GEOGRAPHIC CATEGORIES OF SETTLEMENT AND THE 2000 CENSUS: A CHALLENGE FOR GEOGRAPHERS

Through a close examination of the case of Virginia v. Hicks—from Kevin Hicks's arrests for trespassing on streets near a Richmond, Virginia, public housing project in 1998 and 1999 to the unanimous Supreme Court decision upholding these arrests on the grounds that no harm was done to the First Amendment—this paper explores how the rights of private property are made, through the judicial process, to "trump" other kinds of rights and interests. It examines the implications of both dominant property practices and discourses and a more general judicial anti-urbanism for city life. The paper shows that one of the things at risk given the judiciary's love affair with private property rights is the right of some people simply to be present in public space. By implication, the paper argues that legal geographies need to examine more than just final court decisions (as is often the case), but also uncover the full legal history—the strange twists and turns—of the cases examined.     

THE POSSIBILITY OF LOCAL AUTONOMY

Prevailing theories of local autonomy have largely precluded the possibility for effective local autonomy. Recent alternatives, however, have focused on the law and legal discourse as significant means of sustaining local power. This paper builds on the latter theoretical strain by considering the relation between power and place both within and outside the law. In this paper “autonomy” is reconceptualized with a relational rather than the traditional corporeal theory of power, emphasizing the way in which social objects are reified with power through sets of truth claims. “Local” is reconsidered as one such reification, endowed with a plethora of not merely political, but also cultural and social significations. The result is a more subtle understanding of the way in which power is exercised locally against state domination. This theory is constructed through evidence from a Massachusetts housing policy's drafting and implementation.     

CAPTAIN BRITAIN AND THE NARRATION OF NATION*

Captain Britain Weekly (1976–1977) was the first comic book specially created for the British market by New York‐based Marvel Comics. The title character was created as an analogue to Captain America, the legendary American nationalist hero of the so‐named comic book, but with key differences meant to resonate in the British context. I utilize visual and textual discourse analysis to study the narrative and imagery used to introduce this character to British comics fans, and I discuss readers' letters to the editor to evaluate audience response to the character and story lines. Attention is drawn to the hero's origin, which fuses science and magic to construct a paradoxically primordial, yet modern, British identity. Villains in these story lines provide hints about “un‐British” behavior and provide lessons for young readers, with direct moral connections to, and contrasts with, the narratives found in Captain America.     

REVISITING THE TOPIA ROAD: WALKING IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF WEST AND PARSONS*

ABSTRACT. In 1940, Berkeley graduate‐student geographers Robert West and James Parsons traveled to Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidental to retrace the Topia Road, colonial Mexico's main trans‐Sierran trail linking isolated mountain mining hamlets with the Pacific Coast and the world beyond, a journey chronicled in a 1941 Geographical Review article. Almost sixty years later, we document an attempt to retrace West and Parsons's route. Based on field observations, interviews with local informants, replication of Parsons's photographs, and his field notes, we evaluate landscape alteration in what West and Parsons referred to as some of the most isolated settlements in Mexico. We assess changes in the still‐remote communities along the route in terms of three influences: mining, migration, and drug trafficking.     

LOCATION OF MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY IN CITIES

This paper offers a theoretical interpretation of the evolution of the pattern of manufacturing location within cities. First, it explains the concentration of location around the center and the transport modes of 19th century cities by using Weber's theory of the location of competitive industries. A variety of empirical evidence about the 20th-century dispersal of manufacturing is reviewed. This dispersal is then interpreted as a consequence of the evolution of monopoly (or corporate) capitalism, particularly the standardization of production and the dispersal of workers.     

城镇体系等级结构的分形维数及其测算方法*

文章探讨了城镇体系等级结构的分形研究方法。首先,讨论了区域城镇规模分布的Zipf模型,并通过分形退化分析将其应用范围加以拓广,从而与非分形研究接口;第二,引进了分形结构因子,以此开创了城镇体系等级结构的FSF分析;第三,提出了表征城镇体系等级差异的差异度概念和度量方法。文章给出实例说明了各种方法的应用,并比较了三种方法的异同。     

WOMEN AND THE PUBLIC DRINKING PLACE: A CASE STUDY OF ADO-EKITI, NIGERIA

This paper uses the bars of Ado-Ekiti as a site to explore the use of urban space by women and men. Ado-Ekiti is a Yoruba city of 150,000 people in southwestern Nigeria. Feminist and political economy perspectives are used in developing the three-part theme of the way that gender intersects with the relations between bars and production, bars and reproduction, and bars and consumption. A look at the history of alcohol in Nigeria and of Yoruba women as traders and their cultural role provides context. Survey results and personal observations connect empirical findings to the tripartite theme. Women own and run three fourths of Ado-Ekiti's two hundred plus bars, but men control the upscale bars. Many of Ado's female bar owners are on the receiving end of an exploitative relationship with the global economy via the brewing industry, in a patriarchal society that assigns them a heavy reproductive burden.     

VIEWS OF THE AAG: RESULTS OF THE LONG RANGE PLANNING MEMBERSHIP SURVEY

In this issue THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER presents the first two reports in a series on the Association's long-range planning process, which was described by Past President Marcus in May. David Morgan outlines here the results of a survey of members' attitudes on a number of important questions.     

VIEWS OF THE AAG: RESULTS OF THE LONG RANGE PLANNING MEMBERSHIP SURVEY

In this issue THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER presents the first two reports in a series on the Association's long-range planning process, which was described by Past President Marcus in May. David Morgan outlines here the results of a survey of members' attitudes on a number of important questions.     

AMERICAN NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE PROGRESS OF THE NEW SOUTH IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE*

ABSTRACT. This article examines how National Geographic Magazine's coverage of the U.S. South contributed to the production of an exalted American national identity. The framework of internal orientalism is employed to explain the role of the South as an internal other in the national discourse and to show how even positive representations of the South are often implicated in this othering. In the pages of National Geographic, the New South's progress is measured by the steps it takes away from the Old South. In highlighting the improvements made within the South, the articles provide subtle hints that the legacy of segregation, intolerance, racism, and poverty continues to haunt the region. The articles set up a spatial distinction that construes these evils as inherently southern problems, which implies that however far the New South moves away from the problematic legacy of the Old South, it will never quite reach the American ideal.     

REPORT OF THE EDITOR OF THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER

Attas of Finland. Geographical Society of Finland and the Department of Geography of Helsinki University. Leo Aario, ed.

The Highlands and Islands of Scotland. A. C. Odell, Kenneth Walton.

Soviet Power. Jordan A. Hodgkins.

Problèmes de Gdologie Sous-Marzha. Le Précontinent, Le Littoral et sa Protection, La Stratigraphie Sow-Marine. Jacques Bourcart.

Life World Librury.

The Geography of California in Essays and Readings. R. W. Durrenbenger.

Sources of Ivzfomzrrtion about Californid. R. W. Durrenberger.

Festschrift: Clarence F. Jones. Merlb C. Prunty, Jr., ed.

India's Urban Future.

Schuieizerischer Mittelschulatlas. Eduard Imhof, ed.

Pacific Island Bastions of the United States. Herold J. Wiens.

New Forces in Africa. William H. Lewis, ed.

The World of Ice. Jamb L. Dyson.

Dictionery of Geological Terms

Physical Oceanography. Albert Depant.

A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida. Bernard Romans.

Coal Traffic on the Ohio River System. Fred A. Carlson and Frank Seawall.

The Morfihology of the Earth: A Study and Synthesis of World Scenery. Lester C. King.

Guide to Photocopied Historical Materials in the United States and Canada. Richard W. Hale, Jr., (ed.)

Research Opportunities in American Cultural History. John Francis Mc-Dermott, (editor)     

REVERSING THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE: GEOPOLITICAL BASES FOR PESSIMISM

Political geography's contribution to the debate about war and peace should include re-examining traditional geopolitical concepts (e.g. heartlands, buffer zones) which apparently infuse the superpowers’ nuclear strategies. The latter contain dangerously mismatching geopolitical perspectives, which beget NATO's “flexible response” vs. total retaliation by the Warsaw Pact and the latter's view of so-called “theater” weapons like Cruise as strategic. The research agenda also needs to consider whether new weapons technology may make traditional geopolitics and current nuclear strategies obsolete.     

NEOTRADITIONAL DEVELOPMENTS: THE ANATOMY OF A NEW URBAN FORM

Built at a small scale and incorporating many features of certain old-city neighborhoods, such as narrow streets and small setbacks, neotraditional developments have been designed by architects and built by a small number of developers on suburban greenfield sites since the early 1980s. The distinctive neotraditional urban form represents the convergence of certain aspects of two planning traditions—urban aesthetics and social utopianism. In this paper I outline the two traditions and show how they have been selectively appropriated by neotraditional architects and planners. I suggest that the recent restructuring and fragmentation in the suburban housing market has led to the creation of niche markets, such as the market for neotraditionalism. Using Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus, I argue that the commercial success of neotraditional developments can be explained when recognition is given to the role of relatively affluent house buyers intent on creating a habitus and appropriating symbolic capital. Habitus is defined as the system of values, dispositions, and practices that constitute and are constituted by a societal group.     

HEALTH AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

From an almost infinite variety of available materials, each culture selects those that it accepts as food. Most diets are based on a carbohydrate-rich staple, supplemented by other foods. Animal sources of protein are the most desired but the most expensive to produce and acquire; thus, they command high prestige. With increasing prosperity, diets contain more animal foods and fewer staples (Bennett's law), even as the proportion of income used to purchase food declines (Engel's law). Because of higher incomes in cities, urban residents of developing countries spend a smaller percentage of their income on food than do rural residents, and they eat a higher-quality diet. However, Basta found that recent migrants from the countryside in many developing nations do not enjoy improved diets. This paper reports on research, based on published government statistics, that finds that in China, the poorest segment of the urban population (1) spends a higher percentage of its income on food than do rural people but (2) enjoys a higher-quality diet. [Key words: diet, China, nutrition.]     

THE UTILITY OF SOIL SURVEYS TO ASSESS FLOODPLAIN SEDIMENT STORAGE IN SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA*

How useful are county soil surveys for estimating floodplain storage in fluvial sediment budgets? This paper compares data about accelerated sedimentation collected from field corings with information derived from three county soil surveys in southeastern Minnesota. Two soil surveys proved to be unsatisfactory data sources about historical alluvium, but another survey was a more accurate source for one drainage basin. Even this third soil survey would require calibration for use in a geographic information system, because it was only the survey's maximum estimate that agreed with the field data.     

CONSTITUTION OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS

The Geography of Economic Activity: An Introductory World Survey. Richard S. Thoman.

Urban Responses to Agricultural Change. Clyde F. Kohn, ed.

Learn Geography the Easy Way, revised edition. Raymond P. Dollinger, ed.

The Tropical World: Its Social and Economic Conditions and Its Future Status, 3rd edition. Pierre Gourou.

Outdoor Recreation for America: A Report to the President and to the Congress by the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission.

Francois Matthes and the Marks of Time: Yosemite and the High Sierra. Fritiof Fryxell, ed.

Hammod's Ambassador World Atlas, 2nd edition. C.S. Hammond and Co.

The Wew Rand McNally Pocket World Atlas, Cardinal Edition.

The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500. Paul Wheatley.

Plant Life of Palestine, Israel and Jordon. Michael Zohary.

Europe's Needs and Resources. J. Frederic Dewhurst, John O. Coppock, P. Lamartine Yates AND Associates.

Problems of Applied Geography. Kazimierz Dziewonski, ET AL., eds.

Problems of Dynamic Meteorology and Climatic Theory.

Questions of Physics of the Atmosphere.

Mapuche Social Structure: Institutional Reintegration in a Patrilineal Society of Central Chile. L.C. Faron.

The Statesman's Yearbook, 1961–1962. S. H. Steinberg, ed.

A Regional Geography of South Australia. D.D. Harris AND D.A.M. Lea.

Volcanoes: In History, In Theory, In Eruption. Fred M. Bullard.     

黄河下游河槽横断面调整规律及治理方式探讨

通过对影响河槽挟沙能力诸因素的分析,作者认为目前黄河下游只有河槽形态是一个人为可调节的控制河道淤积的要素。分析黄河下游河道横剖面形态的特征及其调整规律,考虑来沙组成变化、河槽综合阻力变化,计算得到黄河下游典型断面的实际挟沙能力及平均水沙条件下河槽平衡输沙横剖面,经与实际断面形态对比,得出必须以多级河槽方式缩窄7000m³/s流量以下即中、小水期的河槽,方能显着减少黄河下游河槽中的淤积的结论。这样才能真正实现潘季驯的“束水攻沙”的治黄方略。     

THE HISTORY AND STATUS OF GEOPOLITICS AND THE GEOPOLITICAL STRATEGIES OF CHINA

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SHIFTING SYNANTHROPY OF THE CROW IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

The American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) falls into a category of wild organisms, called “synanthropes,” that have developed an affinity for, or dependency on, human interventions in the landscape. The distribution and numbers of crows in North America east of the Mississippi River have been largely tied to the anthropogenic fragmentation of the forest. As ground feeders, crows need open space for foraging, but they also need trees for nesting and roosting. Conflicts between corvids and people centered on the former's damage to agriculture. Both Native American peoples and Euro‐American settlers sought to thwart corvine preference for maize through a series of ingenious measures. After 1950 rural concern about corvine depredations greatly diminished. The appearance of large winter roosts in cities shifted the conflict with crows. Like humans, crows have undergone change, and their synanthropic character can be seen as fundamental to their biogeography.     

GERMAN GREAT–POWER RELATIONS IN THE PAGES OF SIMPLICISSIMUS, 1896–1914*

ABSTRACT. Wilhelmine Germany had a powerful economy and, after 1898, began construction of a fleet to challenge Great Britain's global power. This article analyses Germany's cultural “will to power” in the period through the eyes of the avant‐garde, Munich‐published weekly magazine Simplicissimus as it examined the series of security crises between 1896 and the outbreak of war in 1914. The magazine was no fan of Wilhelmine militarism, its principal artist having been jailed for criticism of the kaiser, but it showed a deep support for Germany's rise to power on moral grounds. Many illustrations dealt with global power projection through the navy and the need for a suitable security partner within Europe. Its illustrators depicted Great Britain as an immoral world power only Germany might check and France as its preferred security partner to keep Europe at peace.