MAIN STREET TRANSFORMED: COMMUNITY SENSE OF PLACE FOR NONMETROPOLITAN TOURISM BUSINESS DISTRICTS

This case study applies the segment approach to investigate community sense of place for a small-town tourism business district (TBD). A stratified random sample of residents from Galena, Illinois (population 3,647), is analyzed to identify personal values and behaviors most closely associated with sense of place for downtown. Despite Galena's extreme orientation to tourism, natives and middle-class newcomers generally were found to be equally, and highly, involved with their TBD. Consequently, respondents claimed sentiments of "at-homeness" (or sense of place) for downtown regardless of their duration of residence. However, natives and newcomers collectively valued downtown for different reasons. One implication is that sense of place for downtown can translate into local agency-based projects and interest groups that promote or oppose the transformation of place. In turn, community cohesiveness can be threatened through the process of transforming a historic downtown into a TBD. [Key words: tourism business district (TBD), sense of place, downtown redevelopment, main street, small town.]     

ENHANCING AND USING A SENSE OF PLACE WITHIN URBAN AREAS: A ROLE FOR APPLIED CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Basic concepts of cultural historical geography have been applied to a variety of community issues in St. Paul, MN. Through the process a sense of place has been developed at several scales. This inclusive sense of place has provided a link among various factions and made possible several compromises in land use and economic development issues. Most of the work was done through undergraduate field seminars.     

从创意企业集聚到创意空间:理论架构与核心概念

创意产业发展既重构了大都市产业空间与文化社会空间,又促成大都市功能提升与结构优化。内城新经济研究认为大都市创意产业发展,既孕育了创意空间,又对其有高度依赖,但是对于创意空间的内涵与认知却众说纷纭。梳理国内外研究发现:(1)创意空间形成的基本路径是创意企业集聚;(2)创意空间在本质上是创意阶层与创意经济活动的空间集聚形成的具有地方性和创新性文化特质的场所;(3)创意空间在现实社会中常见典型代表是创意产业园、创意产业集聚区、高新技术开发区、大学城。     

中国区域产业演化路径——基于技术关联性与技术复杂性的研究

论文基于技术关联性与技术复杂性划分出4类区域产业演化路径,利用2000—2016年中国海关进出口贸易数据库,集成不同类型新产业识别方法,在分析中国出口产业空间格局演变基础上重点研究了不同地区产业演化路径存在的差异及变化趋势。研究发现：① 中国出口产业经历了空间分散化过程。2000—2016年中国出口产业首先由粤闽地区向长三角核心城市和山东省等地转移,再向长三角外围城市、中西部省会城市和江西省等地转移。② 中国区域产业演化以路径依赖型为主,但发达地区有更强路径突破性。2000—2016年路径依赖型新产业占新产业总数的70%左右,路径突破型新产业占30%左右。中国东部沿海发达城市和中西部省会城市产业演化更具路径突破性,中西部普通地级市更具路径依赖性。③ 不论是路径依赖型产业分化还是路径突破型产业创生,新产业不必然具有更高技术复杂度。在路径依赖型新产业中,约一半的技术复杂度高于其在位母产业。在路径突破型新产业中,约2/3的技术复杂度高于城市平均水平。④ 不同地区产业演化路径存在较大差异,东部发达地区发展出更多路径突破型新产业,并且新产业技术复杂度高于城市平均水平;中西部普通地级市多充分利用现有知识与技术发展技术复杂度更低的新产业。从变化趋势来看,东部沿海地区路径突破且技术复杂度提高型新产业逐步增多,中西部普通地级市路径依赖且技术复杂度降低型新产业一直占有较高比重。因此,中国政府亟需制定政策推动中西部普通地级市产业发展的路径突破。     

城市老工业区创意转型路径研究:以北京石景山为例

城市老工业区改造是当今城市发展面临的一个重要科学问题。近年来,发展创意产业成为发达国家和地区实现老工业城市再生的重要战略举措。国外对老工业城市创意转型的研究主要集中在老工业区创意转型的现状与成效,而较少对其机理层面进行理论剖析。该文以路径依赖和路径创新为理论依据,以北京石景山老工业区创意产业发展为例,研究城市老工业区创意产业发展的路径和机理。介绍了路径依赖、锁定、路径创新等概念及其对老工业区转型的解释;分析了石景山老工业区的历史由来及存在的问题,探索了石景山老工业区创意产业的发展路径,即工业设计与研发、数字娱乐产业和娱乐休闲旅游业;最后提出政府在转型过程中所应承担的责任。     

金融资本市场与区域制造业演化路径选择

基于对2004—2016年中国海关贸易库中各城市制造业发展数据分析,从演化经济地理的视角出发讨论金融资本市场如何通过影响制造业的演化路径选择来影响制造业演化升级。实证研究结果发现：以银行为主的信贷融资市场和以投资机构为主的股权融资市场对于制造业演化路径选择的影响作用不同。整体来看,信贷融资市场主要通过强化制造业的路径依赖来促进制造业的演化升级,而股权融资市场的发展则强化了制造业通过路径突破实现演化升级的能力。进一步分析发现,由于金融资本市场的发展具有空间溢出效应,地方制造业演化路径的选择不仅会受到本地金融资本市场发展的影响,还会受到区域中心城市金融资本市场发展的影响。对东、中、西部的分析发现,在东部地区,制造业演化路径选择受本地金融资本市场发展的影响更大。而在中西部地区,制造业的演化路径选择受到区域中心城市金融资本市场溢出效应的影响更大。     

PLACE MAKING,HAZARDOUS WASTE,AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOOELE COUNTY,UTAH*

ABSTRACT. Declining populations, aging inhabitants and infrastructure, limited economic opportunities, and under‐ or unappreciated natural environments characterize a number of rural communities in the western United States. Faced with the challenges of providing for their residents, some of these communities have chosen to permit undesirable land‐use activities, including the disposal of hazardous or nuclear waste. Central to the development of such sites is how a place is perceived and portrayed. Our purpose in this article is to examine how a dominant perception and portrayal of one such place—Tooele County, Utah—was created and used to facilitate the development of hazardous‐waste‐disposal sites. We use the geographical concept of “place” to illustrate how meanings and values are attached to a region in order to justify its becoming what it is and how such views persist.     

Grounding mobile policies: Ad hoc networks and the creative city in Bandung,Indonesia

This paper explores the ad hoc networks that form to move policies to new sites by examining the process through which the city of Bandung, Indonesia adopted a creative city policy. As revealed through the Bandung case, attention to the formation of these networks highlights the way that power operates within them, privileging certain ideas and structuring the ways in which information flows through their channels. This insight suggests that the concept of policy mobilities would be enriched by a closer attention to the way power is used to construct networks that promote specific policies and places as sites of ‘best practice’. Furthermore, this paper extends the concept of policy mobilities to a city ‘off the map’. In contrast to most existing policy mobilities research that tends to focus on the stable, large‐scale networks through which policies travel and on the high‐profile cities constructed as policy models, the case of Bandung provides a study of how policy mobilities may occur differently outside of its well‐established locations.     

广东人口迁移机制、特征与走向

８０年代以来广东省活跃的人口迁移，其主要动因是改革开放中广东省与国内其它地区以及省内珠江三角洲与其它地区之间经济的不平衡发展。广东省人口迁移有其显著特征，而区域经济发展水平的差异、产业结构特征及劳动力供求关系的发展等又影响着未来的人口迁移走向。     

COLORADO FOURTEENERS AND THE NATURE OF PLACE IDENTITY*

ABSTRACT. The fifty‐four Colorado Fourteeners–mountains more than 14,000 feet in elevation–were early symbols of westward expansion, mineral wealth, and wondrous scenery, and they are increasingly popular as environmental icons in place attachment at national, regional, state, and local scales. The symbolism of this contrived yet iconic collection of peaks is examined through the evolution of the Fourteener concept, the popularity of peakbagging, and the role of the Sawatch Range Fourteeners in creating a larger community identity. Elevation is the gatekeeper into the Fourteener club, in which a distinctive landscape iconography of shape, accessibility, and aesthetics reflects the role of idealized nature and mountains in place identity.     

MAKING MILWAUKEE FAMOUS: CULTURAL CAPITAL,URBAN IMAGE,AND THE POLITICS OF PLACE

Culture has come to perform a pivotal role in the selling of places, as competition among cities resulting from economic restructuring has heightened the significance of a city's image. Using the case of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, this paper explores the relationship between a city's image and a complex reality by examining the manipulation of local cultural resources to promote dominant interests. This city's experience also demonstrates the extent to which a politics of resistance can be espoused on the basis of contested local representations of different class and racial experiences.     

THE MORPHOLOGY AND VITALITY OF BUSINESS DISTRICTS IN UPSTATE NEW YORK VILLAGES1

Field examination of 40 upstate New York villages reveals their commercial structure consists of six common elements: CBDs, railroad-oriented districts, early automobile expansion zones, mixed use areas, outlying commercial strips, and highway commercial intersections. The economic health of CBDs is quantified by a “downtown vitality index.”Variation in the observed vitality of downtowns may be attributed to site and situation factors, including downtown centrality with respect to the surrounding population, route layout, and regional location of the community. Downtowns are not being abandoned so much as changing their function.     

WOMEN AND THE PUBLIC DRINKING PLACE: A CASE STUDY OF ADO-EKITI, NIGERIA

This paper uses the bars of Ado-Ekiti as a site to explore the use of urban space by women and men. Ado-Ekiti is a Yoruba city of 150,000 people in southwestern Nigeria. Feminist and political economy perspectives are used in developing the three-part theme of the way that gender intersects with the relations between bars and production, bars and reproduction, and bars and consumption. A look at the history of alcohol in Nigeria and of Yoruba women as traders and their cultural role provides context. Survey results and personal observations connect empirical findings to the tripartite theme. Women own and run three fourths of Ado-Ekiti's two hundred plus bars, but men control the upscale bars. Many of Ado's female bar owners are on the receiving end of an exploitative relationship with the global economy via the brewing industry, in a patriarchal society that assigns them a heavy reproductive burden.     

PLACE,PUBLIC MEMORY,AND THE TOKYO AIR RAIDS

The one public memorial built to remember the many people killed in air raids directed against the civilian population of Tokyo during the Asia‐Pacific War bears traces of deeper stories related to a prior catastrophe, the effects of the U.S. occupation of Japan, war memory, political power at the municipal and national level, and the ability of citizens' groups to create public sites of exemplary memory. This article examines key chapters of those stories by tracing the dynamics of collective memory as related to the movement to remember the air raids and build a Tokyo Peace Museum. It concludes with an analysis of the existing memorial as a space of literal memory.     

THE MORPHOLOGY AND VITALITY OF BUSINESS DISTRICTS IN UPSTATE NEW YORK VILLAGES 1

Testing the theoretical notion that differences in entrepreneurial skill can enhance the viability of a poor location or detract from the qualities of a good location, this study reviews the historical experience of a number of retailing establishments operated by different firms at the same sites. The ultimate success of stores that had done poorly under previous management tends to confirm that a location is “good'’only so long as the retailer employs effective merchandising and operating policies.     

STRUCTURAL TENSION,MIGRATION, AND DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF VENEZUELA*

Mismatch of labor demand and supply, resulting from economic growth, is referred to here as structural tension. Spatial variations in structural tension are identified for Venezuelan states in 1971. Positive tension, indicating overutilization of human resources, prevails in urban areas. By contrast, rural locales exhibit underutilization due to rapid labor force growth without parallel increases in employment opportunities. Influence of structural tension, coupled with other migration determinants, upon destination choice by economically active immigrants is explored. Structural tension emerges as strongly significant for the total sample, displacing wages from the model. This is consistent with our contention that wages are a less precise indicator of labor supply and demand.     

AUSTRALIAN BACKYARD GARDENS AND THE JOURNEY OF MIGRATION*

ABSTRACT. Gardens have been an important site of environmental engagement in Australia since the British colonization. They are places where immigrant people and plants have carried on traditions from their homelands and have worked out an accommodation with new social and biophysical environments. We examined the backyard gardens of three contemporary migrant groups—Macedonian, Vietnamese, and British born—in suburban Australia and a group of first‐generation Australians with both parents born overseas. In Macedonian backyards, emphasis was strong on the production of vegetables; in Vietnamese backyards, on herbs and fruit. British backyards were more diverse, some focusing on non‐native ornamental flowers and others favoring native plants. The cohesiveness of the respective groups was partly an artifact of our sampling strategy. The Macedonian and Vietnamese migrants shared an affinity for productive, humanized landscapes that reflected their rural, subsistence backgrounds and crossed over into their attitudes toward the broader environment and national parks. The rural and village backgrounds help explain why intensive backyard food production has broken down among the next generation in (sub)urban Australia, becoming part of heritage rather than everyday practice.