多中心城市——中山市为例,采取政府主导的居民出行调查数据库中40445 个调查样本,应用ArcGIS 等分析工具,利用居民出行调查数据库中的个体属性与职住地点等信息,对居民职住比、通勤时间、通勤距离和通勤方向进行可视化,分析中山居民的职住空间关系格局。结果表明：职住比、通勤时间、通勤距离在空间上有一定的区域差异,但圈层结构均不明显。全市职住空间分布整体较均匀,主城区职住基本平衡;周边镇区尤其是西北组团、东部组团职住比高,而主城区较低。全市平均通勤时间和通勤距离均显著低于国内大城市和发达国家城市。主城区和外围镇区间的通勤量及其比重小,全市没有产生大规模的外围―中心“钟摆式”通勤,在通勤方向上更多表现为内―内通勤和外―外通勤。居民的职住关系空间分布特征与城市空间结构、人口结构、产业结构与产业布局、土地利用以及交通设施建设具有密切的关系,低密度多中心的城市职住平衡程度高、通勤时间和通勤距离均较短,而主城区与外围镇区通勤联系不紧密。     

新文化地理学视角下的国外宗教地理学研究

在文化全球化大背景下,宗教地理研究具有越来越重要的现实意义。国外宗教地理学研究在新文化地理学思潮的影响下,促生出许多新的议题和研究方向。本文依循于人文地理学中地方、景观、现代性和尺度这4 个重要概念,梳理了国外近10 年宗教地理学研究的新进展。发现其研究议题主要集中于日益重视对“非正式神圣”场所的探讨;基于人本主义研究范式下的神圣地依恋研究;随着跨国主义兴起的宗教移民身份和认同研究;宗教文化景观所暗含的政治和象征性意义的解读;宗教的多尺度分析,以及神圣与世俗间的互动分析等等。在总结国外宗教地理研究的新态势的基础上,对宗教的定义、宗教地理学与宗教性地理学的辩证关系、宗教地理学的研究趋势等进行了探讨和反思,以期为中国包括民间信仰在内的广义宗教地理的本土研究提供新的借鉴。     

遗产旅游地居民的地方认同——“碉乡”符号、记忆与空间

文化地理学者对“地方”这一理论视角主观性意义的强调,使得“地方认同”等呈现人与地方情感联系的概念被重新审视。在当今中国申遗热的背景下,当地人的地方认同在各方力量对遗产归属与表述的争夺中重塑,如果将这种重塑放在多尺度的分析框架下,就可以发现地方认同不仅仅局限于某一特定封闭的地点,在本土、全国以及跨国空间中呈现不同的表述。开平碉楼与村落作为广东首个世界文化遗产,并且是中国唯一以华侨文化为主题的世界文化遗产,是研究遗产生产对地方认同变迁影响的典型案例。结合文献分析、观察法与访谈法等,阐述遗产旅游发展背景下当地居民的地方认同变迁,分析开平作为“碉乡”的具体内涵。研究发现：遗产申报和维护使碉楼被硬性确立为地方的象征,具有高度符号化的特点;“碉乡”形象在居民地方认同中的展开并不完整;“碉乡”在历史延续中存在着多重割裂;“碉乡”的空间边界既明确又封闭。     

基于女性主义地理学的消费空间性别关系建构——以西安“世纪金花”购物中心为例

近年来,女性主义地理学的研究内容转向身体、身份认同和象征空间等微观地理,消费空间的性别研究成为关注热点。文章基于女性主义视角,借助对典型消费空间的实证调查,考察空间性别化特征以及性别因素决定下的空间之权力隐喻关系,总结了人—地互动模式中的性别建构特征。研究发现,消费空间为女性提供了参与城市公共空间的场所,见证了女性空间权的觉醒与实践,但女性仍受男性规训与控制;现代女性在消费空间中的行为延续了传统的角色定位,公共空间参与度并未显著改变她们的性别角色和在家务上的性别化分工;消费空间再现和建构的性别关系、性别地位是一种典型的隐形歧视,女性处于实际上的不平等地位。因此,空间和性别不可分割且互为构成,两性在消费空间中的表现实质上是性别权力关系的投射,折射出这一地理空间中两性的宰控关系。     

基于高端时尚消费品销售空间的中国城市控制力结构研究

自"世界城市"和"全球城市"研究开始,在对城市控制力的相关研究中,除了传统的人口、经济等属性数据外,研究对象高度集中于生产性的工作空间,即制造业企业和高端生产服务业企业。但卡斯特对其流动空间的理论阐述中明确表述了商务人士除工作地点以外的以高端消费者服务业为代表的消费性空间也应纳入流动空间的控制层-商务精英层之中的观点。因此,在对城市控制力结构的研究中,高端消费者服务业可以成为制造业企业和高端生产者服务业的一个有效的补充。从高端消费者服务业视角出发,通过对高端时尚消费品销售网络空间分布的研究,在多个层面对中国城市的高端生活服务控制力中心结构进行解析。通过研究得到以下主要结论:①城市控制力中心在中国国土范围内呈现菱形结构,从东部直接跳跃至西部,中部呈现为低洼地带;②三大城市群内部的城市控制力多中心结构开始显现,其中长三角地区的发育较为明显;③西部和东北仍呈现单中心据点发育格局。