蠕虫状灰岩特征和成因新探

下扬子地区下三叠统中广泛分布着一种外貌独特的灰岩——蠕虫状灰岩,这种灰岩出现在该区深水和浅水的多种环境中,具有灰泥结构和粒泥(或泥粒)结构;斜层理、生物扰动构造和压扁透镜状构造。蠕虫状灰岩是多成因的,各成因之间有着一定的联系,其中,先期形成的可被后期形成的叠加和改造。沉积作用、沉积分异作用是形成蠕虫状灰岩的一个重要前提,而生物扰动作用、水流作用和压实、压溶作用则是形成各种蠕虫状灰岩的关键。     

陕西富平中-上奥陶统深水碳酸盐重力流沉积模式

陕西富平地区,在中-晚奥陶世位于华北地台南侧的弧后盆地的大陆边缘。其中完好地保存了一套以半远洋的泥晶灰岩夹重力流的角砾灰岩和砂屑灰岩为特征的深水沉积岩系。一般认为,与半远洋的石灰岩共生的碳酸盐重力流沉积的复杂岩相,是大陆坡的标志,而相应的陆源碎屑沉积,则被作为海底扇的产物。然而,富平地区的碳酸盐重力流沉积,却是在弧后盆地伸进浅水台地之间的深海前槽中,沿海槽轴向呈席状流搬运、沉积的。     

扬子陆块东南缘早古生长的巨型斜坡带

寒武、奥陶纪、在扬子陆块东南缘，发育一条横垣两千多公里的古台缘斜坡带。本文综合研究了此斜坡带的沉积类型，计有重力滑塌、滑移沉积、重力流沉积、等深流沉积、上升流沉积、风暴流沉积以深水瘤状灰岩和生物扰动灰岩。台缘斜坡带沉积序列所反映的大地构造背景为被动大陆边缘，当时华南小洋盆为－拉伸下沉盆地。     

新疆柯坪中奥陶统结核状灰岩的沉积环境及成因

对新疆柯坪地区中奥陶统灰岩和泥岩交互沉积地层中的结核状灰岩的沉积环境和形成机制进行了研究。根据野外观察并结合室内偏光显微镜下阴极发光和染色等方法分析其结构和构造特征，发现有团块状、网纹状、透镜状3种结核状灰岩。运用X光衍射仪和质谱仪等化学分析手段对其常量元素、微量元素、碳氧同位素、酸不溶物等进行了测定。综合分析矿物、岩石、生物和地球化学特征，认为它们形成于陆棚中水体较深的沉积环境，灰岩和泥岩交互韵律层是在表层洋流、大洋底流和物源供给的周期变化作用下形成的。结核状灰岩形成于沉积-成岩早期阶段，它们的形成机制分别是：团块状灰岩是在洋流活动后的平静期因水体中碳酸钙沿凝结核凝结、增大、胶结而形成；网纹状灰岩是在盐度不饱和的深海底流的周期作用下冲刷同生期沉积的碳酸盐灰泥而形成；透镜状灰岩是通过上覆水体与沉积物的差异压实作用而形成的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区奥陶系深水条纹条带状泥岩等深流成因分析

沉积形成的条纹和条带状构造多包含化学沉积和机械沉积2个沉积过程,在探讨其沉积机制时往往受到制约。而桌子山地区中、上奥陶统克里摩里组和乌拉力克组发育良好的条纹条带状泥岩,为单一的机械沉积作用所致,是研究条纹条带构造形成过程中沉积流体作用机制的理想层位。本次研究以详细的野外观察为基础,结合室内岩石薄片鉴定和近年来关于细粒沉积水槽实验的研究成果,探讨深水等深流在形成条纹条带构造中的作用。克里摩里组上段多为条纹状泥岩组成,呈极细的连续或断续透镜状,垂向上表现为细—粗—细序列;乌拉力克组多为条带状泥岩,与砾屑石灰岩伴生,垂向上发育窄—宽—窄序列。其成因则与等深流引起的黏土絮凝波和底载荷运动相关。在弱等深流作用期,絮凝波发育并存在长的尾迹,在等深流改造底载荷进行再沉积的同时,黏土絮凝波发生垂直降落沉积,形成条纹状泥岩;在强等深流作用期,絮凝波不发育,底载荷连续加积形成条带状泥岩。克里摩里组条纹状泥岩与乌拉力克组条带状泥岩的差别可能与水深相关,前者水体较深,后者水体较浅。研究结果说明鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中、晚奥陶世的最大海侵发生在克里摩里组上段,这对研究该地区的构造性海侵和大地构造环境具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区奥陶系深水条纹条带状泥岩等深流成因分析*

沉积形成的条纹和条带状构造多包含化学沉积和机械沉积2个沉积过程,在探讨其沉积机制时往往受到制约。而桌子山地区中、上奥陶统克里摩里组和乌拉力克组发育良好的条纹条带状泥岩,为单一的机械沉积作用所致,是研究条纹条带构造形成过程中沉积流体作用机制的理想层位。本次研究以详细的野外观察为基础,结合室内岩石薄片鉴定和近年来关于细粒沉积水槽实验的研究成果,探讨深水等深流在形成条纹条带构造中的作用。克里摩里组上段多为条纹状泥岩组成,呈极细的连续或断续透镜状,垂向上表现为细—粗—细序列;乌拉力克组多为条带状泥岩,与砾屑石灰岩伴生,垂向上发育窄—宽—窄序列。其成因则与等深流引起的黏土絮凝波和底载荷运动相关。在弱等深流作用期,絮凝波发育并存在长的尾迹,在等深流改造底载荷进行再沉积的同时,黏土絮凝波发生垂直降落沉积,形成条纹状泥岩;在强等深流作用期,絮凝波不发育,底载荷连续加积形成条带状泥岩。克里摩里组条纹状泥岩与乌拉力克组条带状泥岩的差别可能与水深相关,前者水体较深,后者水体较浅。研究结果说明鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中、晚奥陶世的最大海侵发生在克里摩里组上段,这对研究该地区的构造性海侵和大地构造环境具有重要意义。     

贵州晚二叠世硅质岩类型及其沉积地球化学环境

本文根据岩性岩相、生物组合以及地球化学等特征,将贵州晚二叠世硅质岩划分为四种类型:灰岩中的结核状、条带状硅质岩;台盆或广海沉积的层状含放射虫、硅质海绵骨针硅质岩;局限潮下带中的层状海绵骨针硅质岩;台沟内的厚层状硅质岩。利用微量元素、总稀土和氧同位素等推算出灰岩中结核状、条带状硅质岩是后生交代形成;而台盆、广海沉积和局限潮下带的层状硅质岩是同生或准同生期形成;台沟中厚层状硅质岩则是热液成岩硅质岩。     

凹槽流痕在赣北前寒武纪地层中的发现及意义

凹槽流痕是在等深流作用下，在层面上产生的一种冲刷痕迹原生沉积构造，一般较为罕见，其长轴方向与等深流方向一致，沿大陆斜坡走向分布，赣北晚元古代早期程浪群计林的紫红色条带状细粒碎屑沉积浅变质岩的层面上，有密集而清晰的凹槽流痕分布。     

试论皖北奥陶纪豹皮灰岩的古岩溶成因

本文通过对安徽北部两个奥陶系剖面豹皮灰岩(俗称豹斑)的宏观、微观及地球化学特征研究,认为豹皮灰岩的形成与奥陶纪灰岩沉积过程中的古岩溶作用及其后生改造密切相关。其形成演化模式可概括为4个阶段:①碳酸盐岩沉积间断暴露地表发育裂隙;②各种裂隙淋滤溶蚀形成沉积岩溶洞穴体系;③海侵导致海相沉积物充填岩溶洞穴;④回流渗透或混合作用使充填物白云石化而形成“斑”。     

试论粤北韩泷石灰岩

韩泷石灰岩是位于帽子峰组之下的一套薄层状含泥质、粉砂质和生物碎屑的泥晶灰岩，具有独特的条带状等层理特征，易于识别，可作为天子岭组上部的一个独立岩性段－韩泷段。它层位稳定，广泛分布粤北地区，形成于浅海潮坪环境中，总的地质时代属于晚泥盆世法门期，沉积时间随厚度自西南而东北的逐渐变薄而缩短。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861