圣保罗大都市区社会空间分异研究——多元统计方法在城市连绵区的应用

空间数据和地理信息系统在城市规划和决策中应用的重要性日见凸显。主要原因在于：重要的人口数据和社会变动经常表现出一定的空间特性,这种特性可以通过空间分析和统计方法被认识和解释。应用多元分析的空间分类方法编制圣保罗大都市区社会分异地图并进行相关分析。研究的主要数据来自2000年巴西全国人口普查,其中包括了圣保罗大都市的所有行政区和39个自治市的21774个人口普查区。为了把都市连绵区从数据全集中分离出来,我们采用混合技术进行互补分析,即在2000年4月30日的陆地卫星7号图像中绘制一个个多边形,这些被识别出来的多边形就是人口普查区。然后,通过目视解译出假彩色多边形集合。应用空间分类评分程序将这些多边形分成五类,并建立人口普查区的数目、覆盖的面积和都市连绵区之间的关系。这种多元分析方法是基于变量的均衡化来生成易于用分级统计图描述平均值,以促进可视化和后续的空间分布分析。基于多元分析的空间分类方法研究,清楚地展现了圣保罗大都市最重要的社会特征,也说明城市社会地图方法和多元分析的空间分类方法在大都市区的管理、公共政策规划和复杂决策中具有重要的应用价值。     

淮海经济区城市效率时空格局分析

尝试采用DEA方法首先对淮海经济区2006年20个地级城市的效率进行测评,进而选取1995年和2005年两个年份,从动静结合角度对近10年来淮海经济区城市效率的时空格局及其演化模式进行分析。结果发现:目前淮海经济区城市效率相对较高,呈皖北鲁南高、苏北豫东低的空间格局;1995～2005年10年间,淮海经济区以徐州为中心的城市高效率群已初步形成,总体呈现东进南拓的发展态势;城市效率东部继续加强,西部开始崛起,以徐州为中心的城市高效率群还不稳定。近11年来,影响淮海经济区城市效率的主要因素是纯技术效率。因此,从纯技术效率分析,淮海经济区城市效率具有很大的提高潜力。     

THE PRODUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT OF GEOGRAPHERS IN CANADA

This paper considers the appropriateness of typologies of urban retailing areas based on multivariate functional data. The findings of a case study in which statistical and graphical methods were employed within the framework of multivariate ordination are presented. It is shown that the functional attributes of retail areas are closely associated with their location, accessibility, quality, morphology, size, period of development, and socioeconomic character.     

CORRELATES OF THE FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF URBAN RETAIL AREAS: AN APPROACH EMPLOYING MULTIVARIATE ORDINATION

This paper considers the appropriateness of typologies of urban retailing areas based on multivariate functional data. The findings of a case study in which statistical and graphical methods were employed within the framework of multivariate ordination are presented. It is shown that the functional attributes of retail areas are closely associated with their location, accessibility, quality, morphology, size, period of development, and socioeconomic character.     

城市内部建设监理企业区位选择的研究与实证

21 世纪以来,生产性服务业因在推动城市经济增长中具有愈发重要的作用,故其在城市内部的区位选择业已引起经济学、地理学领域的广泛关注;而作为一种中国特有的生产性服务业企业组织形式,建设监理企业的城市内部区位研究尚未展开。论文在分析建设监理企业生产链特点的基础上,结合生产性服务业相关区位理论,探究了建设监理企业城市内部区位选择的集聚取向及形成机制,并以西安市内建设监理企业区位选择的实例对理论分析观点进行验证。借助空间自相关分析方法在Geoda 软件平台上检验了2000 年至2011 年该市街区尺度上企业数量的聚散过程,解析其特定区位格局的形成是受制于何种预期的理论机制。研究表明：① 在城市内部特定空间上集聚是建设监理企业城市区位选择的基本特征;② 即时接触关键人员、获取地方化经济、追逐制度政策优惠等三方面的需要是引起建设监理企业区位集聚的主要作用力;③ 在西安的实例研究中由企业间协作或效仿的需要主导的区位集聚类型与由开发区规划导向带来的区位集聚类型形成了鲜明的对比。     

The Transnational Assembling of Marina Bay,Singapore

From Shanghai's Pudong to Dubai's Marina, waterfront developments are increasingly popular urban forms worldwide. Drawing on the literature on urban assemblages, I explore how urban waterfronts are produced out of the transnational assembling of models, knowledge and expertise. My case study here is Marina Bay, Singapore, a landscape that like much of the rest of Singapore is a product of talent and ideas from elsewhere. In this paper, two strategies employed by Singapore's urban authorities to court global expertise for Marina Bay's development are examined – their formation of an international panel of experts in the fields of urban planning, policy and design, and their launching of international competitions to attract top design firms. Like transfer agents that enable policies to travel, I argue that these individuals and firms are situated within wider knowledge circuits that straddle the globe, and are thus well placed to filter and channel ideas from elsewhere to Singapore. Drawing on selected developments within Marina Bay, I trace the routes taken by these ideas, the changes they underwent as they travelled, as well as their relationships with the actors that facilitated their journeys. In doing so, I hope to demonstrate the usefulness of understanding the urban as more‐than‐territorial in both theory and practice.     

THE INFLUENCE OF CHINESE REFORM AND PRE-REFORM POLICIES ON URBAN GROWTH IN THE 1980s

In the 1980s, China experienced a period of coexistence of reform policies with pre-reform policies. These coexisting policies played an influential role in the growth of Chinese cities. This paper seeks to examine the role of these various coexisting policies of the 1980s and to explore the underlying factors that affected the pattern of Chinese urban growth. Data for a random selection of 66 cities from mainland China and some 16 variables were tested and analyzed by both parametric and nonparametric statistics. The results of the statistical analyses suggest that pre-reform policy conflicted with reform policies of the 1980s and that the various policies acted as countervailing forces on Chinese urban growth. Small cities showed significant rapid growth, whereas super-large cities indicated slow growth. Industrial development was the dominant factor accountable for the rapid expansion of Chinese cities, whereas the balanced growth between the inner-city nonagricultural population and the built-up area was a result of the interplay of city planning policies.     

THE NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND MULTIPLE COMPARISONS PROCEDURES IN GEOGRAPHY*

Geographers employing the parametric F statistic in analyses of variance should consider that it can be highly sensitive to departures from normality. The Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests offer geographers nonparametric alternatives to the analysis of variance, for k dependent and independent samples respectively. Associated with the tests are little known methods for examining ordered alternatives and making multiple comparisons between samples, thereby permitting in-depth analysis of sample data. Both tests and these latter procedures are illustrated by examples drawn from population and urban retailing geography.     

基于城市等级体系的广东省都市圈发展研究

都市圈是承载城市等级层次结构的重要空间集群,基于城市等级体系概念,为明确广东省城市等级结构以及在新型城镇化背景下优化都市圈建设,提出"城市发展综合度"指标体系,采用因子分析法,考察广东省21个地级市的综合发展程度。将这些地级市划分为核心城市、区域性中心城市、区域性次中心城市、地方性中心城市、地方性次中心城市和地方性一般城市6个等级层次。并且提出优化广东省都市圈发展的建议。     

中国农村居民旅游消费特征与影响因素分析

农村居民旅游消费水平的增强是扩大内需、统筹城乡发展的重要途径,有助于促进旅游业的可持续发展。分析中国农村居民旅游消费的发展阶段、消费特征及其变动趋势与影响因素,研究表明:① 农村居民旅游消费可以分为三个阶段:1999 年以前,旅游消费呈现快速发展的态势,人均消费水平较低;1999-2003 年,消费水平基本处于停滞状态;2003 年以后,旅游消费发展主要因出游人次增加而带来的规模扩张,人均消费增长迟缓。② 农村居民平均旅游消费倾向呈现波动性下降趋势,消费水平以滞后性消费为主,交通、住宿、餐饮和游览等消费比重持续下降,消费结构变动程度较强,消费层次较低,消费产品结构不合理。③ 农村居民收入、传统消费习惯和消费不确定性是影响旅游消费的主要因素,其中收入、消费习惯与旅游消费之间存在显著的正相关关系,居民收入的积极效应更强;消费不确定性与旅游消费之间存在显著的负相关关系,是影响旅游消费的消极因素;城镇居民旅游消费的示范效应不显著,但城乡旅游交流日益密切,其示范效应也不容忽视。     

Journey‐to‐Work Patterns in the Age of Sprawl: Evidence from Two Midsize Southern Metropolitan Areas*

Among others, one commonly identified negative consequence of urban sprawl is an increase in the length of the journey to work. However, there has been more discussion of this than serious scrutiny, hence the relationship between urban sprawl and commuting patterns, especially at the intraurban level, remains unclear. Using the 2000 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) data for two Southeastern metropolitan areas, this research investigates the extent to which workers living in sprawl areas commute farther to work than those living in higher density areas. The analysis of variance confirms that workers commuting from sprawl areas to urban areas experience a longer commute in terms of time as well as mileage, though this varies when workplace and home locations are taken into account. However, multivariate statistical results suggest that there are limits to the utility of sprawl as a predictor of travel behavior compared to workers' socioeconomic characteristics, as other factors appear to be equally or more important.     

Classifying and mapping the urban transition in Vietnam

The urban transition almost always involves wrenching social adjustment as small agricultural communities are forced to adjust rapidly to industrial ways of life. Large-scale in-migration of young people, usually from poor regions, creates enormous demand and expectations for community and social services. One immediate problem planners face in approaching this challenge is how to define, differentiate, and map what is rural, urban, and transitional (i.e., peri-urban). This project established an urban classification for Vietnam by using national census and remote sensing data to identify and map the smallest administrative units for which data are collected as rural, peri-urban, urban, or urban core. We used both natural and human factors in the quantitative model: income from agriculture, land under agriculture and forests, houses with modern sanitation, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Model results suggest that in 2006, 71% of Vietnam's 10,891 communes were rural, 18% peri-urban, 3% urban, and 4% urban core. Of the communes our model classified as peri-urban, 61% were classified by the Vietnamese government as rural. More than 7% of Vietnam's land area can be classified as peri-urban and approximately 13% of its population (more than 11 million people) lives in peri-urban areas. We identified and mapped three types of peri-urban places: communes in the periphery of large towns and cities; communes along highways; and communes associated with provincial administration or home to industrial, energy, or natural resources projects (e.g., mining). We validated this classification based on ground observations, analyses of multi-temporal night-time lights data, and an examination of road networks. The model provides a method for rapidly assessing the rural–urban nature of places to assist planners in identifying rural areas undergoing rapid change with accompanying needs for investments in building, sanitation, road infrastructure, and government institutions.     

西安市城市化与都市农业发展耦合关系研究

城市化以其强烈的市场效应与辐射功能带动了都市农业的发展,但同时又对都市农业的水土资源、生态环境造成负面影响;都市农业又通过其生产、社会及生态功能推动城市化发展。揭示两者之间的作用规律,对解决城市经济、社会和生态问题,快速推动都市农业发展,协调城乡关系具有重要意义。本文在构建城市化水平与都市农业发展水平测度指标体系的基础上,通过主成分分析法和相关分析法,探讨了城市化与都市农业发展之间的相互作用机制,并定量分析了两者之间的耦合关系。结果表明：① 近10 年,西安市城市化水平与都市农业发展水平都呈上升的趋势,且二者表现出显著的同步性;② 西安城市化水平和都市农业发展水平呈显著的正相关,相关系数达0.955;③ 西安城市现代化水平因子、城市生活质量水平因子和人口与经济结构因子是推动城市化的3 个主要因子,其中城市现代化水平因子是推动西安都市农业发展的主导因子。     

多元统计分析在分区研究中的应用

探讨了基于因子分析的聚类分析方法在遵循主要地理区划原则,特别是综合分析与主导因素相结合的原则和相对一致性原则过程中的特色。以中国土地利用程度和效益分区为例,首先利用因子分析对评价指标进行了降维处理,并研究了各个评价指标之间的关系;然后利用聚类分析,结合主要区划原则,将全国划分为5个类型区,12个亚区。     

THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL EXPANSIONS OF CHINA'S CITY SYSTEM

Most studies of the size, growth, and distribution of cities have been based on Western economies and have identified economic factors such as scale and agglomeration economies and level of economic development as major determinants of urban growth. It is unclear whether these generalizations are applicable in socialist economies. In this paper, I argue that institutional factors have played key roles in shaping China's city system, which is characterized by declining population concentration across cities and by tremendous vertical (population growth of cities) and horizontal (addition of new cities) expansions. The empirical analysis focuses on describing the size distribution of cities, estimating a multivariate model predicting the population growth of cities, and performing a logistic regression analysis of new and existing cities. The findings underscore the effects of urban and regional development policies, socialist institutions, changes in the urban administrative system, and state and local government interests, and suggest that they as a whole are more important than economic factors in explaining the attributes and changes of China's city system. [Key words: urban growth, city system, institutional factors, China.]     

基于空间句法理论的城市群核心区发展边界识别

准确识别当前城市群建设进程中核心区发展边界是研究城市群的一项重要内容。本文提出一种研究思路：采用空间句法分析城市群道路网,将得到的4个分析指标融合成新指标——“城市群集群度”,并提取“城市群集群度”等值线和“城市群集群度”曲线,通过计算找到最佳阈值从而提取出城市群核心区发展边界。以长株潭城市群为例,将基于空间句法的研究结果与基于Densi-Graph方法的研究结果进行对比,在除去数据质量因素后,城市群核心区发展边界识别差异有望控制在10%以内。研究表明：基于空间句法理论的城市群核心区发展边界识别方法容易获取计算数据,适用范围广,可靠性强。     

全球化与中国时尚消费城市的兴起

在当前中国经济转型和产业升级的背景下,许多城市开始步入后工业化阶段,消费在城市化进程中扮演的角色日益重要。以进入中国的国际时尚品牌为切入点,重点探讨全球化在城市消费领域的影响。根据本项研究的概念界定,35个时尚消费城市大都为省会城市、直辖市和经济发达的沿海城市。其中,上海和北京是中国等级最高的时尚消费城市,无论是发展规模还是水平都遥遥领先。大部分时尚消费城市则是区域性中心城市,但也有一些沿海经济发达城市,虽然其城市中心性并不强（如苏州、温州、无锡等）,但在时尚消费城市体系中占据了重要的地位。整体而言,中国时尚消费城市的发展受到多方面因素的影响,其中市场因素和开放度起着最为重要的作用。另外,产业氛围也是时尚消费城市形成和发展的重要基础。     

Object-based spatial cluster analysis of urban landscape pattern using nighttime light satellite images: a case study of China

Previous studies have demonstrated urban built-up areas can be derived from nighttime light satellite (DMSP-OLS) images at the national or continent scale. This paper presents a novel object-based method for detecting and characterizing urban spatial clusters from nighttime light satellite images automatically. First, urban built-up areas, derived from the regionally adaptive thresholding of DMSP-OLS nighttime light data, are represented as discrete urban objects. These urban objects are treated as basic spatial units and quantified in terms of geometric and shape attributes and their spatial relationships. Next, a spatial cluster analysis is applied to these basic urban objects to form a higher level of spatial units – urban spatial clusters. The Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) is used to represent spatial proximity relationships among urban objects. An algorithm based on competing propagation of objects is proposed to construct the MST of urban objects. Unlike previous studies, the distance between urban objects (i.e., the boundaries of urban built-up areas) is adopted to quantify the edge weight in MST. A Gestalt Theory-based method is employed to partition the MST of urban objects into urban spatial clusters. The derived urban spatial clusters are geographically delineated through mathematical morphology operation and construction of minimum convex hull. A series of landscape ecologic and statistical attributes are defined and calculated to characterize these clusters. Our method has been successfully applied to the analysis of urban landscape of China at the national level, and a series of urban clusters have been delimited and quantified.     

利用MODIS产品和DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据监测城市扩张

选用多时序MODIS数据产品和晚间灯光指数数据,采用CART数据挖掘方法和改进的Niblack 阈值分割技术,对2001-2010 年之间的浙江省城市扩张情况开展了动态监测。结果显示：在多时序数据信息挖掘的基础上,利用区域灯光指数局部阈值,可以有效地分割城镇和非城镇类型,从而提高城镇专题信息提取的精度;从2001 年到2010 年,浙江省城市扩张迅速,年平均扩张速度为297.35 km²/a,平均扩张速度以余杭、萧山和绍兴为中心,以宁波和瑞安为次中心递减;扩张强度最大的是衢县,其次是开化县和海宁市。以杭州为例分析城市扩张的空间特征,其城市空间紧凑度从0.38 上升到了0.48,空间结构趋于紧凑;城市中心向西北方向移动了约3km,揭示着其向西北方向扩展的主要趋势。     

Difference of urban development in China from the perspective of passenger transport around Spring Festival

Because cities have different attractions for laborers, people migrate from city to city, which may widen the gap between cities. Analyzing the fluxes and directions of migrant flows can help us clarify the regional difference of urban development. Using migration data inferred from passenger travels during 2016 Spring Festival from Tencent Location Big Data, this paper analyzed the unbalanced migration between cities and the spatial difference of urban development. Network analysis methods are employed to evaluate interactions among cities. A community detection method identifies 19 city communities, and the directions of migrant flows in the communities are explored. The PageRank algorithm is employed to evaluate the importance of cities on the migration network and divide the cities into 5 grades, and then the hierarchical structure of the migrant network is illustrated and analyzed. Indices based on migrant populations indicate that the most attractive cities for laborers are along the east coast and that cities in the central region export a significant number of laborers. PageRank and attractiveness values are compare with socio-economic data, and the results indicate that both PageRank and attractiveness are positively correlated with the economic and development level of cities, while PageRank works better. It suggests that Spring Festival travel data in China can be used as migration data, however, it should be facilitated with network methods to disclose the relationship between Spring Festival travel and urban development.