Comparison of SARAL and Jason-1/2 altimetry-derived geoids for geophysical exploration over the Indian offshore

Satellite with ARgos and ALtika (SARAL) altimeter includes the ALTIKA payload, a 35.75 GHz Ka band radar altimeter. High pulse repetition frequency of SARAL (4 KHz) satellite provides better along-track information. Jason-1/2 data have been extensively utilized as a follow-up of TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data for its accurate measurements of the sea surface heights, particularly for geodetic mission of Jason-1. In this study, we have compared SARAL and Jason-1/2 altimetry-derived classical and residual geoids over the Indian offshore using Rapp’s, EGM96 and EGM08 gravity model coefficients, which are of interest for better understanding of geological and structural evolution/interpretation. SARAL and Jason-1/2 data have also been used over the two prominent geological features over the Indian offshore, namely the Bombay High in the western offshore and the 85°E Ridge in the Bay of Bengal. The SARAL altimetry-derived geoids could delineate these major geological/structural features with distinct residual geoidal lows.     

三维地质模型与可视化研究的现状分析

三维地质模型研究涉及到三维数据模型、三维构模技术和可视化处理等多个方面的内容,近年已成为国内外的研究热点。文中对三维地质数据模型的分类和三维可视化等方面的研究现状进行了总结,分析了三维地质模型建模方法和它们的优缺点,详细讨论了本领域目前的研究热点问题,指出了目前在三维地质建模方面存在的问题。对三维地质数据模型、三维地质模型的建模方法和三维可视化等方面的发展现状进行了总结,并指出了本领域存在的问题。     

高分一号遥感影像地质灾害信息提取方法研究

山区地质灾害发生频繁,受灾范围大,危害严重。提取地质灾害信息、估算受灾情况,对救灾工作极为重要。传统的遥感人工解译方法速度慢、效率低;计算机自动解译速度快但解译精度受影像质量影响大,大范围地区很难建立起普适性的解译模型。本文利用洮南市西部高分一号遥感数据,结合DEM生成三维影像,建立解译标志,解译基础地质信息,分析地质灾害成因;根据研究区泥石流地质灾害的主要影像特征,提取影像的分类属性,基于面向对象的分类方法,建立信息提取模型,快速提取出地质灾害敏感区域;再进行人机交互,精确提取出地质灾害的类型和范围,通过野外验证,该方法十分可靠,为大范围地质灾害信息快速提取和灾后救援提供科学依据。     

几何与语义统一的区域地质构造GIS数据模型

随着GIS在地质中的应用,地质GIS数据模型在几何描述与表达方面日趋完善,但是对地质构造现象的语义描述与表达却较为有限,制约了地质研究者对地质GIS地理解与应用。为了增强地质GIS数据模型中的语义信息,本文采用面向对象的方法,通过地质对象来统一描述和表达地质构造现象的几何与语义特征,设计了几何与语义统一的区域地质构造GIS数据模型。本文设计了基于"词汇概念-名词解释-几何图例"的地质构造现象的语义三角描述方法。依据区域地质构造的语义特征,采用线性分类法将区域地质构造现象划分为3个大类、10个中类和33个小类,在此基础上定义了地质构造现象的基本要素集和要素类,并基于地质对象之间的几何和语义关系,建立了区域地质构造现象要素的基本几何网络。采用ArcGIS Diagrammer Geodatabase建模工具,构建了几何与语义统一的地质GIS数据模型。最后,以宁镇山脉区域地质构造现象为例对该数据模型进行了试验验证,结果表明该模型具有较好的实用性。     

都江堰震后土地利用/覆被变化信息提取方法研究

快速和精确评估"5·12"汶川地震后的土地利用/覆被变化对科学减灾、灾后重建及生态环境恢复具有重要意义。常规方法从遥感图像上提取土地利用/覆被变化信息时,多以研究区整体为处理对象,直接对全图像进行分类提取,容易忽略地形地貌和地质构造等背景因素对分类结果的影响。本文以都江堰为试验区,根据地质构造展布特征及地形地貌发育形态将其分成平原区(Ⅰ区)、低山区(Ⅱ区)、中高山区(Ⅲ区)和高山区(Ⅳ区)。对Ⅰ区采用ISODATA方法进行非监督分类;对Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区分别采用最大似然(ML)分类法进行监督分类;对Ⅳ区采用人机交互解译方法进行分类。试验结果表明,基于地理地质环境的分块分类方法是高效、精确的。     

Geological mapping of Jharia Coalfield,India using GRACE EGM2008 gravity data: a vertical derivative approach

High-resolution satellite gravity data of gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) generated by Earth Gravity Model-2008 (EGM2008) have been utilised for geological mapping of the Jharia coalfield. The generated GRACE EGM2008 classical gravity data have been processed for estimation of gravity anomaly map. The gravity anomaly map has been enhanced using the first and second Vertical Derivatives techniques. Geological and structural maps of the study area have been overlapped over different derivative maps to analyse the correlation with the subsurface geological structures of the study area. Major distinct geological signatures, on different derivative maps, are correlated well with the existing geological map. Moreover, vertical derivative maps of the gravity data generated from GRACE EGM2008 model provide better agreement and understanding for geological setting of the Jharia coalfield.     

基于监测降雨的华蓥山区域地灾预警系统

华蓥山地区地质灾害分布广、危及面积大且区内降雨量丰富,建立相应的区域预警系统,可以减小灾害带来的损失。选择影响地质灾害易发性的评价指标并将其量化,建立Logistic回归模型,计算区域内已划分各单元格地质灾害发生的概率值,同时利用Logistic回归模型对地区实时监测降雨信息进行统计分析,计算降雨量引发地质灾害的概率值。依托MapGIS平台分析生成研究区地质灾害危险性区划图、降雨量危险性分级图和预警等级图,并进行预警信息的发布。     

面向地质建模的三维体元拓扑数据模型研究

在对地质对象的基本特征和计算机三维地质建模的基本要求进行讨论的基础上，提出了面向对象的三维体元拓扑数据模型。在该数据模型中，用面向对象的方法将地质对象抽象为点、线、面、体，体类又进一步划分为复合体、复杂体、简单体和体元四类。对所有对象类设计了12种拓扑关系和相应的数据结构。     

多源地学信息数字图像综合技术及在盛源盆地的应用研究

通过图像显示系统,实现了铀资源多种地学信息数字图像的综合处理,其内容包括资料的输入 处理、资料配准和插值处理以及多源地学信息的增强、分解、提取、分类、叠合、复合等处理。 以盛源盆地为样区进行了试验性研究。利用图像的信息增强、叠合技术,研究了试验区的地质 构造环境；利用图像信息的分解、叠合技术,分析了铀、针、钾的分布格局及其地质意义；通过 矿床找矿判据的复合、提取,进行了找矿靶区的初选；来用信息的分类技术,进行了盛源盆地地区铀 资源的总体评价。通过上述计算机信息处理技术,对这个研究程度较高的老矿区,在某些重要地 质问题上,取得了一些新认识,并经野外检验,预测了六片成矿远景地段。 在上述研究基础上,初步建立了铀资源多种地学信息数字图像综合技术系统。     

一种基于迁移学习的栅格型图表自动分类方法

图表自动分类是实现图表内容解译及信息提取的前提.基于Inception V3模型,采用迁移学习的方法,对图表自动分类方法进行了研究,提出了对5类栅格图表进行自动分类的模型.通过与传统的图表自动分类方法的对比试验,测试了在不同学习率参数下模型的分类效果,给出了针对结构化特征的指数衰减学习率的数学表达式.结果表明:采用迁移...     

Geospatial Technologies for National Geomorphology and Lineament Mapping Project – A Case Study of Goa State

A three level classification system, based on the genesis of landforms, was used to map the geomorphology of the Goa state. The first level corresponds to the process that was responsible for landform generation, the second level or the intermediate level was assigned based on the morphography, and the third level corresponds to the individual landforms units identified based on the morphostructure. The mapping was carried out using IRS-P6 LISS-III (23.5 m) satellite image as the primary data source. Ancillary data such as geological map, topographic map, digital elevation model (DEM), field data collected by global positioning system (GPS) and web portals for image visualisation, were also used for the mapping purpose. A new software designed for mapping landforms based on the genesis, was used in this study to create a seamless geomorphology and lineament database of the Goa state in a GIS environment. A total of 58 landforms within six types of genetic classes were mapped in this area. Similarly, structural and geomorphic lineaments were also delineated using the satellite data. The database created has multi-purpose usability such as environmental studies, mining activity assessment, coastal zone management and wasteland development, since the classification system used is focused on processes, not theme specific.     

应用地理信息系统辅助山坡地潜在崩山灾害评估模式之建立

山坡地开发具有潜在的自然危险因子,人工开挖也会触动这些因子,因此,要做好土地管理工作,需从分析潜在崩山灾害类型以及开发区位两方面考虑。地形分析在工程、灾害评估等方面广为应用,本研究以张石角(1987)提出的“简确工程地质灾害调查与评估法”为依据,以山坡地丙种建地作为评估对象,利用地理信息系统所提供的空间分析及数据库功能,完成台湾省中、北部地区大范围的山坡地潜在灾害评估工作,其成果也将为政府部门所采用.     

Structural inferences from satellite image in and around Gadag,in the Dharwar Craton.

The geological interest of the Dharwar craton in the Precambrian Indian peninsular shield stems from its complexity. A satellite image (IRS-ID LISS-III) of an area of approximately 12,000 sq km corresponding to the region in and around Gadag in the Dharwar craton, was analyzed to determine the geological/structural configuration of the region. The disposition of schist belts, shear zones, and various faults and other lineaments in the region were delineated. The findings are significant in view of the paucity of structural data in the region and form a geo-structural database based on which ground surveys can be planned.     

土壤遥感分类识别推理决策器的设计

介绍了干旱区土壤遥感分类识别推理决策器的设计原理与实现方法。在用TM遥感图像对土壤类型进行非监督分类的基础上，建立了正向推理与逆向推理相结合的推理机制，对土壤类型进行分类识别决策。用知识表示的产生式规则与框架式规则相结合的数据结构表示土壤学专家的土壤分类识别知识。用像结构模式建立了土壤分类识别的规则，构造了土壤分类判决树，并用典型像例模式进行了各类型土壤判据文件的组织。用该方法对新疆天山北麓阜康试验区的土壤分类识别进行了试验研究。结果表明，该方法分类精度可靠，为干旱区土壤分类识别开辟了一条新的途径。     

利用遥感技术编测我国新一代地质图

本文简要论述了更新我国旧有地质图的必要性,系统提出了遥感技术在编制我国新一代地质图中（提高地理底图的现势性,厘定地质单位分类系统,提供地层、构造、岩体信息和常规方法所不能发现的某些重要的地质体与地质现象）的重要作用,概要介绍了编测新一代地质图时遥感资料的选定。     

Spatially constrained regionalization with multilayer perceptron

In this article, multilayer perceptron (MLP) network models with spatial constraints are proposed for regionalization of geostatistical point data based on multivariate homogeneity measures. The study focuses on non‐stationarity and autocorrelation in spatial data. Supervised MLP machine learning algorithms with spatial constraints have been implemented and tested on a point dataset. MLP spatially weighted classification models and an MLP contiguity‐constrained classification model are developed to conduct spatially constrained regionalization. The proposed methods have been tested with an attribute‐rich point dataset of geological surveys in Ukraine. The experiments show that consideration of the spatial effects, such as the use of spatial attributes and their respective whitening, improve the output of regionalization. It is also shown that spatial sorting used to preserve spatial contiguity leads to improved regionalization performance.     

角色访问控制的综合地质数据安全模型

为了有效地管理复杂多样的地质矿产数据,提高地质矿产数据的安全性,本文对地质矿产数据进行整理和分析,提出了综合地质数据模型.在此基础上,基于角色访问控制思想设计了综合地质数据的安全模型,并在ORACIE数据库和所开发的综合地质数据库管理系统中实现了该安全模型.     

Delineation and assessment of Central Indian Suture through lineament extraction approach using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System

Lineament extraction approach allowed mapping of larger number of lineaments in a classical manner in tectonic and structural studies. In the present study, various techniques were adopted to extract lineaments using Landsat ETM+ images. To remove the biasness of the images, some pre-processing techniques like stream ordering, band differencing, colour texturing were employed to enhance the edges of the structural features. Extracted lineaments and its distribution and orientation were mapped using ArcGIS Spatial analyst tool. Results of the study showed maximum number of lineaments were oriented in the ENE–SWS direction with 63° overall inclination. Accuracy assessment and validation were made with respect to visual interpretation and overlaying the lineament on Digital Topographic Model as well as with respect to an existing geological lineament map of the study site. The result of accuracy assessment indicates higher compatibility of Central Indian Suture with the geological map of the study area.     

Geological applications of remote sensing and Future Prospects

The paper describes the different aspects of Remote Sensing technology, its operational level and application to geosciences. An idea about the remote sensing geological applications for the Eighties is also given. Though remote sensing plays a significant role in national development and resources management, yet it can not eliminate the need for in situ sampling in the exploration methodology. Of course, it supplements the conventional techniques by enlarging the limits of extrapolation at acceptable confidence levels. Several case examples are cited in the paper where remote sensing methods are successfully utilised for geological applications, e.g. mineral exploration, mapping, structural analysis, environmental appreciation etc.     

云南某县地质灾害与土地利用类型相关性分析

应用法国SOPT-5图像,以ERDASIMAGE软件为平台对研究区土地利用进行监督分类,分析研究区土地利用各个类型与地质灾害的相关性,利用层次分析法确定影响灾害指标及权重。得出居住用地区是地质灾害高易发区,对应了地质灾害易发分区图。