堆石非线性强度特性对高土石坝稳定性的影响

抗剪强度指标的选择对大坝坝坡稳定性评价有着十分重要的影响。堆石料抗剪强度具有明显的非线性,在高坝中这一特点更为显著。因此,计算堆石坝坝坡稳定安全系数时应采用非线性指标,而不是传统的线性指标。讨论了不同的堆石料抗剪强度模型、计算参数取值标准、非线性指标的稳定分析方法以及允许安全标准问题。统计分析了171组822个三轴试验结果发现,邓肯非线性指标对堆石料抗剪强度的模拟误差要小于线性指标和德迈洛非线性指标。采用不同的抗剪强度指标计算261.5 m高的云南糯扎渡大坝坝坡的稳定性。结果表明：各种工况下线性有咬合力、邓肯非线性指标与德迈洛非线性指标3种方法得到的安全系数和滑裂面位置都十分接近,非线性指标计算的结果并不比线性指标高。因此,进行非线性分析时,现有规范规定的基于线性指标的允许安全系数标准无需改变。     

A reliability-based approach to evaluating the stability of high rockfill dams using a nonlinear shear strength criterion

In recent years, many high rockfill dams have been constructed in China for the purpose of hydropower generation. One of the critical aspects of rockfill dam design is the analysis of slope stability. Triaxial compression tests show that the failure envelopes of rockfills are curved and that nonlinear shear strength criteria yield better predictions of the shear strengths of rockfills than the Mohr–Coulomb criterion. Because the determination of shear strength parameters involves uncertainties, a reliability-based methodology was developed for use in evaluating the failure probability of rockfill dam slopes by integrating Bishop’s simplified method, Duncan’s nonlinear strength criterion and the first-order second-moment reliability method presented in this paper. A computer program, SCU-SLIDE, was developed and its outputs validated by comparison with Monte Carlo simulation results. The approach developed was used to study the stability of the Shuang Jiang Kou rockfill embankment dam, which when completed will be the tallest dam in the world. The results of the stability analysis are discussed and conclusions are presented in this paper.     

基于土石坝动力特性的坝料动力参数反演

采用现行的室内外试验方法确定的土石料动力参数与实际坝料的动力参数有何差异是人们关心的问题之一。提出了基于土石坝动力特性的坝料动力参数反演方法,并使用该方法反演了一个假想混凝土面板堆石坝的坝料动力参数,证明该方法是可行的,计算精度基本满足实际工程要求。利用紫坪铺面板堆石坝在汶川地震中的余震加速度响应信息,反演了坝料的最大动剪切模量系数K和指数n。结果表明,由室内动三轴试验得到的坝料最大动剪切模量系数K值偏小,建议进一步研究予以修正。     

考虑残余体应变的土石坝地震永久变形分析

地震永久变形是评价土石坝抗震稳定性的一个重要依据,其合理计算需要同时考虑材料的残余体积应变和残余剪切应变的影响。因此,在过去提出的永久变形等效节点力计算方法的基础上,通过考虑剪切压缩耦合作用来反映残余体积应变对地震永久变形的影响,并推导了相应的模量矩阵,明确了参数选择和计算步骤。对典型单元体的残余变形模式进行了分析,计算得到的剪切应变和体积应变大小均与理论值相符,验证了模量矩阵的可靠性。在此基础上,对心墙堆石坝和面板堆石坝的算例进行了计算,重点分析了竖直向、顺河向和横河向3个方向永久变形分布,并与实测规律进行比较。计算结果表明,考虑残余体应变之后,所提方法能够反映土石坝地震永久变形以沉降为主、水平变形相对较小的特点,可更为合理地反映地震永久变形的规律。     

Study on wetting deformation characteristics of coarse granular materials and its simulation in core-wall rockfill dams

The wetting deformation of coarse granular materials is often considered to be an important cause of the core wall rockfill dam cracks during impounding. By analyzing existing research results, this paper proposes a hyperbolic relationship between the wetting axial strain and wetting stress level and puts forwards a warped surface relationship among spherical stress, shear stress, and the ratio of wetting volumetric strain to wetting axial strain. To illustrate its practicability, the wetting strain model's parameter determination process is introduced and the rockfill materials wetting parameters are determined using the triaxial wetting test data. Moreover, the collapse settlement of Guanyinyan rockfill dam during first impounding is numerically simulated using the proposed method to calculate rockfill wetting deformation and verified by field measurements and monitoring data. The results show that the calculative method of wetting deformation proposed in this paper is reasonable and practical; the wetting deformation of upstream rockfill materials would cause an adverse deformation trend, which may lead to crack occurrence at the upstream slope and dam crest; and the Guanyinyan rockfill dam cracks on the top of junction mainly caused by the wetting deformation of upstream rockfill.     

Upper bound finite element analysis of slope stability using a nonlinear failure criterion

In this study, upper bound finite element (FE) limit analysis is applied to stability problems of slopes using a nonlinear criterion. After formulating the upper bound analysis as the dual form of a second-order cone programming (SOCP) problem, the stress field and corresponding shear strength parameters can be determined iteratively. Thus, the nonlinear failure criterion is represented by the shear strength parameters associated with stress so that the analysis of slope stability using a nonlinear failure criterion can be transformed into the traditional upper bound method with a linear Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. Comparison with published solutions illustrates the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed method for a simple homogeneous slope stability problem. The proposed approach is also applied to a seismic stability problem for a rockfill dam to study the influence of different failure criterions on the upper bound solutions. The results show that the seismic stability coefficients obtained using two different nonlinear failure criteria are similar but that the convergence differs significantly.     

Modeling the behaviour of alluvial and blasted quarried rockfill materials

Two types of modeled rockfill materials were collected from Renuka dam site, Himachal Pradesh, India and Salma dam site, Afghanistan. The rockfill material collected from Renuka dam site is rounded to sub-rounded in shape and the rockfill material collected from Salma dam site is angular to sub-angular in shape. The prototype gradation rockfill material consists maximum particle size larger than 1,000 mm. Therefore, for carrying out laboratory testing and modeling the bahaviour, the prototype rockfill material is scaled down to the maximum particle size (d_max) of 25, 50 and 80 mm for both projects material using parallel gradation technique. Triaxial compression and Index properties tests were conducted on both project rockfill materials and are presented. From the triaxial behaviour, it is observed that the stress–strain behaviour is non-linear, inelastic and stress dependent for both the materials. The material compresses during the initial shearing and shows dilation effect with further shearing. It is observed that the ?-value for alluvial rockfill material increases with increase in d_max and reverse trend is observed for blasted quarried rockfill material which shows the importance of the type of material. The stress–strain-volume change behaviour of both projects modeled rockfill material was predicted by using hierarchical single surface (HISS) model based on elasto plasticity and compared with the laboratory test results. From the comparison, it is observed that both results match closely. It is, therefore, suggested that the behaviour of both types of rockfill materials can be characterized successfully using HISS model.     

基于堆石坝竣工期沉降观测数据的材料非线性本构模型参数反演

为了高效和准确地确定堆石料的非线性本构模型参数,提出了基于响应面方法的参数反演方法。采用有限元方法数值模拟了堆石坝的分层填筑过程。建立了堆石坝变形观测点沉降的响应面函数,确定了多项式响应面函数的系数。根据堆石坝竣工期变形观测数据和确定的响应面函数,采用优化方法反演确定了堆石料本构模型参数。工程实际应用结果表明,该方法具有较高的计算效率,预测的堆石坝沉降变形与现场观测值吻合较好。     

颗粒破碎效应对堆石坝应力变形的影响

颗粒破碎对堆石体的变形有重大影响,颗粒破碎除与母岩强度有关外,与应力状态密切相关,高堆石坝堆石体的大部分变形正是高应力场下颗粒破碎的反映。沈珠江院士提出的南水双屈服面模型虽可以较全面地反映堆石体的变形特性,但未充分考虑颗粒破碎引起的剪缩特性,因此坝体变形计算结果往往偏小,适用于中低堆石坝的分析中。本文的计算方法在南水双屈服面模型的基础上,考虑了堆石体在一定应力状态下颗粒破碎引起的应变,较真实地反映了堆石体的变形特性,可为堆石坝尤其是高堆石坝的应力变形研究提供更为合理的结果。     

高聚物胶凝堆石料静力特性试验研究

采取加固措施可提高土体抗剪强度、减小变形等。采用聚氨酯高聚物胶凝堆石料加固土石坝以改良堆石料强度、变形特性。开展了聚氨酯胶凝堆石料三轴剪切试验研究,结果表明：聚氨酯胶凝堆石料偏应力-轴向应变曲线具有明显的非线性,抗剪强度提高;采用抛物线拟合偏应力-轴向应变曲线,可反映其应变软化和应变硬化,并得到初始弹性模量随聚氨酯含量的提高而提高;聚氨酯泡沫填充堆石颗粒间孔隙并将堆石颗粒黏结在一起,减少颗粒破碎、颗粒重排列,使堆石料剪缩特征减弱,当聚氨酯含量高时表现出剪胀;聚氨酯增加了堆石料准黏聚力,对内摩擦角无明显影响。通过有限元方法对堆石坝变形和稳定性进行分析,结果表明,聚氨酯加固堆石坝可减少边坡浅层滑动,增大滑弧深度,提高坝坡稳定安全系数。     

粗粒料接触面模型及其在土石坝工程中的应用

在土石坝工程中越来越重视岸坡与坝料之间的接触特性,将土体本构模型中使用较多的双曲线型硬化规律运用至接触面模型,提出了一个简洁的接触面本构模型,推导了接触面模型刚度矩阵表达式。通过对4组试验的预测结果与试验结果的对比,表明该模型可以较好地预测粗粒料的界面剪切试验。将提出的接触面模型嵌入有限元程序,应用于如美心墙坝河谷与坝料的接触分析。三维有限元计算结果表明：坝体两侧岸坡的剪切位移变化规律都是中间部分剪切滑移量较大,岸坡边缘部分相对较小,陡坡一侧最大滑移量大于较缓一侧。这些均符合粗粒料滑移的基本规律,可为岸坡?坝料接触特性研究以及土石坝工程计算提供参考。     

混凝土面板堆石坝蠕变沉降经验模型及其应用

根据岩土材料Merchant、Bergers和Butterfield蠕变模型的基本形式,建立3种预测混凝土面板堆石坝蠕变沉降经验模型。以蒲石河混凝土面板堆石坝为例,采用非线性有限元方法数值模拟堆石坝的顺序填筑过程。根据堆石坝沉降现场观测数据,采用回归分析方法确定3种沉降经验模型中的待定参数,确定堆石坝的蠕变沉降随时间的变化关系。工程实践应用结果表明,所提出的堆石坝蠕变沉降经验模型具有较高的拟合和预测精度,堆石坝的蠕变沉降除与时间有关之外,还与观测点的应力状态和位置以及堆石料的变形模量有关。     

面板堆石坝筑坝材料动力特性试验研究

某抽水蓄能电站上水库主坝为沥青混凝土面板堆石坝,坝址区地形地质条件复杂且处于强震区,需研究其坝体和坝基料的动力特性。采用清华大学大型高压多功能静动三轴试验机,对坝基和主要坝体材料进行了动弹性模量与阻尼比试验和动残余变形试验。试验结果表明,与普通堆石料相比,软岩次堆石料和覆盖层料的动弹性模量较低且变形较大,但其动应力应变关系与动变形特性同样可以分别用修正的黏弹性动本构模型和残余变形经验公式进行描述。此外,根据动力试验结果初步论证了利用软岩和直接在覆盖层上筑坝的可行性。     

深覆盖层上面板堆石坝应力变形特性研究

结合实测资料和有限元方法分析建于深覆盖层地基上面板堆石坝的应力、变形特性。数值计算中采用邓肯-张E-B模型模拟覆盖层地基和坝体的应力、变形行为,同时采用无厚度接触面模拟面板和坝体以及防渗墙和地基之间的相互作用。整理和分析工程实测资料并与数值计算结果进行对比分析,重点分析坝体和防渗结构的力学行为以及面板堆石坝和地基之间的相互作用。比较分析表明,大坝最大沉降和压应力分别发生在坝体底部和覆盖层中,覆盖层对坝体及防渗结构的应力、变形特性具有显著影响,应力、变形实测值与数值计算结果吻合较好,说明数值计算结果的有效性。在此基础上,分析了覆盖层上面板堆石坝分期填筑和筑坝速度对坝体和防渗结构应力变形的影响。结果表明,分期填筑引起坝体较大不均匀沉降和复杂的应力状态,但一定程度上可以改善防渗墙的应力变形特性;较快的坝体填筑速度容易引起坝体较大的前期应力和后期沉降,不利坝体的施工和运行。     

Settlement analysis of the Shuibuya concrete-face rockfill dam

Settlement is one of the most important deformation characteristics of a high concrete-face rockfill dam (CFRD) and is regarded as a key indicator of dam safety. The time-dependent settlement behavior of the Shuibuya CFRD is studied on the basis of in situ settlement-monitoring records and displacement back-analysis. The goal of this work is to characterize actual deformation of the dam and to verify the back-analysis method used in this paper. The settlement-monitoring records were from seven control stations at the crest and 38 monitoring points inside the body of the dam and covered the construction period, the initial filling of the reservoir and 2 years of operation. A displacement back-analysis for parameters is performed by hybrid generic algorithms (HGAs) and finite element method (FEM). Comparative studies of monitoring data and back-analysis show good agreement between measured settlements and computed settlements. Furthermore, the deformation in the next 3 years is predicted on the basis of back-analysis. Overall, it is demonstrated that the deformation of the Shuibuya CFRD is basically stable and that the technique used to control the dam deformation is successful.     

关于堆石料三维流变速率的一点注记

原型监测表明面板堆石坝一般存在比较显著的流变现象。针对不同文献给出的堆石料三维剪切流变速率计算式存在差异,笔者以3参数指数流变模型为例对堆石料三维流变速率进行了研究。假设体积流变和剪切流变变化规律不同,首先推导了三维体积流变速率计算公式,然后依据Prandtl-Reuss流动法则可以由Mises屈服函数作为塑性势函数推导获得。为此,采用关联流动法则,同时假设塑性势函数为Mises屈服函数,导出了堆石料三维剪切流变速率计算式。通过将三维流变速率计算式退化为单轴流变速率计算式进行合理性分析,分析表明,本文导出的三维流变速率计算式理论上是严谨的,由此指出相关文献给出的流变速率计算式理论上不严谨。     

Importance of Tensile Strength on the Shear Behavior of Discontinuities

In this study, the shear behavior of discontinuities possessing two different rock wall types with distinct separate compressive strengths was investigated. The designed profiles consisted of regular artificial joints molded by five types of plaster mortars, each representing a distinct uniaxial compressive strength. The compressive strengths of plaster specimens ranged from 5.9 to 19.5 MPa. These specimens were molded considering a regular triangular asperity profile and were designed so as to achieve joint walls with different strength material combinations. The results showed that the shear behavior of discontinuities possessing different joint wall compressive strengths (DDJCS) tested under constant normal load (CNL) conditions is the same as those possessing identical joint wall strengths, but the shear strength of DDJCS is governed by minor joint wall compressive strength. In addition, it was measured that the predicted values obtained by Barton’s empirical criterion are greater than the experimental results. The finding indicates that there is a correlation between the joint roughness coefficient (JRC), normal stress, and mechanical strength. It was observed that the mode of failure of asperities is either pure tensile, pure shear, or a combination of both. Therefore, Barton’s strength criterion, which considers the compressive strength of joint walls, was modified by substituting the compressive strength with the tensile strength. The validity of the modified criterion was examined by the comparison of the predicted shear values with the laboratory shear test results reported by Grasselli (Ph.D. thesis n.2404, Civil Engineering Department, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2001). These comparisons infer that the modified criterion can predict the shear strength of joints more precisely.     

不同环境条件下堆石料变形特性的试验研究

探讨了对处于受压状态的堆石料进行干湿、冷热变化等环境因素作用下力学性质研究的试验方法。使用新研制的堆石料风化试验仪,对某种泥质粉砂岩堆石料进行了干湿循环、冷热循环以及湿冷-干热耦合变化三种环境条件下的长期变形特性试验研究,探讨了堆石料长期劣化变形的机制。试验结果表明,干湿循环试验和湿冷-干热耦合循环均可导致堆石体产生较大幅度的附加变形,其变形机制包括湿化变形、堆石体颗粒湿胀和干缩循环变形以及堆石料的劣化变形等。环境因素的循环变化可导致堆石体颗粒的劣化,堆石体劣化变形是高土石坝后期变形的重要组成部分。     

高堆石坝瞬变-流变参数三维全过程联合反演方法及变形预测

利用反演分析得到的参数进行高面板坝的应力、变形分析来预测长期变形。由于堆石坝的施工过程和变形机制比较复杂,很难将瞬时变形和流变变形分开,因此,有必要对静力本构模型参数和流变模型参数进行综合反演。利用实测位移资料,以对堆石坝变形较敏感的静力本构模型和流变模型参数为待反演参数,采用基于粒子迁徙的粒子群算法和径向基函数神经网络构建参数反演平台,该方法克服了粒子群算法易陷入局部最优和早熟收敛的缺点,采用经过训练的神经网络来描述模型参数和位移之间的映射关系,节省了参数反演的计算时间。对水布垭高面板坝的反演结果表明,基于反演参数的沉降计算值与实测值吻合得很好,坝体变形在合理范围以内并趋于稳定。     

堆石料三维边界面模型在FLAC3D中的开发与验证

堆石料三维边界面模型结合了统一非线性强度准则,可以反映三维应力空间堆石料的应变硬化、软化以及体积收缩和剪胀等传统本构模型难以反映的力学特性。基于三维边界面模型的基本理论,通过FLAC3D提供的二次开发平台,在VC++环境下实现了三维边界面本构模型的二次开发,并给出基于FLAC3D程序的边界面本构模型开发的关键步骤、编程要点和调试方法。利用开发的本构模型,开展了三轴压缩试验的数值模拟计算,并与理论值进行了对比分析。结果表明,嵌入在FLAC3D中的三维边界面本构模型能够较好地反映设定试验条件下的材料性能,而且三维边界面本构模型模型参数简单,都可从常规三轴试验获得,从而验证了三维边界面模型二次开发程序的优越性与合理性。