ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICY ADOPTION IN A REGIONAL CONTEXT: A STUDY OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVENUE BOND

Economic development incentives are largely competitive instruments. Because they offer the promise of bettering the community's (local) competitive advantage, new incentives tend to diffuse rapidly, fueled by these same competitive pressures. This study reports on the diffusion of the industrial revenue bond (IRB) across northeastern Illinois. The overall diffusion pattern corresponds to a hierarchical diffusion; initially according to city size, subsequently according to information centrality. imitation (spatial contagion) effects surface only in later stages. These results suggest that early adopters are responding more to extra-regional competition, whereas the laggards are responding more to intra-regional competition. The paradox here is that those most in need of the incentive are often the last to adopt.     

城市和区域多中心研究进展

在城镇快速扩张和交通通信技术迅猛发展的背景下,许多城市和区域呈现出多中心的趋势;在城市和区域规划实践中,多中心也成为广泛应用的空间政策工具。论文回顾了国内外城市和区域多中心的研究进展,首先从研究尺度和中心重要性的界定出发,辨析了城市内和城市间、形态和功能多中心的内涵;而后分别从新中心的产生和既有中心一体化的角度解析了城市和区域多中心的形成和演化机制;进而总结了实证研究中多中心的识别和测量方法、城市和区域空间结构单中心化与多中心化的分异以及多中心绩效评估等领域的进展与不足。文章最后提出了多中心研究的拓展方向：明晰多中心概念并进行合理测度、比较空间结构演化的分异并剖析内在机制、对多中心的绩效进行多维度系统评估。     

RURAL REGIONAL GOVERNANCE IN THE UNITED STATES: THE CASE OF THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM*

Rural governance has drawn considerable attention from both local government officials and scholars in the United States since the early 1990s. It is touted as a way to mitigate the limitations of the traditional government unit‐based approaches to problem solving and decision making and to foster partnerships across both jurisdictional boundaries and sectors (public, private, and nonprofit). Established in 1962, the Resource Conservation and Development (rc&d ) program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture provides a unique model of rural regional governance. Acting as a coalition of governments, private businesses, individuals, and interest groups, the rc&d program provides the flexibility needed to deal with issues at the appropriate spatial scale. It incorporates aspects of both grassroots and governmental organizations and can bring together local interests and expertise with governmental policy and support in service provision, problem solving, and economic development. The approach does not necessarily entail loss of power on the part of the state, but it does provide a mechanism for local people to exercise their agency, to tackle their problems, and to decide which elements of their lives they want to sustain.     

我国区域开发的宏观战略

根据我国国土开发和经济发展水平的地域差异,在本世纪内及下世纪初年应当实行重点开发战略,按“点-轴渐进扩散”模式实行由不平衡到相对平衡的区域发展。实施这一战略,要求确定重点开发轴线,沿轴线建设密集产业带和建立横向联系的经济区。其中,沿海与沿长江两个一级轴线构成我国国土开发和经济建设“r”字形宏观格局。     

广州市中心城区城市公园地域分布特点的分析

以广州市中心城区的城市公园为研究对象,引入基尼系数、带(区)间差异系数、带(区)别特化系数3个衡量方式,结合城市发展同心圆区域、人口密度区域、经济发展水平区域对城市公园的地域结构分布特征进行分析。结果发现,广州中心城区城市公园规模总量不断增长,以城市综合公园和小区公园为主体的公园类型丰富,并出现明显的旧城核心指向、人口高密集带指向,和与经济发展水平呈现一定联系的地域结构特征。     

中国地区工业结构变化与区际增长和分工

1979以来,中国地区工业结构发生了重要的变化。本文分析了这一变动的特征及其对区际增长和分工的作用,得出以下结论:（1）绝大多数省市区工业结构变化高于国家水平,但由于各地人均收入、区位性以及结构性差异,这种变动具有明显地理分异:南大北小,东西部大中部小。（2）各地工业结构变动普遍表现为重加工业地位上升,采掘工业地位下降,且多数省市区原材料工业和轻工业地位下降,高加工度化和重加工业化十分显著。（3）广东、江苏、福建、河北、安徽、湖南、陕西、浙江、甘肃、云南、四川等省区结构调整有利经济增长,其它省市区结构调整相对不利经济增长。（4）资源型地区数量减少,加工型地区较大幅度地增加,基本形成沿海沿江地区和陕西省以加工业为相对专业化部门,其它广大地区以采掘、原材料为相对专业化部门的区际分工格局。     

地域系统理论与北京山区优化开发研究

地域系统理论是区域开发的理论基础。本文结合《北京山区优化开发研究》课题的实践,讨论了地域系统的结构与机制、地域过程的极化与扩散、地域系统的调控、地域系统类型与综合区划等地域系统理论的基本内容。     

Urban transformations,migration and residential mobility patterns in African secondary cities

Abstract

Urban growth is a significant trend in Africa. Scholarly attention and urban planning efforts have focused disproportionately on the challenges of big cities, while small and medium-sized urban settlements are growing most rapidly and house the majority of urban residents. Small towns have received some attention, but very few studies have focused on secondary cities. This paper offers a study of urban transformations, migration and residential mobility patterns in Arusha, a rapidly growing secondary city of Tanzania. Arusha functions as a major attraction for migrants and in-migration is a central dynamic shaping transformation processes in central areas characterized by high population turnovers, vibrant rental markets and widespread landlordism. There is also a considerable degree of intra-urban residential mobility within and between central areas. Intra-urban residential mobility is the most important dynamic shaping transformation processes in peripheral areas characterized by long-term urban residents moving from central parts of the city as part of a process of establishing themselves as homeowners. Overall, the paper provides crucial insights on how migration and residential mobility patterns influence processes of urban growth and transformation in the context of large secondary city, and thereby contributes to fill a significant knowledge gap on secondary cities in Africa.     

Understanding spatial structures and organizational patterns of city networks in China: A highway passenger flow perspective

The use of multi-perspective and multi-scalar city networks has gradually developed into a range of critical approaches to understand spatial interactions and linkages. In particular, road linkages represent key characteristics of spatial dependence and distance decay, and are of great significance in depicting spatial relationships at the regional scale. Therefore, based on highway passenger flow data between prefecture-level administrative units, this paper attempted to identify the functional structures and regional impacts of city networks in China, and to further explore the spatial organization patterns of the existing functional regions, aiming to deepen our understanding of city network structures and to provide new cognitive perspectives for ongoing research. The research results lead to four key conclusions. First, city networks that are based on highway flows exhibit strong spatial dependence and hierarchical characteristics, to a large extent spatially coupled with the distributions of major megaregions in China. These phenomena are a reflection of spatial relationships at regional scales as well as core-periphery structure. Second, 19 communities that belong to an important type of spatial configuration are identified through community detection algorithm, and we suggest they are correspondingly urban economic regions within urban China. Their spatial metaphors include the administrative region economy, spatial spillover effects of megaregions, and core-periphery structure. Third, each community possesses a specific city network system and exhibits strong spatial dependence and various spatial organization patterns. Regional patterns have emerged as the result of multi-level, dynamic, and networked characteristics. Fourth, adopting a morphology-based perspective, the regional city network systems can be basically divided into monocentric, dual-nuclei, polycentric, and low-level equilibration spatial structures, while most are developing monocentrically.     

中国欠发达地区农村工业发展的因素与区域型式──以河南省为例

80年代以来中国欠发达地区的农村工业获得了快速发展.本文依据对河南省178家农村工业企业的问卷调查和四个亿元村的访问以及有关统计资料,运用理论分析和实证研究相结合、定性分析和定量研究相结合、系统分析和区域综合相结合的研究方法,揭示了欠发达地区农村工业发展的主导因素和区域型式,并提出了促进其持续快速发展的有关政策建议.     

PRINCIPLES FOR THE LOCATION OF SYNAGOGUES: SYMBOLISM AND FUNCTIONALISM IN A SPATIAL CONTEXT

Two traditional Jewish approaches to the location of synagogues can be found, one symbolic and one functional. The locational requirements are not identical; the symbolic approach deals with idealistic spatial status while the functional approach poses realistic locational demands. This spatio-locational conflict reflects a problematic situation on both theoretical and practical levels.     

PRINCIPLES FOR THE LOCATION OF SYNAGOGUES: SYMBOLISM AND FUNCTIONALISM IN A SPATIAL CONTEXT

Two traditional Jewish approaches to the location of synagogues can be found, one symbolic and one functional. The locational requirements are not identical; the symbolic approach deals with idealistic spatial status while the functional approach poses realistic locational demands. This spatio-locational conflict reflects a problematic situation on both theoretical and practical levels.     

THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF RIPARIAN CORRIDORS IN CORNBELT FLOODPLAINS: A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK*

A new research framework determines the economic value of riparian corridors in floodplains of the agricultural Midwest. Market mechanisms can fail to account for many positive attributes of riparian wetland ecosystems. Individual farmers frequently make socially inappropriate decisions regarding floodplain land-uses because the benefits accruing from wetlands, such as improved water quality and enhanced recreational activities, are public goods. A spatial economic model, based on willingness-to-pay procedures, assesses the apposite mix of agricultural/wetland land uses that compares the marginal value of natural riparian vegetation and agricultural production on rural Cornbelt floodplains. A simple case study illustrates the framework.     

Incorporation of intra-city human mobility into urban growth simulation: A case study in Beijing

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The effective modeling of urban growth is crucial for urban planning and analyzing the causes of land-use dynamics. As urbanization has slowed down in most...     

基于宜出行大数据的多中心空间结构分析——以重庆主城区为例

多中心已成为中国大多数城市的空间发展战略,多中心结构的有效识别对于规划效果评价、规划策略制定具有重要意义。相比于百度热力与手机信令数据,腾讯宜出行数据具有时空分辨率高、获取成本低的优点,可精细比较城市主副中心的人口集聚能力,为多中心结构的动态识别提供新的手段。论文以重庆主城区为例,基于连续一周的宜出行热力数据,利用核密度分析等方法,识别其多中心城市结构、影响范围与组团发育情况。结果表明：作为山地城市,重庆在自然限制、经济驱动与规划引导下主动选择了“多中心、组团式”结构。重庆内环以内的各个城市中心人口高度集聚、用地规模相近、发育相对成熟,并强于内环以外的副中心。研究指出,西永、茶园副中心及外围组团的发展与人口集聚能力有待提高。     

中外区域政策对比研究

区域干预包括区域分工与协作受阻和区域差异扩大两个方面.发达国家主要面临的是空间差异扩大的区域均衡问题,其区域政策都是在经济发展达到一定的水平[人均GDP达500多美元(二、三年代当年价)]时制定和实施的,中央财政用于区域均衡政策的经费一般占到10-30%.我国区域政策面临区域发展和区域均衡双重任务.“九五”及到2010年期间,我国区域政策的总原则应该是效率优先、兼顾均衡.主要措施是加快空间一体化市场的建设,做到产业政策与区域政策相结合,适当加大扶贫工作的力度.     

Delimitation of Urban Growth Boundary Based on the Coordination of Ecology and Residential Activity Spaces: A Case Study of Jinan,China

Delimitation of an urban growth boundary (UGB) can effectively curb disorderly urban expansion, optimize urban development space and protect the ecological environment. Eco-environmental sensitivity was evaluated and areas prohibiting construction expansion were extracted by establishing an index system. Point of interest (POI) and microblog data were utilized to analyze the expansion of residential activity space. Urban space expansion potential was calculated using a comprehensive evaluation model, and an urban growth boundary for Jinan in 2020 was delimited combining the predicted urban expansion scale. The results showed that: (1) An evaluation of eco-environmental sensitivity can effectively protect ecological land and provide an ecological basis for urban expansion. Regions with high eco-environmental sensitivities in Jinan are located along the banks of the Yellow River and Xiaoqing River and in southeast mountainous areas, but eco-environmental sensitivities in the central, north and southeast areas are relatively low; (2) The model to evaluate urban residential activity expansion can quantify the spatial distribution of urban residents' activities. Regions with high potential for residential activity space expansion in Jinan are mainly concentrated in the middle of Jinan and most are part of existing built-up areas and surrounding areas; (3) The method that delimits urban growth boundaries based on the coordination of ecology and residential activity space is reasonable. Spatial expansion in Jinan mainly extends towards the east and west wings, and the boundary conforms to the spatial strategy guiding Jinan’s development and is consistent with the overall layout in related plans. Considering both ecological protection and the internal forces driving urban expansion, the method of urban growth boundary delimitation used in this study can provide a reference and practical help for studies and management of urban development in the new era.     

LINEAR STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH LATENT VARIABLES: THE LISREL MODEL*

The LISREL model analyzes complex interrelationships involving latent variables, effectively integrating the widely used factor analysis and regression procedures. A residential mobility example, calibrated for Portland, OR, suggests that turnover rates are both directly and indirectly influenced by latent variables representing housing type, housing quality, family status, and socioeconomic status.     

世界区域性经济集团化研究综述

本文分述了世界区域经济集团化和次区域经济集团化的概念，类型和特点，阐明了区域经济集团形成的背影因素，世界经济格局的变化及其发展现状和趋势，最后分析了区域性经济集团对世界经济发展的正，负效应。