基于GIS的深圳梧桐山林地增长预测与削减径流生态效益评估

基于2005年深圳市0.3 m分辨率的航片与梧桐山8个林地样方数据,通过ArcView软件平台,利用CITYgreen生态价值评估模型,计算2005年梧桐山林地削减径流的生态效益。并以2005年为初始年,以10年为周期,预测2015—2055年林地生长趋势与生态效益。结果表明:2015年、2025年、2035年、2045年与2055年梧桐山林地增长率分别为14.23%、12.27%、12.09%、11.68%、12.85%;2005年削减径流的生态效益为3.74亿元,2015年、2025年、2035年、2045年与2055年预测值分别为3.89亿元、4.03亿元、4.19亿元、4.35亿元与4.52亿元。林地生长与生态效益增长态势不均衡与不同树木的生命周期及其特性相关。     

社区公园空气污染暴露特征及其居民感知 ——以广州市中心城区为例

基于空气污染监测与问卷调查数据,研究了广州中心城区33个社区公园空气污染暴露特征、影响因素及其居民对空气污染感知。主要结论为：1）各区社区公园空气污染暴露风险及其空间格局分布差异较大,低暴露风险公园所占比例较小。2）空气质量指数（AQI）、PM_1.0和PM₁₀与社区公园面积呈显著负相关;AQI、PM_1.0、PM₁₀和PM_2.5与斑块形状指数呈显著正相关关系;二氧化碳（CO₂）与离城市主干道距离呈显著负相关,但社区公园1 km缓冲区范围内城市道路密度与其空气污染关系不大。3）超过1/3的居民对社区公园空气污染程度的主观感知优于客观测度的空气污染水平。4）可替代活动空间以及社区公园可达性影响居民空气污染暴露风险。由于社区公园面积规模较小,对空气污染减缓作用有限,未来应尽可能规划面积规模较大、可达性较高、形状更饱满且远离交通主干道的社区公园。     

Expanding Local Water Supplies: Assessing the Impacts of Stormwater Infiltration on Groundwater Quality

In urban regions, the increased volume of stormwater runoff that results from the impermeable urban landscape is a potential source of water supply, particularly for groundwater recharge. One concern regarding infiltration of stormwater is its potential impact on groundwater quality. To further evaluate this, an extensive monitoring program was conducted in and around Los Angeles, California, over a six-year period. Samples collected from stormwater runoff, the vadose zone, and groundwater were analyzed for constituents of concern including metals, nutrients, organics, bacteria, and emerging contaminants. Findings indicate no degradation of groundwater quality as a result of intentional infiltration. At sites with shallow groundwater, concentrations of some constituents decreased over the period of the study.     

上海城市降雨径流污染时空分布与初始冲刷效应

选取上海市中心城区典型功能区监测降雨事件,研究降雨径流污染时空变化及初始冲刷效应。研究表明,上海中心城区路面径流主要污染物为TSS和CODCr,超出国家地表水Ⅴ类标准四倍多;总磷超出Ⅴ类水质标准两倍以上,氮素营养盐也有不同程度的污染。污染物含量在不同功能区之间显示出相似的分布趋势,交通区明显高于其他区域,其次为商业区和工业区,居民区情况较为良好。降雨强度是影响初始冲刷效应的主要因素,强度较大的降雨冲刷效应较为明显;不同功能区之间,商业区初始冲刷效应较强,其次为居民区和工业区,交通区冲刷强度较弱;TSS和CODCr在商业区和工业区冲刷强度要大于氮磷污染物质;而在交通区和居民区分异特征不明显。     

Assessing the Potential of Low-Impact Development Techniques on Runoff and Streamflow in the Templeton Gap Watershed,Colorado

This study examines how the impact of impervious surface in the Templeton Gap watershed (Colorado) could be reduced through the use of low-impact development (LID) strategies. LID is a sustainable stormwater approach to land management that retains runoff close to the source by preserving natural landscape features and limiting imperviousness. Our research indicates that LID techniques could reduce peak flows generated by stormwater runoff, allow city engineers to restore the stream channel to a more natural state, and improve the safety of residents and the security of property below the levee. This study developed a model of the Templeton Gap watershed and its associated stormwater infrastructure using the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Specifically designed for small urban watersheds, SWMM allows users to accurately represent stormwater runoff dynamics and project the impact of hypothetical LID features such as porous pavement, rain gardens, and infiltration trenches on runoff and streamflow.     

Environmental justice in urban greening for subtropical Asian cities: the view from Taipei

Whilst an extensive body of literature exists on the environmental justice implications of urban greening in North America, Europe and to an extent Australasia, there are fewer analogous studies for tropical zone Asian city contexts. Given increasing global interest in the potential for urban greenspace to contribute to resilience in the face of environmental change and the higher vulnerability of Asian cities to environmental shocks, this is a notable gap. In response, this paper evaluates the contours of environmental justice debates within urban greenspace planning for one subtropical Asian city—Taipei. Through analysis of newspaper reporting on urban greenspace planning within Taipei, the potential and limitations of greenspace planning in contributing to equitably delivering benefits from urban greenspace towards resilience are assessed. Findings suggest that claims to environmental injustice in greenspace debates within Taipei follow broadly similar lines to controversies in Europe and North America. Nevertheless, the need for specific knowledge to understand the different ecosystem services provided by tropical zone ecosystems, and the potential for conflicts over greenspace versus development to be heightened in dense Asian city settings, are highlighted as potential areas where environmental justice debates in an Asian urban greening context may differ from Western cities.     

2000—2007年中国东部地区城市土地集约利用分析

本文以中国东部地区10省市87个城市为研究对象,利用层次分析法构建城市土地集约利用评价的指标体系,分析2000-2007年城市土地集约利用变化的规律,并建立城市土地集约利用指标值与影响因子之间的多元回归模型,寻找影响城市土地集约利用变化的差异。研究结果表明：①从人口承载、经济投入与经济产出的角度构建了评价指标体系,经济产出成为城市土地集约利用的主要影响因素。②北京市城市土地集约利用指标值均值的变化最大,其他东部9省市各城市土地集约利用指标值均值的变化趋势类似,变化相对平缓。广东城市土地集约利用指标均值的标准差最大,海南城市土地集约利用指标值的标准差起伏最大。③多数城市土地集约利用指标值均分布在0．1000～0．2000之间。④构建了城市土地集约利用指标值与各影响因子之间的多元回归模型,72个城市通过了规定条件的检验。     

Assessment of Urban Air Pollution and Spatial Spillover Effects in China: Cases of 113 Key Environmental Protection Cities

With rapid urbanization and energy consumption, environmental pollution and degradation have become increasingly serious problems in China. At the beginning of 2013, China implemented new ambient air quality standards (GB 3095-2012) in which the concentration of six pollutants including PM_2.5, ozone, carbon monoxide, PM₁₀, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were monitored. This study gathered annual air pollutant concentration data for the six pollutants in 113 key environmental protection cites throughout China in 2014 and 2015 to explain spatial patterns of urban air pollution. Based on the Kernel density estimation method, spatial hotspots of air pollution were illustrated through which spatial cluster of each pollutants could be plotted. By employing an entropy evaluation system, urban air quality was assessed in terms of the six atmospheric pollutants. We conclude that, in general, CO and SO₂ were two important pollutants in most Chinese cities, but this varied greatly among cities. The assessment results indicate that cities with the worst air quality were mainly located in northern and central provinces, dominantly in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area. Regression modeling showed that a combination of meteorological factors and human-related determinants, to say specifically, industrialization and urbanization factors, greatly influenced urban air quality variation in China. Results from spatial lag regression modeling confirmed that air pollution existed obvious spatial spillover effects among key cities. The spatial interdependence effects of urban air quality means that Chinese municipal governments should strengthen regional cooperation and deepen bilateral collaboration in terms of air regulation and pollution prevention.     

Urban stream channel hazards

In managing urban stream channels there are pressures to use soft engineering techniques to restore channels wherever possible, to undertake management within a drainage basin context, to produce sustainable solutions and to consider community views. However, specific methods for characterizing the channel network in terms of possible management options have not been developed explicitly for urban areas. A method of characterizing the entire drainage network of urban areas, based upon segmentation of the stream channel network according to the incidence of road crossings and stormwater outfalls, is proposed together with consideration of ways in which the segments can be characterized, including stream channel hazards as a means of providing one basis for urban channel management.     

Research on the Urban Influence Domains in China

Through research on the gravity model, the paper studies the geometric characteristics of urban influence domain and the principles for the change of urban influence domain along with the evolution of distance decay index, calculates the distribution of the gravitational field by using ARCGIS, establishes a spatial cluster system for the megalopolis in china, delineates urban influence domains by dissolving spatial features, and compartmentalizes China into 13 economic regions based on the megalopolis clusters and urban influence domains combining with the physical and economic locations. Major conclusions are: the distribution of urban gravitational field is the manifestation of regional unbalanced development; the spatial structure and characteristic of urban system can be studied through the distribution situation of urban gravitational field; the urban influence domains in China have not formed the mosaic structure of a standard regular hexagon; the economic region with weak urban gravitational field may be compressed by the region with stronger urban gravitational field.     

中国城市LID技术设施的成本效益区域差异

随着城市化进程不断加快,人口和城市规模不断扩张,对现代城市雨洪管理提出了新要求。本文运用情景分析法研究中国城市典型低影响开发(Low Impact Development, LID)技术设施的成本效益。分别以80%与95%降雨场次控制率对应的场次降雨为情景,以30年为服务期计算技术设施的雨水管理效益。研究发现：北方城市的建安成本与维护费用均值高于南方城市,同时受区域降雨量差异的影响,南方城市LID技术设施的雨水处理效益普遍高于北方。而北方城市之间效益差异亦较大,其中京津冀地区及西北地区的城市雨水处理效益尤低。不同技术设施之间差异表现为：原地入渗设施的雨水处理成本在6~188元/m3之间,显著高于具有汇流功能的设施。对降水较少的北方城市建议采用成本低、效果好的下沉式绿地结合雨水湿地的方式;对雨量大、雨强高的南方城市建议采用生物滞留设施结合调节塘的方式,可增大调蓄能力达到降雨场次控制率的要求,同时能够净化地面径流、增强雨水下渗。     

基于遥感影像的城市森林分类提取及生态价值估算研究

以北京通州新城区城市森林为研究对象,提出一种基于信息论的决策树分类方法,以提取Aster遥感影像中城市森林平面量,改善传统分类方法仅利用影像光谱特征信息的不足,高分辨率影像和地面调查数据验证显示其分类精度达84.6%.结合分类影像图,引入城市森林生态价值评估模型(CITYgreen模型)估算出通州新城区森林的生态价值约为598.87万美元.研究表明,该方法适合大面积区域的城市森林分类提取及其生态价值估算.     

Urban Form,Air Pollution,and CO2 Emissions in Large U.S. Metropolitan Areas

In this article we explore the relationships between urban form and air pollution among 86 U.S. metropolitan areas. Urban form was quantified using preexisting sprawl indexes and spatial metrics applied to remotely sensed land cover data. Air pollution data included the nonpoint source emission of the ozone (O₃) precursors nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the concentration of O₃, the concentration and nonpoint source emission of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and the emission of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from on-road sources. Metropolitan areas that exhibited higher levels of urban sprawl, or sprawl-like urban morphologies, generally exhibited higher concentrations and emissions of air pollution and CO₂ when controlling for population, land area, and climate.     

城市交通运输地理发展趋势

从城市交通运输地理研究的核心概念入手,在对具有代表性的交通运输地理著作及刊物的研究进行综述基础上,对城市交通运输地理的发展进行分析,揭示城市交通运输地理目前研究的主要内容及发展趋势,丰富和发展城市地理学及交通地理学的研究内容。     

城市空间结构对碳排放影响的研究进展

城市空间结构对碳排放的影响是低碳城市规划建设中一项重要的科学命题.其中,城市空间结构对于城市交通及其能源消耗和碳排放的影响是学者们普遍关注的焦点.国外学者围绕影响城市交通及其碳排放的城市空间结构因素及其作用机制展开了大量细致深入的实证研究,并据此提出了利于节能减排的空间结构模式与调控策略.研究方法上,国外学者多采用定量研究的方法,通过建立空间结构要素与交通能耗的综合关系模型来说明二者的关系,并且越来越倾向于在模型中引入一系列社会经济变量,以便更好理解城市空间结构对于交通的影响.相比之下,国内的相关研究起步     

基于自然实验的城市绿色空间对居民心理健康的影响研究——以武汉东湖绿道为例

随着美丽中国、健康中国等战略的提出,城市绿色空间对于居民健康的重要作用日益凸显。然而,现有研究较少运用自然实验的方法探讨城市绿色空间与居民心理健康的关系。论文以中国最大的城中湖绿道——武汉东湖绿道为例,基于2016、2019年东湖绿道周边52个居住小区的1020份跟踪问卷调查数据,运用准自然实验方法与混合效应双重差分模型,探索城市绿色空间干预对周边小区居民心理健康的影响。研究发现,东湖绿道的建设显著促进了周边2 km范围小区居民心理健康水平的提升。控制变量中,居民心理健康水平与年龄呈正相关关系,与家庭收入水平则呈负相关关系;居民心理健康水平与小区的社会凝聚力、小区周边500 m范围的建筑密度、居住用地比例和地铁站密度呈正相关关系,与公交站密度则呈负相关关系。建议通过完善以绿道为核心的城市绿色空间网络,提高绿道可达性与邻里社会凝聚力,以此提升城市居民的心理健康水平。     

基于GIS的滇中城市群空间结构效益优化研究

在ArcGIS软件和云南基础地理数据支持下,对滇中城市群空间结构效益进行初步解析.结果表明：滇中城市群的突出优势在于人口规模大,经济发展水平较高,经济发展综合指数和城市化综合指数较大,其中昆明和玉溪的经济发展与城市化协调度较高,同时表现出空间差异;滇中城市群紧凑度较高,城市交通优势度相对较高,可达性较好,重要城市之间的空间联系较为紧密,但城市数量较少,规模效益相对欠缺.以实现城市群空间结构效益最大化为目标,在综合分析的基础上提出了滇中城市群方案.     

Variations of the Treescape in Relation to Urban Development in a Chinese City: The Case of Nanjing*

Urban trees, as prominent and pertinent landscape elements of cities, are increasingly studied by both practitioners and academics. Trees in Chinese cities have hitherto received little detailed analysis from the viewpoint of urban forestry or landscape analysis. This study attempts a comprehensive evaluation of the tree population in Nanjing, focusing on the association between urban development and treescape attributes. Six districts, covering the main built‐up area of 130 km², formed the study area. Nine land‐use types with varied urban morphology and three urban zones with different development history were identified, within which subareas and trees were sampled for field study of tree dimensions, tree performance, and site characteristics. Statistical analyses on the 6,527 surveyed trees verify that tree performance is significantly associated with land use, site condition, and related human activities. Treescape is associated with housing ownership, town planning, and the history of urban expansion. The relationship between treescape and urban landscape units can furnish hints for improved urban forest planning and management and better coordination between planners and landscape professionals.     

A spatial analytic approach for classifying greenspace and comparing greenspace social equity

Urban planners frequently adhere to ‘park minimum standards’ to ensure that public health and environmental benefits associated with greenspace are socially equitable. These standards denote the extent and placement of greenspaces, but rarely consider their form and function. Arguably, an inclusive evaluation of greenspace social equity requires the comparison of greenspace types. To address if greenspace types are socially equitable, I develop a novel spatial analytic approach that classifies 4265 greenspaces according to twelve functional, physical characteristics. I then compare the social equity of these greenspace types using multiple operationalizations of social equity (provision, accessibility, and population pressure) throughout 4524 neighborhoods in a capital city in Australia. I find that greenspace social equity varies for each of these types. For example, results reveal that affluent households have an abundance of amenity rich greenspaces and few amenity poor ones. Further, by comparing across multiple social equity operationalizations, I find that affluent households may have a deficit of the amenity poor greenspace type, but live closer to this type. These findings confirm that employing a greenspace typology and multiple social equity operationalizations can deepen our understanding of the association between social equity and greenspace provision. This spatial analytic approach is both adaptable for examining other urban land use types, and portable to other urban contexts, and can aid urban planners, researchers, and policy makers to understand how to improve the social equity of publicly beneficial greenspace types.     

Nonprofit Foundations and Grassroots Organizing: Reshaping Urban Governance

Collaborative urban governance has increased the role of community organizations in local decision-making processes. These organizations need financial resources in order to participate in urban governance. In this article, I examine the impact of foundation grants on the relationships and agendas of four community organizations in one neighborhood in St. Paul, Minnesota. Drawing on interviews, observations of organizations, and archival research, I demonstrate that in the 1990s, nonprofit foundations had a significant impact on the formation of new organizations and on their agendas in the neighborhood. Foundations are, therefore, an important player in urban governance, shaping a “neighborhood policy regime.”