Koreatown and Korean Small Firms in Los Angeles: Locating in the Ethnic Neighborhoods*

The locations of Korean firms in Los Angeles reflect spatial segmentation in markets and the provision of labor, in that the ethnic neighborhoods facilitate positive business environments for ethnic small firms. While Korean small businesses serve both community needs and broader local markets, firm locations are closely associated with the residential patterns of some ethnic populations. To address the specificity of firm locations, this paper examines Koreatown using historical sources and recent property development, identifies changes in the locational patterns of Korean firms between 1975 and 1986, and analyzes relationships between business density and density of ethnic populations for zip code areas. The findings of this study indicate that both the development of Koreatown and the presence of ethnic neighborhoods are important influences on the location of Korean businesses.     

And Did the Walls Come Tumbling Down? Ethnic Residential Segregation in Four U.S. Metropolitan Areas 1980-2000

The initial releases of data from the 2000 U.S. Census allow exploration of the extent of change, if any, in residential segregation in four major cities, where substantial population growth has continued to generate increased ethnic diversity. Using a recently established method of classifying residential areas according to their ethnic composition which facilitates comparative study over time and space, this paper examines segregation trends in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and Miami over the period 1980-2000 in the context of recent discussions of the nature of residential patterns there. It finds that though there has been some reduction in the extent of extreme segregation areas that are predominantly either White or African American with consequent greater ethnic mixing at the census tract level, nevertheless cores of extreme segregation remain, and these are being extended with greater segregation of the Hispanic population. Ethnic residential segregation in United States' metropolitan areas attracted much research throughout the 20th century, with each census providing new impetus for mapping and analysis. The 2000 census will be no exception, providing data with which the extent of change can be assessed after a further decade in which discrimination on the grounds of race and color was illegal. This paper provides an initial exploration for four metropolitan areas that have experienced substantial recent multi-ethnic in-migration. Using a method for classifying residential areas designed to facilitate comparative studies over space and time, it explores the extent of desegregation during the previous 20 years for each of the four main census ethnic groups.     

Ethnic migration between area groups in England and Wales

Minority ethnic populations in England and Wales have been increasing steadily as a share of the total population since the 1991 Census. In this paper, we are interested in how internal migration has changed as a possible consequence. Our analysis focuses on the movements between 12 area groups, as defined by the Office for National Statistics, and addresses the following three research questions: (1) how has internal migration in England and Wales evolved from 1991 to 2004; (2) what are the main differences in the movements between the White (majority) population and the ethnic minority population; and (3) how do migration patterns differ when ethnicity, education and employment statuses are considered together? The data come from the 1991 to 2004 National Health Service Central Registers, the 1999–2004 patient registers and the 2001 Census. We find strong stability in the migration patterns of the total population over time. However, large differences appear when the flows are disaggregated by ethnicity and further by education and employment. Education level is an important factor influencing the migration patterns for the White population, whereas employment status is a much more important factor for the ethnic minority population.     

19世纪以来中国朝鲜族人口迁移分布及聚居区形成研究

基于历史文献和史料,利用地理信息系统技术,对19世纪中期至2000年中国朝鲜族人口数据进行分析,阐述其人口迁移特征及聚居区分布格局。朝鲜族大规模迁移至中国东北始于19世纪后期。1949年以前,朝鲜族主要分布在东北;解放初人口数变化不大,朝鲜战争爆发后东北朝鲜族人口小幅增加,改革开放后朝鲜族逐渐南迁,全国各省均有分布,传统聚居区人数减少。朝鲜族的阶段迁移导致其人口再分布现象及聚居区规模的变化。朝鲜族早期迁移形成北满、南满、东满、东边道和关内五个聚居区;延边朝鲜族自治州成立之初,全国近半数朝鲜族聚居于此,聚居规模较稳定;改革开放后,朝鲜族由传统聚居区逐渐向南迁移,形成以北京、青岛、上海、深圳为中心的新聚居区。探讨朝鲜族的人口迁移规律及聚居区分布格局,为促进朝鲜族人口与社会的协调发展提供借鉴。     

Ethnic change and diversity in England, 1981–2001

The paper compares ethnic change and diversity across two recent decades using common group and area definitions. Ethnic minority groups are shown to be growing rapidly at 41 per cent between 1981 and 1991 and 39 per cent between 1991 and 2001. Some groups have grown swiftly (Black Africans, Bangladeshis), while others have seen moderate expansion (Indians, Other Asians). The White population has hardly grown and the White British population has probably declined. Black and Ethnic Minority (BEM) populations remain concentrated in metropolitan areas in 2001 as in 1991 and 1981. Whereas between 1981 and 1991, BEM groups were concentrating into metropolitan areas, between 1991 and 2001 deconcentration began for most groups. The London region stands out as highly dominant, housing more than 50 per cent of BEM populations as a whole in 1991 and 2001. However, between 1991 and 2001, BEM groups grew outside their core areas. The consequence of BEM population growth and spread has been a dramatic increase in ethnic diversity in all regions.     

A NEW TYPE OF FAMILY HOMELESSNESS: SURVEY FINDINGS,PERCEPTIONS, AND LOCAL POLITICS IN MADISON,WISCONSIN

An increasing number of homeless families in Madison, Wisconsin, have lived in other places before becoming homeless in Madison: these families are the focus of this paper. While their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics fit the generally accepted understanding of homeless families, the reasons explaining their situation differ from those most frequently cited, which suggests that a new type of family homelessness has to be considered. Most families had housing in the places from which they moved. But extremely stressful environments, like the ghettos of Chicago, and the wish to raise the children in a better place, led to the decision to move away. These families intentionally use homeless shelters as a stepping-stone to a new and better life. Families relocating in Madison's homeless shelters comprise only part of an increasing number of poor and black migrants, especially from Chicago. The expected continuation of this influx is changing the racial and class composition of the white, middle-class city. A secondary thrust of this paper examines perceptions and attitudes of Madisonians toward, and the problems of integration for, these migrants and discusses the ensuing conflicts and policy approaches.     

The divergent city: unequal and uneven development in St. Louis

In St. Louis, as in many other cities, decline and displacement occurred when key policies, prejudices, and plans interacted with broad economic restructuring to devastate poor and minority communities, while leaving White and middle-class communities largely intact. Amidst overall population loss and neighborhood decline are pockets of prosperity and gentrification within the central city. In this article, we analyze three significant planning interventions in St. Louis, Missouri, that spurred displacement of populations—urban renewal, triage, and the foreclosure crisis. We argue that the differential experiences of Black and White during each of these periods represent two faces of development: one in the north of the city that is largely Black, experiencing vacant land, high crime, and crumbling infrastructure; another in the south of the city that is largely White, enjoying pockets of vibrant commercial development, larger homes, and stable real estate markets. We analyze each period through a framework of uneven and unequal development and displacement, which we call the Divergent City Theory. Based on this theory, planners face an ethical obligation to plan for the future of their cities in a way that seeks to reconcile the structured race and class inequalities of the divergent city.     

ASIANS,PACIFIC ISLANDERS,AND ETHNOBURBS IN AUCKLAND,NEW ZEALAND

ABSTRACT. Recent work on Asian ethnic minority immigrants to cities in the Anglophone Pacific Rim argues that their settlement patterns do not conform to those of earlier migrant streams. Instead of concentrating in high‐density, low‐quality, inner‐city housing, these new residents are moving directly to suburban areas where they form much less intensive concentrations—ethnoburbs—than has been typical of other culturally distinct migrant groups. We evaluate this thesis for Asian migrants in the Auckland metropolitan area, whose numbers more than quadrupled between 1991 and 2006. Their residential pattern is compared with that of Pacific Islanders also resident there, providing supporting evidence for the ethnoburb hypothesis.     

A geographic perspective on intra-urban racial/ethnic diversity, segregation, and clustering in Knoxville, Tennessee: 1990-2000

Racial/ethnic diversity in the United States has increased significantly in recent decades, with minority groups now accounting for almost one-third of the total population. At the same time, growing diversity has spread into rural and non-metropolitan areas. Research suggests that changing diversity in the ‘New South’ has seen growth of non-Black communities. The question, however, is the degree to which increasing diversity equates with increasing intermixing or, alternatively, whether racial/ethnic clusters retain their prominence. This paper examines the geographic manifestations of growing racial/ethnic diversity within intra-urban context, using census-tracts as scale of analysis in the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) of Knoxville in Tennessee. The statistics used for analyzing intra-urban variations include Diversity Score, Theil Entropy Index, and Location Quotient. Tract and Block-group data for White, Black, American Indian, Asian, All Others and Hispanic are used for computing these indices. This paper concludes that diversity has increased during 1990-2000, and has dispersed into suburban counties. However, segregation and clustering for certain minority groups has also increased, in particular African-Americans still remain the most segregated and most clustered community confined to specific geographic locations. This research holds significance as local economic development patterns are very much guided by the geographic variability of human and social capital. Applied research can suggest avenues for growth and can help rebuild local communities. This paper will also contribute to literature focusing on methodological challenges in measuring diversity and its geographic manifestations.     

Heading Households and Heading Businesses: Rural Kenyan Women in the Informal Sector

The dynamics of intra-household economics among sedentary farmers in rural Kenya suggest that women, whether or not they have a male household head, are responsible for providing basic resources to insure the daily survival of household members. Many rural Kenyan women operate small businesses in rural market centers in order to meet these obligations, and many of these women are also heads of their households. This paper examines women's resource bases for establishing and maintaining small-scale businesses. Compared to women who are associated with male-headed households, women who head households have fewer resources for establishing businesses which in turn generate lower earnings. At the same time, these women are almost completely dependent on their businesses for meeting the household's needs.     

时间成本是否成为电子商务区位的核心机制————基于成都市O2O电子商务的实证分析

空间距离是影响传统商业区位的关键因子.但随着信息通信技术(ICT)的迅速普及,空间距离对经济活动尤其是电子商务发展的限制越来越小,时间成本的影响地位日益凸显.然而,时间成本是否成为电子商务区位发展的核心机制,仍有待商榷.以成都市为例,通过建立O2O电子商务市场规模与时/空距离可达性和区位优势度的空间关系,尝试回答这一问题.结果表明:① 整体上,时间成本对成都市O2O电子商务空间发展的影响地位已经高于空间距离,成为了其区位核心机制的首要因素.② 基于空间距离的成都市O2O电子商务区位发展更自由,但对时间距离更敏感,市场规模更严格地按照时间距离区位优势度进行分布,这导致其与时间距离区位优势度的空间匹配性更好,依赖性更高.③ 随着城市"中心--边缘"的空间过渡,时间成本对O2O电子商务区位的影响基本不变,空间距离的影响逐渐减弱,时间成本的影响地位得到相对提升;空间距离和时间成本分别成为影响城市中心区和边缘区O2O电子商务区位发展的核心因子.④ 当前,受信息化,城市化,商业决策者和消费者等的影响,空间距离对O2O电子商务区位的影响仍不能忽视,其区位核心机制由时间和空间共同决定.⑤ 消费者和供应商的利益诉求,以及ICT的便捷性,是时间成本对O2O电子商务区位发展影响地位整体上高于空间距离的主要原因.     

中国大城市外国人聚居区的形成机制——基于北上广的比较研究

在3个典型的外国人聚居区——北京望京韩国人聚居区、上海古北日本人聚居区、广州小北非洲人聚居区的实证研究基础上,探讨不同移民群体的城市选择偏好,以及移民群体和城市之间的互动关系。研究发现,在京韩国人以企业、商贸、教育指向型居多,在沪日本人以企业指向型为主,在穗非洲人以贸易指向型为主,这一特征说明北上广不同的城市职能差异;北上广的外国人聚居区均形成于相似的宏观制度环境,生产活动的全球性重组、国家间关系、国家制度和外国人管理政策等因素共同影响了外国人聚居区在大城市的兴起,但由于不同的城市软硬件环境与在华外国人的身份属性互动影响,也形成了各具特色的外国人聚居区,概括为耦合型（北京望京）、特区型（上海古北）和族裔型（广州小北）。中国城市的国际化已进入引资（资本国际化）和引人（人口国际化）并进的新阶段,应当进一步重视对大城市外国人聚居区的治理及服务的引导、规范,发挥其示范带动作用,推动中国对外开放深度高质量发展。     

试论云南民族地理

本文试图探讨云南特殊地理位置和自然条件所导致的民族源流的多元性、民族分布的复杂性、民族经济文化的多样性以及民族社会发展的差异性这些在民族地理学中至为重要的课题。     

民族文化重构实践中的身份与地方认同——仡佬族祭祖活动案例

在文化转向思潮的引领下,新文化地理学从注重结果向注重过程转移,更强调地理事象所发生的空间过程及其内化在特殊地域系统中的社会关系。在这一过程中,景观的符号象征意义和表征作用得到重新解读。以民族文化为旅游吸引物的发展背景下,通过对贵州世居民族仡佬族官方祭祖活动的参与式观察和相关群体的深度访谈,发现民族精英为将务川树立为仡佬族族群的中心,重构了"九天天主"及其祭祖仪式和场所,地方意义由此发生了改变‘,小塘石笋’由自然景观变为仡佬族族群的文化中心景观。"仡佬之源"的地方中心性空间策略虽扩大了仡佬族的知名度,提升了地方影响力,但祭祀活动却呈现出精英的"台上"认同与民众"台下"认同的对立。这一分歧的根本原因是当地仡佬族模糊的身份记忆以及仡佬族作为散居族群的文化多元性所致。在仡佬族祭祖的文化实践中,精英通过各种社会关系和权力影响和重构了地方身份认同,而地方的民族身份认同又影响地方意义的重构。文章指出,没有民众的"自下而上"支持,悬置于族群之上的官方主导的文化重构实践具有很大的脆弱性。研究对完善地方感研究中主体性缺失及地方与认同研究中身份认同研究不足具有重要的理论意义。     

中国西南少数民族聚居区聚落分布的空间格局特征与主控因子分析——以哈尼梯田区为例

聚落格局是乡村地理学研究的基础,也是人地地域系统的重要组成部分,更是目前地理学研究的热点之一。科学分析、揭示、刻画少数民族等脆弱地区的聚落格局,对合理、高效推进该区域新型城镇化道路建设,实现民族团结和繁荣,全面建成小康社会具有重要意义。而目前,对于少数民族、尤其是多民族共生区的聚落格局研究还不足。论文以中国西南少数民族聚居的哈尼梯田区为例,从聚落分布的空间位置特征、民族格局特征、区位环境特征及其主控因子等方面,刻画了哈尼梯田区哈尼、彝、壮、汉、苗、瑶、傣等7个民族的聚落格局特征。结果表明：① 在空间位置上,哈尼梯田区68%的聚落分布在区内西中部,主要以哈尼、彝、壮为主。② 在民族格局上,形成了以哈尼—彝混居的大格局,以壮、汉、苗、瑶、傣混居的小格局。③ 在区位环境上,7个民族在海拔、坡度、气温、降水量、与河流距离、聚落规模、耕地面积、与行政中心距离和粮食单产等区位环境特征上具有显著差异。④ 在主控因子上,壮、苗、瑶聚落分布的主控因子为经济、行政、旅游中心距离,贡献率分别为86.4%和75.3%、92.8%;彝族聚落布局的主控因子为气温(贡献率为52.0%);汉、哈尼、傣聚落布局的主控因子为降水量,贡献率分别为98.7%、52.2%、97.0%。⑤ 整体而言,哈尼梯田区聚落格局在垂直向上,形成了多民族共生的立体格局,在水平向上形成了多民族互嵌格局。研究可为少数民族地区新农村建设、聚落格局优化、精准扶贫、全面建设小康社会提供科学参考。     

中国文化遗产民族结构演进及其影响因素

以中国文化遗产为研究对象,获取1989—2019年全国文物保护单位、国家级非物质文化遗产、国家级博物馆的基础数据,从整体上探究国家级文化遗产所表现的多元一体格局及其演进,研究表明：① 中国民族文化交融化趋势明显,民族交融文化遗产份额持续上升;② 中国民族文化平等化趋势明显,国家级文化遗产已涵盖全部民族,少数民族文化遗产份额波动上升;③ 中国民族文化原真化趋势明显,各民族文化遗产的分布特征表明在各民族聚居区文化遗产原真性和完整性保护得到充分体现;④ 中国文化遗产所呈现的多元一体民族结构,受到人口、经济、政策因素的影响,其中,人口表现出十分稳定的基础性作用,经济表现出持续弱化的支持性作用,政策表现出较为明显的动力性作用。     

ASIANS IN AMERICA'S SUBURBS: PATTERNS AND CONSEQUENCES OF SETTLEMENT*

ABSTRACT. In an effort to provide a more complex and multifaceted understanding of the process of spatial assimilation, this article explores alternative paths in understanding racial/ ethnic minority residential patterns. It scrutinizes patterns of contemporary Asian Indian and Chinese settlement in two metropolitan areas: Austin, Texas and Phoenix, Arizona. Though not particularly evolved in terms of their Asian immigrant settlement or dynamics, Austin and Phoenix represent the growing number of newly emergent Asian centers throughout the nation that have developed with the rapid rise of immigration from these two countries in the past several decades. The analysis utilizes records from the 2000 census to document and map Asian Indian and Chinese settlement within each metropolitan area and to investigate whether‐and to what degree‐each group is clustered or dispersed. The article then raises important questions about the consequences of concentration and dispersal for the incorporation of Asian Indian and Chinese residents.     

JOB LINKAGES IN INNER-CITY PHOENIX

Current urban policy stresses the creation of a sustainable economic base in the inner city. It is assumed that increasing the number and range of jobs in the inner city will result in employment opportunities for disadvantaged local residents. This paper explores the linkage between inner-city employment and inner-city residence in Phoenix, Arizona, using the 1995 Maricopa County Trip Reduction Survey. Results indicate that only 15% of the employees of large businesses in inner-city Phoenix were residents of nearby neighborhoods. Stronger workplace-residence linkages were found in personal services, agricultural activities, hotels, and restaurants. Extremely weak linkages occurred in transportation-related activities at the local airport, communications and public utilities, and financial institutions. Few inner-city residents were employed in inner-city governmental activities. Occupational profiles with the strongest ties to inner-city residents were those oriented toward manufacturing tasks and those employing women and young persons. Although there was, in fact, a mismatch between the professional nature of many inner-city jobs and the low educational and skill levels of inner-city residents, job linkages were weak even in areas that were dominated by low- and semi-skilled jobs. Ultimately, we question the assumption that job creation in the inner-city results in more jobs for local residents.     

Spatial assimilation and its discontents: Asian ethnic neighborhood change in California

This study investigates the geographic and compositional dynamics of ethnic neighborhoods over time among the fastest growing racial group in California, Asian Americans. I conduct spatial analysis of Census data from 2000 and 2010 to represent changes in ethnic neighborhood boundaries and their associated structural and demographic characteristics. First, I document changing ethnic neighborhood patterns among four Asian national origin groups—Chinese, Filipino, Korean, and Vietnamese Americans. Second, I synthesize this information, assessing the theoretical implications of these changes by describing indications of spatial assimilation, ethnic stratification, and resurgent ethnicity among ethnic neighborhoods and the potential repercussions for the successful incorporation of both immigrant and native-born Asian Americans. Overall, this paper demonstrates that Asian ethnic neighborhood dynamics are far from monolithic and that different spatial incorporation processes manifest both within and between groups.     

Toronto’s Little Portugal: gentrification and social relations among local entrepreneurs

This article clarifies neighborhood politics in Toronto’s Little Portugal Business Improvement Area (BIA), an ethnic neighborhood facing gentrification, by focusing on local entrepreneurs and the social relations among them. In the BIA, non-Portuguese businesses have replaced Portuguese businesses in the past decade; Portuguese and non-Portuguese entrepreneurs are now found in almost the same numbers. I visualized their social relations by using a diagram called a sociogram. Portuguese and non-Portuguese entrepreneurs are spatially inseparable but socially divided in the neighborhood. The BIA board, an organization for community development spearheaded by local entrepreneurs and property owners, has become predominantly non-Portuguese. The social relations among non-Portuguese entrepreneurs affect and are affected by the activities of this organization. While the Portuguese community could potentially mount resistance by mobilizing the collective power of the provincial ethnic alliance, the BIA is a form of quasi-government in Little Portugal; hence, the Portuguese community may have limited options for such resistance.