WALL STREET LAYOFFS AND SERVICE SECTOR INCOMES IN THE NEW YORK METROPOLITAN REGION

In the late 1980s the robust growth of the New York metropolitan region halted abruptly. In response to fluctuations in global capital markets and mounting Third World debt, the banking and securities industries of Wall Street initiated net layoffs of more than 16,000 employees between July, 1987, and December, 1988. As these job losses reverberated through an intricate series of local interindustry linkages, they accelerated a profound decline of the regional economy. This paper utilizes input-output analysis and linear algebraic extensions to explore the associated job and service income reductions by industry, occupation, and county of residence. While total losses were largely confined to the financial community, the occupational composition of layoffs was disproportionately concentrated among unskilled workers.     

THE METROPOLITAN STRUCTURE OF SOUTHERN METROPOLITAN AREAS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

This paper systematically analyzes alterations in the employment patterns in 11 different sectors for 1970, 1980, and 1990 for three native-born ethnic groups and four foreign-born subpopulations in New York City. We explicitly contrast two methods of employment-change analysis to unpack the complex urban labor-market process of sectorspecific job succession. Our account builds on Roger Waldinger's recent analysis of shifts in the ethnic division of labor in New York City in the 1970s that used an innovative method of employment change decomposition. Waldinger tested the hypothesis that the upward and outward social movement of native-born whites in the city in this decade created a variegated chain of vacancies that other native-born and immigrant groups differentially filled. This paper expands his analysis to a broader set of ethnicities and explores the extent to which the system of job change altered between the 1970s and 1980s. In doing this, we show how Waldinger's method relates to shift-share analysis—the well-known method of regional employment change analysis. We find support for the theory that a key force behind the recent profound changes in New York's labor market was the redistribution and exit of whites from New York's labor force in the 1970s. In advancing the analysis to understand employment change in the 1980s by ethnic group, we reveal that the role of native whites changed. The native-white exodus from jobs in the city continued but masked sectoral differences in comparative advantage by ethnic category. Immigrant blacks and Hispanics gained jobs in every sector of the economy in the 1970s and in every sector but manufacturing in the 1980s. Immigrant Asians gained jobs in every sector including manufacturing in both decades. Total native-Hispanic employment also increased, but shifted significantly out of manufacturing to advanced services and the public sector in the 1980s. In the 1980s, African Americans lost the competitive advantage they held in the 1970s, largely as a result of significant change in the public sector. FIRE and transportation were the only sectors in which native blacks held labor-market comparative advantage by 1990.     

MAIN STREET TRANSFORMED: COMMUNITY SENSE OF PLACE FOR NONMETROPOLITAN TOURISM BUSINESS DISTRICTS

This case study applies the segment approach to investigate community sense of place for a small-town tourism business district (TBD). A stratified random sample of residents from Galena, Illinois (population 3,647), is analyzed to identify personal values and behaviors most closely associated with sense of place for downtown. Despite Galena's extreme orientation to tourism, natives and middle-class newcomers generally were found to be equally, and highly, involved with their TBD. Consequently, respondents claimed sentiments of "at-homeness" (or sense of place) for downtown regardless of their duration of residence. However, natives and newcomers collectively valued downtown for different reasons. One implication is that sense of place for downtown can translate into local agency-based projects and interest groups that promote or oppose the transformation of place. In turn, community cohesiveness can be threatened through the process of transforming a historic downtown into a TBD. [Key words: tourism business district (TBD), sense of place, downtown redevelopment, main street, small town.]     

EDGE CITIES: PERIPHERALIZING THE CENTER

Within the last two decades, an ostensibly new urban phenomenon—the edge city—has taken root in the U.S. metropolis. Rather than treating this sighting as an objective event to be empirically verified, the focus here is on the concept's discursive qualities. Edge city's symbolic thrust, I argue, is to resolve the ambivalence Americans have toward their cities. Ultimately, however, it fails, floundering on flawed representational tactics and a misreading of the actual dynamics of U.S. urbanization. Our urban ambivalence remains intact.     

BEYOND THE STREET CORNER: THE HIDDEN DIVERSITY OF HIGH-POVERTY NEIGHBORHOODS

The widely reported social pathologies of urban ghettos, barrios, and other slum areas have played a prominent role in the backlash against Aid to Families with Dependent Children and other social programs. The policy debate, however, has been fueled by a series of stereotypes about the characteristics of the residents of such neighborhoods. This article complements existing ethnographic research on high-poverty neighborhoods by examining social and economic data from the 1990 Census on all neighborhoods in U.S. metropolitan areas. High-poverty areas are found to contain a surprising amount of social and economic diversity. Although some residents clearly engage in “underclass” lifestyles, many of their neighbors are not public-assistance recipients and do participate in the labor market, albeit in lower-skill occupations and for fewer hours and lower wages. Other similarities and differences between high-poverty areas and other neighborhoods are explored, leading to a richer understanding of the nature of concentrated urban poverty.     

中国主要农作物种质资源地理分布

本文介绍了中国主要农作物种质资源的地理分布，重点论述了主要粮食作物，纤维作物和油料作物种质资源地理分布的规律和特点。     

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ON URBAN STREET CLIMATE

A numerical model is developed for simulating the nocturnal cooling of the ground and walls in typical urban canyons. The model is capable of dealing with homogeneous as well as inhomogeneous (layered) soil and wall substrates. Experiments carried out with the model show that the difference in the thermal properties of urban asphalt and concrete pavements and the rural dry soil substrate could create urban/rural surface temperature differences of up to 4–5K. In narrow cross-section canyons, the influence of geometry on the street microclimate increases and becomes dominant for aspect ratios exceeding 2. The external surfaces of insulated canyon walls cool drastically overnight and therefore induce lower heat island intensities than conventional wall constructions. Some findings of the numerical investigations are corroborated with available nocturnal cooling field observations.     

COMPARATIVE METROPOLITAN AREA ANALYSIS: MATCHING THE 1980 AND 1990 CENSUS PUBLIC USE MICRODATA SAMPLES FOR METROPOLITAN AREAS

The 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) of the U.S. Census contain detailed information on individuals in large samples. The incompatible PUMS metropolitan geographies across these census years, however, compromise use of these data. In this note, we discuss a procedure to match the geography of the 100 most populous metropolitan areas in the 1980 and 1990 PUMS. Programmed in SAS, this set of matched metropolitan areas facilitates comparative urban analysis for 1980 and 1990. The code can be downloaded from a website (http://baja.sscnet.ucla.edu/εellis/metrocode.html).     

北疆铁路沿线主要城市环境质量评价

运用系统工程的思想，建立了干旱区区域环境质量综合评价指标体系，选取了城市大气、地表水、地下水、固体废弃物、绿化覆盖率等作为评价因子，提出城市环境质量影响程序的等级划分和标准体纱。用多因素模糊综合评价模型，对这个带状区域的城市环境质量作了评价，在单项因子评价的基础上，又用加权迭加法进行了总体评价，从而获得了该区域环境质量的总况，为区域开发决策提供了科学依据。     

影响深埋长隧道岩爆的主要因素分析

岩爆是深埋长隧道的主要工程地质问题之一。影响岩石发生岩爆的主要因素有围岩性质、埋深、区域构造应力、地形地貌、活断层和地震等。文中对上述因素对岩爆的影响进行了分析,并指出精细的地面地质调查是合理评价深埋长隧道岩爆的基础。     

怒江大坝建设中的各方博弈分析

在怒江上修建大坝是否可行,引起了社会各界的广泛争议。赞成者和反对者各执一词,使得怒江大坝工程的上马被迫搁浅。应用博弈论的方法可以分析在怒江大坝建设的论证过程中,中央政府、环保人士和当地人民的利益关系,并且可以证明在没有环境保护法律的保障下,环保评价的弊端。通过对各方博弈的分析,说明了政府在进行怒江大坝建设的决策过程中,必须高瞻远瞩,以全社会的可持续发展为根本出发点,同时要兼顾当地人民的利益,并要以此为基础制定出一套科学的工程建设环境评价法律。     

RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ATTRIBUTES ON THE LESOTHO–DRAKENSBERG ESCARPMENT EDGE, SOUTHERN AFRICA

Located near the southeastern limit of Africa, the Lesotho‐Drakensberg and associated escarpment is the highest range of African mountains south of the massifs in Tanzania. At the escarpment summit and on the adjacent high peaks, the climate is generally interpreted as marginal periglacial yet few data, specifically rainfall and temperature, exist on record at these altitudes. Climatic data from two temporary field stations on the escarpment edge, one of which is the highest rainfall station yet on record in southern Africa, provide contemporary surface‐climate conditions. Mean annual rainfall recorded between 2001 and 2005 averages 767.8 mm at Sani Pass summit (three complete years), and 753.2 mm on Sentinel Peak (two complete years); these values are less than those recorded for the same period in the mountain foothills. Even though rainfall is slightly below long‐term rainfall averages for the area due to a marginally dry spell, the data show that earlier estimates of between 1000 mm and 2000 mm rainfall per annum on the escarpment are too high. A measured mean air temperature of 5.8°C at Sani Pass, however, falls within the range estimated for the escarpment summit. Frost cycles in air and at the soil surface are frequent in winter, but absent in soil for summer, and no long‐duration surface‐soil freeze was measured. Temperatures thus confirm the marginal periglacial nature as postulated for previously, but precipitation data indicate a dryer environment than anticipated. Palaeoenvironmental scenarios, notably arguments for former glaciation based on extrapolations from somewhat exaggerated contemporary precipitation values, thus require re‐consideration.     

大都市空间扩展的廊道效应与景观结构优化*──以北京市区为例

由于存在城市中心梯度场和廊道效应梯度场,在单纯经济利益趋动下,城市本质上存在摊大饼倾向,这将严重破坏城市合理景观结构与生态平衡.文中运用廊道效应原理,研究人工廊道与自然廊道相互作用过程,结合北京中心市区不同时期空间扩展格局,分析城市景观8个方位廊道的扩展量、扩展速度及变化趋势,提出将自然廊道体系纳入北京大都市区规划,形成人工廊道与自然廊道相间分布的星状分散集团式景观格局,以有效阻止建成区摊大饼过程.     

河北省低平原地区主要作物农田水分盈亏分析

本文计算了河北省低平原地区主要农作物的需水量,根据农田水量平衡方程估算了冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花整个生长期的水分盈亏及其在地区上的差异,分析了作物需水关键期的水分状况。     

广东省主要行业经济效益的比较研究

本文利用１９９３年主要行业经济效益统计指标，运用因子分析，聚类分析方法对广东省１８个主要行业的经济效益进行比较分析，抽取３个主因子，根据主因子得分，将广东省主要行业划分为４种类型，并分析各种类型的优势及存在的不足，进而提出调整，扶持，引导和促进主要行业发展的具体措施。     

NEW APPROACHES TO DELINEATING METROPOLITAN AND NONMETROPOLITAN SETTLEMENT: GEOGRAPHERS DRAWING THE LINE

The federal government's Office of Management and Budget, with staff support from the Census Bureau's Population Division, is responsible for maintaining the statistical standard that provides criteria used to define metropolitan settlement and that delineates individual metropolitan areas for use in federal statistics. Review of the current standard, which dates from 1990, is now under way in conjunction with the 2000 census. Reviews of the emergence of the metropolitan form of settlement in the United States and of previous geospatial units representing metropolitan settlement are provided. A framework of geospatial units to represent the various elements of settlement at the close of the 20th century, including metropolitan and nonmetropolitan forms, is offered. Three papers that provide new approaches to delineating metropolitan and nonmetropolitan settlement in the United States are introduced. [Keywords: metropolitan and nonmetropolitan settlement, geospatial units of analysis, federal government, statistics.]     

基于GIS和Repast集成的昆明市主城区人口空间分布仿真建模研究

对Repast以及由RepastS构建仿真模型的基本流程作了简单介绍,并以昆明市主城区为例,以RepastS松散集成GIS,构建了一个反映城市人口空间分布的仿真模型。模型首先将昆明市主城区的324万总人口分为3240个Agent,选取对人口空间分布影响较大的交通、经济、行政驻地、企事业单位、水体、坡度六类因素作为影响因子,运用主成份分析功能以及专家打分的方式对各影响因子分别赋予对人口空间分布的影响权重以及自身的影响度值,建立影响Agent随机移动以及停留的函数模型。模型根据Agent最终停留的坐标自动计算落在每一个行政区内的Agent个数。将模拟结果与昆明市主城区实际人口分布数据进行对比,结果表明模型的仿真度较高,证明模型的构建是成功的。     

RECONSTRUCTED PRODUCTION LANDSCAPES IN THE POSTMODERN CITY: APPLIED DESIGN AND CREATIVE SERVICES IN THE METROPOLITAN CORE

Applied design and creative services are central to the formation of metropolitan landscapes and urban culture (both in historical and contemporary contexts), as well as to the production of the full range of industrial and consumer goods. More specifically, applied design firms are essential to the development of advanced industrial systems, and facilitate the operation of flexible production regimes by (1) enabling production differentiation in segmented markets, (2) improving productivity, (3) promoting production synergies, (4) enhancing short-run customized production, and (5) contributing to the condensing of longer-run style cycles. A case study of design and creative services firms in Vancouver discloses that such firms exhibit important commonalities with other producer services industries (e.g., intermediate market orientation, clustering propensity, divisions of labor). At the same time, firms engaged in the production of design may be differentiated from “mainstream” business or corporate service firms in terms of (1) location and milieu, with a clear affinity for the CBD fringe and inner city, rather than the CBD proper; (2) function, with an emphasis on creativity as both raison d'etre and operating characteristic; and (3) services-goods interface (design services are not “arms length” from goods production, like most business services, but are directly concerned with the style, configuration, and identity of end products). Finally, the clustering of design and creative service firms exemplifies the “internal specialization of the production spaces of the large metropolis” (Scott, 1988), although empirical evidence from the Vancouver case asserts the significance of sociocultural, as well as economic, features of agglomeration. [Key words: design, production, inner city, clustering, agglomeration.]     

THE PATTERN OF PROPERTY-TAX EXEMPTIONS IN A METROPOLITAN FISCAL SETTING

The fiscal-disparities approach to understanding the fiscal problems of many older American central cities neglects the role of property-tax exemptions. This paper, grounded in the metropolitan fiscal setting of Onondaga County and Syracuse, New York, outlines an argument that emphasizes the link between property-tax exemptions, city age, and regional centrality. Central cities are seen as suffering from fiscal burdens imposed partly by their growth as regional centers. It is concluded that, when the financial problems of central cities are being examined, these cities should not be treated as fiscal equivalents to other metropolitan political units but that due regard should be given to their particular historical development.     

THE PATTERN OF PROPERTY-TAX EXEMPTIONS IN A METROPOLITAN FISCAL SETTING

The fiscal-disparities approach to understanding the fiscal problems of many older American central cities neglects the role of property-tax exemptions. This paper, grounded in the metropolitan fiscal setting of Onondaga County and Syracuse, New York, outlines an argument that emphasizes the link between property-tax exemptions, city age, and regional centrality. Central cities are seen as suffering from fiscal burdens imposed partly by their growth as regional centers. It is concluded that, when the financial problems of central cities are being examined, these cities should not be treated as fiscal equivalents to other metropolitan political units but that due regard should be given to their particular historical development.