The suburbanization of poverty? An alternative perspective

A popular and powerful narrative focuses on a crisis of suburban decline in the United States. However, a consensus regarding the scope and scale of one dimension of suburban decline—poverty—is hindered by the use of contradictory definitions of suburban space. This research presents an alternative approach to measuring suburban poverty that is less computationally intensive yet capable of capturing complex shifts in the spatial distribution of poverty within metropolitan areas. An analysis of the distribution of poverty in the largest 100 metropolitan areas between 1990 and 2007–11 concludes that while poverty is increasing in the low-density suburbs of a handful of large metropolitan areas, the more general trend in most other metropolitan areas is an increase in poverty in moderately dense residential areas. Implicated in these trends are long-term trends in metropolitan area economic growth, a secular decline in inner-ring suburbs, and the impact of gentrification on housing opportunities for at-risk populations in large cities.     

A resurgence in urban living? Trends in residential location patterns of young and older adults since 2000

ABSTRACT

Some have heralded a resurgence of urban living in the U.S., particularly among young adults. Are Americans abandoning suburbs in favor of more urban lifestyles? What is the scope and scale of this urban resurgence? We develop a typology of neighborhoods to analyze the residential location of young and older U.S. adults from 2000 to 2011–15. Census and national travel survey data reveal that suburban population growth continues to outpace that in urban neighborhoods. Although young adults are more likely than older adults to live in urban neighborhoods, recent urban population growth is neither associated with suburban decline, nor being led by young adults. Significant recent population growth in the newest, suburban neighborhoods suggests that greenfield development remains the primary means to increase American housing supply. Shifting metropolitan growth from the suburban fringe would likely require expanding housing supply in urban neighborhoods, and bringing urban amenities to established inner-ring suburbs.     

西安市贫困空间结构特征与发生机理

以中国西部综合型大城市、老工业基地西安市为例,基于大规模调研数据,采用相对贫困概念和FGT指数研究城市内部微观单元贫困特征的空间分异与形成机理。结果表明,西安市整体的贫困状况较为缓和,贫困覆盖面广,但深度和强度较弱;随着城市圈层扩展,贫困属性呈现出“U”型演化曲线,表现出“高贫困、破碎、混杂—低贫困或非贫困、弱连续、较弱混杂—较低贫困、连续、内部分化、相对均一—较高贫困、相对连续、较强混杂”的演化规律,成熟建成区和新兴扩展区内侧分化区的贫困状况最弱;城市内部已基本发育成熟了旧城衰退型、发展剥夺型、传统工业衰退型、“城中村”型和新增长中心邻近型等5种表征不同贫困主体及户籍、住房等特征的贫困极核。西安城市贫困空间的结构特征是其社会经济发展的阶段性和区域性的集中体现,是在城市宏观社会经济和整体地域结构背景下,各收入阶层在生活成本、就业机会、公共资源、政策导向和社会心理亚文化圈等因素的作用下,通过接替、过滤、自主集聚、排斥隔离和强化等机制重塑城市社会空间的综合表现。     

Uneven development of the sustainable city: shifting capital in Portland,Oregon

Portland, Oregon, is renowned as a paradigmatic “sustainable city.” Yet, despite popular conceptions of the city as a progressive ecotopia and the accolades of planners seeking to emulate its innovations, Portland’s sustainability successes are inequitably distributed. Drawing on census data, popular media, newspaper archives, city planning documents, and secondary source histories, we attempt to elucidate the structural origins of Portland’s “uneven development,” exploring how and why the urban core of this paragon of sustainability has become more White and affluent while its outer eastside has become more diverse and poor. We explain how a “sustainability fix”—in this case, green investment in the city’s core—ultimately contributed to the demarcation of racialized poverty along 82nd Avenue, a major north–south arterial marking the boundary of East Portland. Our account of structural processes taking place at multiple scales contributes to a growing body of literature on eco-gentrification and displacement and inner-ring suburban change while empirically demonstrating how Portland’s advances in sustainability have come at the cost of East Portland’s devaluation. Our “30,000 foot” perspective reveals systemic patterns that might then guide more fine-grained analyses of particular political-socio-cultural processes, while providing cautionary insights into current efforts to extend the city’s sustainability initiatives using the same green development model.     

The relationship between transit rich neighborhoods and transit ridership: Evidence from the decentralization of poverty

The concept of transit-rich neighborhoods (TRNs) has become a focus of more interest as it relates to rapidly growing and congested communities, and it has received national attention because of its contribution to smart growth in the United States. Although most investment in transit services has been concentrated in denser central cities, where most transit users, including those of low income, reside, the trend toward the decentralization of poverty has become evident in many metropolitan areas and underscored the need to improve suburban transit services. Many studies pertaining to transit ridership have focused on the physical characteristics of stations, their catchment areas, and equity issues for low-income riders, particularly in central cities, without accounting for the evolving socioeconomic characteristics of the neighborhoods being served. To address this issue, this paper categorizes TRNs based on changing socioeconomic and spatial characteristics and uses multiple regression to examine the relationship between types of TRNs and transit ridership in the Atlanta metropolitan area, focusing on the decentralization of poverty. The results show that suburban TRNs became more diverse in terms of income and race between 2000 and 2009, which suggests that investment in commuter rail transit is an important contribution to social and economic equality at the regional level. Furthermore, poverty rates in suburban areas, compared to those in their downtown and inner-city counterpart TRNs, positively influence the percentage of transit ridership. The increased use of suburban transit services suggests the potential presence of increased latent demand, which is further supported by the decentralization of poverty.     

The suburbanisation of poverty in British cities, 2004-16: extent,processes and nature

This paper tracks changes in relative centralisation and relative concentration of poverty for the 25 largest British cities, analysing change for poor and non-poor groups separately, and examining parallel changes in spatial segregation. The paper confirms that poverty is suburbanising, at least in the larger cities, although poverty remains over-represented in inner locations. Suburbanisation is occurring through both the reduction in low income populations in inner locations and the growth non-poor groups in these places, consistent with a process of displacement. Relative centralisation of poverty has fallen more stronglythan relative concentration of poverty, as the outward shift of poorer groups leaves them still living in denser neighbourhoods on average. The paper also shows that spatial segregation (unevenness) declined at the same time although it remains to be seen whether this indicates a long-term shift to less segregated urban forms or a transitional outcome before new forms of segregation emerge around suburban poverty concentrations.     

Rethinking the RECAP: mapping the relational geographies of concentrated poverty and affluence in Lexington,Kentucky

The idea of concentrated poverty has long held a prominent place in understandings of racial and class inequality in American cities. While the spatial concentration of the poor is undoubtedly an important aspect of this story, concentrated poverty research suffers from a number of conceptual and methodological shortcomings. Through a case study of concentrated poverty and affluence in Lexington, Kentucky, this paper draws on relational socio-spatial theory and critical GIS in order to offer a constructive critique of conventional concentrated poverty research. The paper demonstrates that while concentrated poverty and affluence are both on the rise in recent years, concentrated affluence actually represents a more widespread problem within the city. At the same time, the paper visualizes how these processes are fundamentally interconnected and co-produced through property ownership, where the extraction of rents from areas of concentrated poverty works to simultaneously produce areas of concentrated affluence elsewhere in the city.     

上海市中心城社会区分析

以第五次人口普查数据为基础,对上海市中心城社会区进行研究。结果表明,老年与外来人口、社会经济地位、居住条件、商服与农业人口和公房住宅是形成转型期上海中心城社会区的5个主要因子。城区社会区可划分成6种类型:老年人口集中的旧城区、高社会经济地位居住区、单位公房居住带、人口导入的新建住宅区、外来人口聚居区、农业人口散居区;城市社会空间在整体的同心圆结构基础上呈现出与扇形、多核心结构的综合。并从城市发展的历史、城市规划、土地使用制度改革与旧城改造、户籍管理制度、住房福利分配制度及市场化改革等方面探讨了其形成机制。     

天津夏季降水演变规律及其城市效应

利用1956~2005 年天津25 个雨量站的月降水数据, 借助累积距平、相关分析、Mann- Kendall 秩次相关检验 法等, 分析了夏季降水的时空演变规律。在此基础上, 结合ARCGIS 空间分析功能, 研究了天津雨岛效应的时空特 征。结果表明: 25 个站点的年降水量70%以上集中在夏季, 夏季降水倾向率均为负, 60%的站点通过了显著水平检 验。从加权平均得到的全市夏季降水序列得出1956~2005 年倾向率为- 24.7mm/10a, 其中1956~1988 年倾向率为 7.6mm/10a, 1989~2005 年倾向率达- 28.6mm/10a, 由此可见天津夏季降水减少主要发生在近17 年。又比较其不同 历史时段的空间演变规律发现, 夏季降水减少趋势北部山区大于南部平原, 南部平原的市区大于市郊, 呈现城市雨 岛效应, 特别是在20 世纪70 年代初期之后雨岛效应更加明显, 且受降水的丰枯影响较大, 丰水年雨岛现象明显, 枯水年雨岛消失。     

Assessment of aeolian desertification trends from 1975's to 2005's in the watershed of the Longyangxia Reservoir in the upper reaches of China's Yellow River

Global climate change will affect the ecology and environment of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, thus increasing attention is being paid to the aeolian desertification that is occurring in the watershed that supplies the Longyangxia Reservoir in the upper reaches of China's Yellow River. We must assess the aeolian desertification trends before developing a plan to restore the region's degraded eco-environment. In this study, land suffered from aeolian desertification was classified into four levels (slight, moderate, severe, and extremely severe) using a series of indices. Interpretation of Landsat MSS and TM data from 1975's, 1989's, and 2005's was used to establish databases of aeolian desertified land at these three times. We then derived the aeolian desertification trends during the study period by overlaying the consecutive databases, and we analyzed the driving factors responsible for the observed aeolian desertification. The results show a total of 1,721,478.02 ha of aeolian desertified land in 2005's, accounting for 13% of the region's total area. From 1975's to 1989's, the area of aeolian desertified land increased by 229,307.26 ha, which represents a 15% increase compared to the 1975's area; and from 1989's to 2005's, the area of aeolian desertified land decreased by 19,079.87 ha, which represents a 1% decrease compared to the 1989's area. The main driving factors responsible for this increased aeolian desertification were climate factors (high wind velocity and an increase in annual temperature, combined with low precipitation and high evaporation) as well as unsustainable human activities and inappropriate policy measures. A series of key national projects initiated to combat degradation of the study area's eco-environment led to a decrease of aeolian desertified land through obvious restoration of vegetation.     

贫困脆弱性研究进展

传统的贫困研究侧重于贫困的定义、测量、根源、返贫策略等方面,随着“能力”、“风险”等概念在贫困研究领域的应用,贫困脆弱性以其前瞻性的视角成为目前贫困研究的热点之一,将未来的风险冲击和家庭应对风险冲击的能力等因素考虑在内预测未来的贫困,对提高减贫效率具有重大意义。国外主要针对贫困脆弱性的含义和测算方法开展理论研究,国内研究多借鉴国外的测度方法,以用相关调查数据进行实证检验为主。本文从贫困脆弱性的相关定义、主要研究内容、研究方法以及相关的实证研究等方面进行梳理和总结,在此基础上指出目前研究的特点和趋势,以期为后续的贫困脆弱性研究和前瞻性的反贫困政策的制定提供有益借鉴。     

Spatial Segregation of the Poor in Southern California: A Multidimensional Analysis

Poverty segregation increased in Southern California during the 1990s. A comparison of four indices reflecting various dimensions of segregation (e.g., evenness, concentration, isolation, and clustering) suggests that poor people are increasingly concentrated and isolated. However, cities within the region experienced different levels and types of segregation, with significant changes over time. Regression analysis using 1990 and 2000 census data highlights the role of demographic, economic, and fiscal variables in explaining the changing landscape of poverty. Whereas historically poor and older cities have seen a rise in poverty that translated into an increase in concentration and isolation, newer suburban communities have evolved differently. Cities where poverty has been high and increasing often maintained a high level of clustering and unevenness, but experienced higher levels of concentration and clustering in 2000. In contrast, wealthier cities typically faced a rise in unevenness and clustering as small pockets of poverty population emerged in the midst of high-income neighborhoods.     

基于村域视角的脱贫成效空间格局及影响机制研究——以湖南省新晃侗族自治县84个出列村为例

贫困与摆脱贫困是中国改革和发展路径选择的起点和动力来源。本研究从经济建设成效、基础与公共服务设施建设成效、生活保障与就业保障成效4个维度构建评价指标体系,对2019年新晃县脱贫成效的空间格局与影响机制进行研究。结果表明：① 2019年新晃县出列村经济建设与生活保障脱贫成效指数差异较小,“高、较高、一般成效”区域相间分布,基础与公共服务设施建设、就业保障脱贫成效具有较为明显的空间分异特征。② 新晃县出列村综合脱贫成效在空间上整体呈现出“东高西低”的格局,且与地形存在较强的相关性特征。③ 新晃县综合脱贫成效主要影响因素为患有大病及长期慢性病的脱贫人数占比、行政村距县城距离、年龄结构、户均收入高于县平均收入户数占比、劳动力状况等。村域发展基础与村域自然要素是影响脱贫成效的基础本底因素,村域人口结构是影响村域脱贫成效空间分异的关键主导因素,而村域发展潜力是巩固脱贫成效的持续推动力。     

以实践为导向的旅游地返贫机制分析框架构建

防范返贫风险、实现可持续减贫是“后扶贫时代”原贫困旅游地巩固脱贫成效的重点工作。本文以实践为导向,以旅游减贫经典理论为骨架,整合多学科返贫研究成果,构建旅游地返贫机制分析框架。该框架建立了旅游返贫类型体系,指明了返贫风险可能的发生途径与机制。框架指出：扶贫机制不完善将导致机会、增权、保障3个关键因素不同程度的缺失,这些缺失将通过直接效应、间次效应或动态效应三种路径导致低资产返贫、低增长返贫、再结构返贫或暂时性返贫的产生。文章进而给出分析框架的实际应用步骤,以指导旅游减贫实践者检视返贫风险、判断可能的返贫类型结果、阻断返贫发生路径,为脱贫地区旅游可持续发展及返贫风险防范提供了指引。尽管以解决实践问题、提高实践效率、降低实践成本为导向,但该框架也能在理论上指引未来的旅游地返贫研究面向现实需求,探索是否有更优的返贫分类方法、是否有需要补充的返贫成因、是否有新的返贫路径等问题,有助于明确该领域的未来研究方向。     

Watering the suburbs: distinction,conformity and the suburban garden

Research on domestic water use has conventionally been confined to understanding the role of physical variables such as rainfall and temperature in influencing patterns of consumption. In limiting research to this narrow focus, the significance of socio‐cultural variables has been largely ignored. This paper seeks to develop socio‐cultural understandings of domestic water use by examining water consumption as part of a broader set of consumption practices associated with suburban space. In particular, the socio‐cultural dimensions are explored on a local scale through an exploration of water‐use patterns associated with the new suburban garden: an important site of home‐making processes, and one associated with a substantial proportion of domestic water consumption. The notion of cultural capital is adopted as a framework for examining these consumption patterns. Water consumption is analysed as a practice through which cultural capital can be accumulated. It is argued that the contrasting notions of social distinction and social conformity in the suburban garden shape the accumulation of cultural capital and influence patterns of water consumption. Understanding these socio‐cultural dimensions of water consumption is important in shaping water‐use management, an issue discussed throughout the paper.     

不同类型社区绿地规模和结构对居民心理健康的影响——以上海市郊区为例

以上海市郊区为案例地区,综合问卷调查和多源绿地数据,构建有序Logit模型分析高档、低档、近郊、远郊4类社区的社区内外绿地规模与结构对居民心理健康的影响。结果发现：1）不同社区的绿地数量与结构存在显著差异。高低档社区内的绿地差异大于近远郊社区;近郊社区的周边绿地数量优于远郊社区,但公园绿地可达性更差。2）提高社区内乔木和灌木比例、增加社区周边公园绿地可达性对心理健康有正向影响。3）低档社区居民的心理健康受到社区内植被覆盖和公园绿地可达性的显著影响,而高档社区居民对绿地空间的作用不敏感。4）近郊社区居民受到周边绿地规模和社区内植被覆盖的影响,而远郊社区绿地率和公园绿地的可达性对居民心理健康有显著作用。最后,提出对于低档和近郊社区首先需要关注社区内的绿地规划,对于高档和远郊社区应注重社区内外的绿地平衡的建议。     

新疆农村贫困化空间分布及影响因素探究——以荒地镇为例

在国家大力推进精准扶贫的政策背景下,分析不同地区贫困成因的差异性具有重要意义。本文以新疆维吾尔自治区莎车县荒地镇为研究区,通过地理探测器和地理加权回归模型探究该区贫困人口和状态的空间分布及其影响因素,研究结果表明：1)荒地镇农村贫困化呈现一定范围内集聚分布的特征,镇域中部和北部地区的贫困发生率明显高于其周边地区,中部的贫困地区由中心向四周扩散,北部的贫困发生率低于中部。2)导致贫困的主要因素包括距主干道距离、人口密度和男性人口所占比例。3)距离主干道的距离与贫困发生率呈现出明显的正向相关的关系,距离镇中心的距离与贫困发生率呈现出一定的负相关关系,人口密度与贫困发生率呈现出明显的负相关关系。4)依据不同地区贫困形成的主导因素,贫困地区可以划分为道路制约型和人口制约型,其中道路制约性主要分布在荒地镇的东南地区,而人口制约性主要分布在北部地区。针对不同成因的农村贫困,本文提出应该采用不同策略的扶贫措施。     

旅游扶贫重点村空间可达性分布特征及影响因素研究

在国家提出乡村振兴和旅游扶贫政策的大背景下,为了发挥旅游交通在区域发展中的带动作用,为旅游扶贫重点村建设和加快区域脱贫提供理论依据,文章以湖北武陵山区258个旅游扶贫重点村为研究样本,运用栅格成本加权距离算法与地理加权回归模型(GWR)对其旅游交通可达性及影响因素在空间上影响程度及作用方向的差异进行了探究。研究发现：湖北武陵山区内旅游扶贫重点村的平均可达时间为1.82 h,区域整体可达性相对较差,出行成本较高;从自然及人文2个视角对旅游扶贫重点村可达性的影响因子进行提取,各个影响因子在区域上作用大小的排序为：距最邻近县市最短路径>高程>周边旅游资源禀赋>距河流最短距离>距周边景区最短距离>坡度,距河流最短距离及周边旅游资源禀赋与可达成本呈负相关关系,其余因素均与可达成本呈正相关关系;距周边景区最短距离与坡度值大小的单位变化对可达成本空间差异的影响不显著。     

中国精准扶贫驻村帮扶工作成效及其影响因素

基于全国6378个村的驻村帮扶数据样本,本研究分析了精准扶贫工作中驻村帮扶措施的实施与进展状况,并用计量方法识别了影响驻村帮扶成效的主要因素,测度了帮扶工作的减贫效应。驻村帮扶队伍主要由县级单位派出的男性干部组成,平均年龄为42岁且学历以大专大学为主;驻村干部采取的帮扶措施保持了因村施策原则,具体包括“输血式”与“造血式”帮扶;帮扶项目的实施和成效具有明显的地域特征,总体上西部优于中部;驻村帮扶成效受到多重因素影响,干部的年龄、学历和派出单位等个人特征会影响减贫人口的数量,驻村工作队采取的扶贫措施主要会影响教育卫生等基础设施的改善。研究结果将有助于为顺利推进中国精准扶贫和乡村振兴有效衔接提供理论依据和决策支持。     

贫困地理学的基础理论与学科前沿

中国的减贫实践证明,地理学在服务国民经济建设和支撑减贫瞄准与扶贫决策中发挥着重要学科价值。然而,由于基本概念模糊、基础理论滞后、学科体系不健全,“理论贫困”成为制约贫困地理学创新发展的最大短板。本文在解析贫困核心概念的基础上,系统剖析了贫困地理学作为一门分支学科的学科性质、基础理论、研究对象、研究内容与框架,提出了未来贫困地理研究中的前沿领域。结果表明：① 贫困是指与一定标准相比,人们所享受的各种福利处于劣势、缺少或不足的状态,具有多维性、区域性和动态性特征。在测量标准上,绝对贫困强调“极小值”,相对贫困强调“平均值”。在瞄准对象上,个体贫困关注个人福利或能力的缺失与不足,区域贫困则是从空间视角关注个体福利背后的“区域福利”。② 贫困地理学是一门研究贫困地区的形成、分布、地理特征及其与环境的关系和反贫困措施的学科,以贫困地域系统为研究对象,以“贫困—环境”关系为研究核心,具有综合性、交叉性和区域性特点。贫困地理学的基础性理论包括空间贫困理论、区域贫困理论和多维贫困理论,其研究内容与框架包括3个维度、2大要素、2类对象、2大标准。③ 贫困地理学需要进一步强化贫困地域系统演化、区域贫困测度、相对贫困瞄准、贫困监测模拟、减贫效应评估、区域可持续发展模式等方面的基础研究。