南京城市贫困空间调查与分析

从城市社会地理学的角度,运用城市社会保障资料和典型社区问卷调查和访谈,对南京市城市贫困阶层进行了空间分析,并探讨了产生这一格局的原因和机制。从南京的实例不难看出,中国当代的城市贫困空间,既不同于国外城市的棚户区和边缘化特点,也不同于中国农村贫困户相对集中分布,具有较明显的分散性特征。形成这种城市贫困空间结构的动力机制主要在于中国城市近50年的城市住房分配制度造成了以单位制为基础的社会阶层混合居住的局面。随着城市住房体制改革的逐步完成和住房商品化和私有化进程,中国城市的贫困空间也将呈现相对集中分布的趋势,即贫困家庭向地价低廉的城郊结合带集中,而在城市中心区的外围也将由于房地产开发无法获利而造成旧区的衰退,从而形成贫民区。     

Kut (informal rotating credit) in the livelihood strategies of urban households in Penang, Malaysia

The importance of social capital in both rural and urban communities is an often-published topic. By representing the operation of social capital networks, this paper explores the persistence of informal rotating credit in the livelihoods of low-income, urban households in Penang, Malaysia. It highlights the function of such credit and the ways in which it benefits poor women and their households. This paper suggests that informal credit reduces the probability of being poor, and the returns to household investment in social capital are higher for the poor than for the population at large. The downside of such social capital is also discussed. The paper concludes that informal credit is enhanced in the urban settings due to the increase in income opportunities, especially for women.     

Tensiti: a social and physical development in Lae,Papua New Guinea

The implementation of an ‘appropriate’ housing subdivision in Lae, Papua New Guinea represents a new approach in creating an acceptable environment for the urban poor. The unique hexagonal design of the Tensiti development and its aims and policy implications are discussed. It appears that at least some of the urban poor of Lae now live in a settlement which satisfies the demands of town planners, urban administrators and the realities of the settlers' basic needs and resources.     

全球化背景下封闭社区形成的影响因素与空间效应

随着经济全球化和西方新自由主义政策推行,封闭社区以其空间私有化、社会分异与隔离的特征成为一种特殊的全球现象。封闭社区对城市社会、政策和经济发展等方面具有重大影响。本文在对国内外研究成果总结的基础上,探讨封闭社区的性质、类型和形成的影响因素,并重点讨论封闭社区对城市空间发展与演变的影响。封闭社区具有物理空间封闭性、社会空间隔离性和文化空间契约性,是经济全球化与新自由主义政策、制度环境与历史文化变迁和多元主体共同作用的产物。在空间效应上,封闭社区影响着城市物质空间、社会空间和文化空间的塑造和演变,进而深刻影响城市空间演化与城市发展。最后,从城市政府和城市规划的角度讨论封闭社区的治理建议。     

Planning a Prosperous Sydney: The challenges of planning urban development in the new urban context

Since their post-war inception, Sydney's metropolitan plans have tended to be overtaken by the social, economic and environmental conditions they have had to confront. The depth and scope of Sydney's recent urban transformation threatens again to overtake metropolitan planning capacity creating, in the context of competitive globalisation, a potentially significant market disadvantage for the city, not to mention poor urban development outcomes. This paper reviews Sydney's post-war metropolitan planning strategies, examining the social and economic contexts and the policy paradigms in which they have been framed, in order to draw out the lessons to be learned from their successes and failures. We argue that future success in planning urban development will rely on richly informed and fine-grained understanding of the complex spatial outcomes of Sydney's ever-deeper global integration. Only such fine-grained understanding can empower metropolitan planning to be responsive to the evolving challenges of managing development in the contemporary urban context.     

The historical geography of prostitution in Perth,Western Australia

This paper charts major changes in the locational distribution of female prostitution in the Perth metropolitan area during the twentieth century, and aims to explain why these changes took place. The study confirmed that there is a positive relationship between changes to law enforcement policy and changes to the spatial distribution of the sex industry. Factors that affect law enforcement policy (and thus the location of prostitution) include the social stigma associated with prostitution, economic forces that compete for urban space and political pressures to contain and occasionally relocate the trade. At the same time, and despite a number of major spatial redistributions caused by changes to law enforcement policy in Perth, the central city area has remained the sex industry's geographical focus throughout the twentieth century. This strong preference to be centrally located is related to the sex industry's primary locational imperatives, being access to major client catchments and availability of appropriate operational premises. The paper argues that a complex set of endogenous and exogenous factors contribute to the locational behaviour of prostitution, and that these forces and their associated dynamics need to be understood in order to successfully integrate the sex industry into an equitable and orderly town planning process.     

Commentary: Neoliberal Landscapes of Deception: Detroit,Ford Field,and the Ford Motor Company

Microfinance is often presented as a solution to rural poverty. However, increasingly, many countries across the world are turning to it as a mechanism for dealing with the contingencies arising from the marketization of basic services and shrinking welfare provisions. Using examples of urban microfinance from India, this essay shows how, through microfinance, market rationalities are increasingly finding their way into food and housing provision for the urban poor and are displacing social relations that have traditionally sustained them.     

转型时期广州城市户籍人口新贫困的地域类型和分异机制

本文把新城市贫困度量指标从经济领域拓展到社会文化等领域,利用广州市2005年最低保障统计和五普数据,采用因子分析法计算街道层面贫困主因子和综合贫困得分,并对得分大于全市平均水平的街道进行聚类,划分出"外围工人相对集中的贫困区、邻近核心就业不理想的贫困区和内城核心住房设施匮乏的贫困区"三种类型。结合三类代表社区的问卷访谈、综合调研和社区发展分析,发现计划和转型两个时期,体制和市场的双重因素共同作用,深刻改变或影响了社区的物质和社会特征,最终导致贫困地域产生明显的特征分异。     

The Mobile Street Food Service Practice in the Urban Economy of Kumba, Cameroon

The mobile food service practice is one of multiple survival strategies adopted by poor urban households in Cameroon to maintain and expand the base of subsistence incomes, especially in the current surge of economic crisis. Though a fast-growing informal sector enterprise, it is still at an artisanal stage in urban Cameroon, creating an urgent need for a supportive policy environment that could have measurable positive impacts on improving the productivity, welfare and income levels of the micro-entrepreneurs. This study looks at the mobile food service practice in Kumba, Cameroon, in terms of its basic characteristics, the locational factors influencing its socio-spatial distribution, the critical success factors (CSFs) determining customer choices, and its impacts on the local environmental resources and quality of urban life. The mobile food service practice creates employment, generates income, and acts as a food energy-support instrument to the urban poor and local economic activities operating in Kumba. The vendors, who are mostly women, can make incomes that are 405 per cent of the national minimum wage and, thus, contribute financially towards the education, health and survival of their families. The paper provides some recommendations on ways to improve the efficiency of this sector so as to achieve sustainable economic and social development and to enhance empowerment thereof.     

以实践为导向的旅游地返贫机制分析框架构建

防范返贫风险、实现可持续减贫是“后扶贫时代”原贫困旅游地巩固脱贫成效的重点工作。本文以实践为导向,以旅游减贫经典理论为骨架,整合多学科返贫研究成果,构建旅游地返贫机制分析框架。该框架建立了旅游返贫类型体系,指明了返贫风险可能的发生途径与机制。框架指出：扶贫机制不完善将导致机会、增权、保障3个关键因素不同程度的缺失,这些缺失将通过直接效应、间次效应或动态效应三种路径导致低资产返贫、低增长返贫、再结构返贫或暂时性返贫的产生。文章进而给出分析框架的实际应用步骤,以指导旅游减贫实践者检视返贫风险、判断可能的返贫类型结果、阻断返贫发生路径,为脱贫地区旅游可持续发展及返贫风险防范提供了指引。尽管以解决实践问题、提高实践效率、降低实践成本为导向,但该框架也能在理论上指引未来的旅游地返贫研究面向现实需求,探索是否有更优的返贫分类方法、是否有需要补充的返贫成因、是否有新的返贫路径等问题,有助于明确该领域的未来研究方向。     

A spatial analytic approach for classifying greenspace and comparing greenspace social equity

Urban planners frequently adhere to ‘park minimum standards’ to ensure that public health and environmental benefits associated with greenspace are socially equitable. These standards denote the extent and placement of greenspaces, but rarely consider their form and function. Arguably, an inclusive evaluation of greenspace social equity requires the comparison of greenspace types. To address if greenspace types are socially equitable, I develop a novel spatial analytic approach that classifies 4265 greenspaces according to twelve functional, physical characteristics. I then compare the social equity of these greenspace types using multiple operationalizations of social equity (provision, accessibility, and population pressure) throughout 4524 neighborhoods in a capital city in Australia. I find that greenspace social equity varies for each of these types. For example, results reveal that affluent households have an abundance of amenity rich greenspaces and few amenity poor ones. Further, by comparing across multiple social equity operationalizations, I find that affluent households may have a deficit of the amenity poor greenspace type, but live closer to this type. These findings confirm that employing a greenspace typology and multiple social equity operationalizations can deepen our understanding of the association between social equity and greenspace provision. This spatial analytic approach is both adaptable for examining other urban land use types, and portable to other urban contexts, and can aid urban planners, researchers, and policy makers to understand how to improve the social equity of publicly beneficial greenspace types.     

城市生态安全的多种评价模型及应用

为了对城市生态安全水平与评价方法进行研究,以深圳和4个中央直辖市为研究对象,根据压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,构建了城市生态安全评价指标体系并采用层次分析与熵值相结合的优化方法,综合确定权重运用改进的灰色关联度法、物元可拓综合法、模糊综合法和主成分投影法等4种评价模型,对上述城市2006年生态安全水平进行了测算、分析与评价,并对评价模型进行了对比探讨。结果表明:(1)深圳生态安全水平最高,依次为北京、天津和上海,重庆最低;深圳、北京和天津生态安全等级为较安全,上海为临界安全,重庆为不安全;上海发展潜力最大,深圳、北京与天津较大,重庆仍最小。(2)在对城市生态安全评价研究中,模糊综合法与物元可拓综合法评价结果较全面、精确,其中模糊综合法更利于有针对性地分析问题。     

ASSURE: a model for the simulation of urban expansion and intra-urban social segregation

Numerous cities in developing regions worldwide are expanding at a tremendous rate. This requires adequate strategies to address the needs of these growing cities with diverse populations. Nonetheless, the development of urban policies is often hampered by the lack of reliable data or insight in the socio-spatial dynamics of this urban expansion. This paper therefore presents ASSURE, a spatially and temporally explicit model that can simulate urban growth and intra-urban social segregation, taking into account alternative policy strategies and expected social dynamics. The model has a flexible structure that allows incorporating specific city conditions that influence residential decision-making and adapting the simulation to the data available. This, in combination with the transparent model structure, makes ASSURE a potentially valuable decision support tool for urban planning. The potential is demonstrated with an example where the urban growth of and social segregation in Kampala (Uganda) is simulated based on (semi-)quantitative and qualitative data for ca. 800 households collected through interviews. The results of the simulations show that depending on the scenario, the spatial segregation and accessibility problems will evolve highly differently.     

Loose threads: The translocal making of public space policy in Hanoi

This paper analyses the recent developments in public space policy in the city of Hanoi, Vietnam. It has three aims. The first is to look at a potentially progressive urban policy in contrast to most work on ‘policies in motion’ that has primarily been concerned with neoliberal policies. The second is to put the process of public space policymaking in Hanoi in historical and cultural perspective. We therefore describe public space in Hanoi as historically constituted by different layers of meaning and physical urban patterns. The paper's third aim is to analyse the translocal connections involved in a policy that is still in the making, and therefore characterized by a series of ‘loose threads’. We show how different types of connections – policy mobility, topological relations and inter‐referencing – relate Hanoi to multiple locales elsewhere. The conclusion reflects on the ‘politics of reception’ showing how analysing a policy in the making develops a critical analysis of policies in motion.     

厦门常住人口社会分层实证分析与政策建议

外来人口是城市常住人口的重要组成部分,为社会经济的发展作出重要贡献。研究外来人口与本地人口的居住、就业特征和社会经济情况,探索常住人口内部分层现象及其成因,进一步分析人口政策,有助于消弭差异,实现社会融合,合理分配城市空间资源,促进不同社会阶层全面发展,构筑可持续的城市化进程。本文以厦门市为研究区,构建外来人口集中度指标,运用空间自相关和Logistic 模型,分析厦门市常住人口的居住分层特征。研究结果表明,外来人口在厦门市域范围内接近随机分布,具有经济导向性,并与第二产业规模显著相关。在城市核心区显示较强的空间聚集效应,与地价存在显著的空间相关性。Logistic 模型验证了本地居民与外来居民之间,在年龄,受教育程度,单位职务,房屋产权,居住面积和社会地位等方面都存在显著差异,尤其是以住房资源分化引起的居住分层最为严重,并影响了外来人口对自身社会地位的认同。这种分层会阻滞经济活力和可持续发展。为此,本文提出应以政策为导向,提高外来人口的居住效用,将外来人口的政策融入到城市的发展规划中。     

南京城市户籍贫困人口的时空分异格局

以城市居民最低生活保障统计数据为基础,运用ESDA的方法,探讨2000—2017年南京城市户籍贫困人口的时空分异格局,并从居住空间分异的视角出发,归纳总结出南京城市户籍贫困空间格局的演化过程与机制。研究表明：① 贫困人口的空间分布沿袭了2000年“大分散,小集中”的特点,且分布状态进一步趋于分散,空间集聚则呈现出“核心-边缘”结构,“核心”即热点区域基本都位于绕城公路以内;② 未成年、无业、有就业能力（尚未正式就业）和刑释解教的贫困群体,尤其是刑释解教且无业的贫困群体,是当下城市贫困空间治理重点关注对象;③ 相比于2000年,目前南京城市户籍人口的贫困地域产生了明显分异,可划分为隐蔽型、安置型和复合型三种类型贫困人口聚居区;④ 在政府职能、市场机制和社会行为的交织作用下,南京城市户籍贫困空间重构的同时,也经历了从显性到隐性的转向。     

2003-2013年中国城市形态研究评述

根据2003-2013年间在国内主要地理学、城市规划和建筑学期刊上发表的研究文献,对近10年间的城市形态相关研究的内容、方法和进展进行评述。文章在辨析城市“布局形态”、“结构形态”、“肌理形态”三大概念的基础上,将现有研究成果按城市形态影响要素分解、新技术方法应用、时间—空间维度探讨、可持续城市形态、城市形态规划、管理和控制,以及分城市、地区案例研究六大主线进行归纳,并评析现有成果的研究视角、技术方法、实践应用特点及其局限。比较中西方城市形态研究轨迹,国内研究习惯于通过实证主义的因果演绎和经验主义的案例归纳来理解现有城市的形态发展历程,并在借鉴历史经验和西方经验的基础上,寻求城市形态发展的“理想城市形态”。而西方研究则致力于寻求“可持续城市形态”的可操作性和实现方式,侧重于可持续发展的路径探索和规划应对。本文提出未来城市形态研究应更关注微观层面的肌理形态分析,应从更加温和、建设性的“时间—空间演化”视角探讨城市形态演进规律,为包容性、共生性的“可持续形态”演变发展构建理论基础。     

Rural and urban livelihoods,social exclusion and social protection in sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

This paper shows that with the decline of overall poverty, the concern for rising or persisting inequalities and the need for a transformative social protection, the capacity of countering social exclusion and promoting social justice also becomes increasingly relevant to urbanizing sub-Saharan Africa. It is argued that several parts of sub-Saharan Africa are likely to move towards pro-poor urbanization and show emerging changes in rural and urban livelihoods. Then, the practice of social protection programmes along the rural–urban continuum in sub-Saharan Africa is examined extensively in order to determine whether these practices align with emerging changes in livelihoods and tackle social exclusion in a transformative way. It is found that the livelihoods of the poor are enhanced and that social inclusion has increased. However, social protection’s adaptation to emerging changes in rural and urban livelihoods is still poor, and so is social protection’s capacity to tackle social exclusion in a transformative way. It is concluded that transformative social protection would require more structural interventions through empowering pressure on the state and innovative decentralization from the top.     

Urban Pulse—(RE)Making Space for Globalization in Istanbul

This paper provides critical reflections on the urban transformation campaign launched by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM) as part and parcel of its ambitions to upgrade Istanbul to "world city" status. I focus on two main aspects of "urban transformation" in Istanbul: prestige mega-projects and (re)development of informal housing areas, with particular emphasis on the latter. I examine how poor residents' livelihoods are put at stake in spite of the IMM's claim that "urban transformation" is ultimately beneficial for all citizens. I conclude with the unique policy challenges that the local governments face in developing participatory models for urban renewal and regeneration in Istanbul.     

State Transformation,Policy Learning,and Exclusive Displacement in the Process of Urban Redevelopment in Taiwan

Abstract

This paper explores the dynamics behind the changing regimes of urban renewal and its social impacts in Taiwan. Before the 1980s, the state was willing to solely shoulder the job of urban renewal with a wholly supportive financial budget and land appropriation law, while in the 1990s it became financially overburdened due to its renewal policy. Around the year 2000, the state turned towards promoting urban regeneration as a key business model. Through this historical exposition, the Taiwanese story of state transformation in urban renewal policy brings two issues to the fore. The first issue is the learning process concerning the policy of public-private partnership (PPP) initiatives. Trans-border policy mobility connects and constitutes cities, such as Taipei, with other places, such as London, through visits and seminars attended by policy makers and experts. However, policy transferred from abroad is “localized” in the learning process and used to prioritize the regeneration of public lands in the urban area. The PPP model is transformed in the face of domestic political struggles. The second issue is the social exclusion as a result of property-led regeneration. Rather than playing the role of an impartial institutional moderator, the state privileged landowners and developers and sacrificed the rights of tenants to stay put. By doing so, the state secures political support from landowner-cum-citizens and initiates a political culture of property in which local citizenship is predicated on ownership.