小秦岭-熊耳山地区岩墙锆石SHRIMP年代学研究——秦岭造山带岩石圈拆沉的证据

对小秦岭-熊耳山地区岩墙锆石开展了SHRIMP Ⅱ U-Pb法年代学研究显示,岩墙岩浆源区的锆石主要表现为华北南缘陆壳基底中的继承性锆石特征.根据地质关系确定的侵位于中生代花岗岩中的岩墙,其锆石年龄定年结果主要表现为1843±10Ma和768±15Ma左右的年龄,多数锆石表现为该区域熊耳群火山活动事件1850Ma左右的年龄,只有很少的锆石颗粒记录了中生代时期128Ma左右的侵位年龄.总体看来,岩墙中锆石较全面地记录了区域构造演化的历史.锆石测年结果反映出华北陆块阜平运动(2500～2400Ma)、华北南缘熊耳群火山喷发事件(1850Ma)、震旦纪构造活动(850～700Ma)、扬子陆块俯冲拼贴于华北南缘的造山事件(约200Ma)和燕山期(约130Ma)的岩墙岩浆侵位活动.岩墙的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素示踪揭示了岩墙岩浆源区与扬子陆块的亲缘性,从而证明新元古代-晚古生代时期扬子陆块向华北陆块南缘俯冲,以及后来秦岭造山带在造山期后华北南缘下地壳基底拆沉的地球动力学过程.岩墙中锆石测年结果多显示为老的继承性锆石的原因可能是中生代时期生长的锆石颗粒较小,而继承性锆石颗粒较大,锆石单矿物分选过程中主要挑选出继承性锆石的缘故.     

大别造山带早白垩世基性岩的同位素特征及下地壳物质对岩浆源区的贡献

大别造山带中生代岩浆岩的物质来源和成因机制,是大陆碰撞造山带研究的热点和前沿问题之一.本文通过对北大别椒子岩和沙村岩体的早白垩世基性岩进行全岩的主量、微量元素特别是Pb-Sr-Nd同位素研究,探讨了北大别基性岩的岩浆源区性质及下地壳的贡献.椒子岩基性岩的(87Sr/86Sr);的范围为0.7072～0.7075,εNd(t)范围为-10.4～11.9;椒子岩和沙村基性岩的(206Pb/204Pb)i为16.464～17.394,(207Pb/204Pb)i为15.349～15.453,(208Pb/204Pb)i为37.338～37.976.这样的同位素组成显示岩浆源区中下地壳物质的贡献显著;尤其Pb同位素特征表明下地壳贡献来自大别造山带自身的下地壳.下地壳物质的参与可能与拆沉有关.     

北秦岭新元古代前属于扬子板块的地球化学证据

秦岭是扬子板块和华北陆块间的复合造山带,其中存在两个古缝合带,北面的新元古代到早古生代商－丹缝合带介于北秦岭和南秦岭之间,南面的晚古生代勉－略缝合带形成于南秦岭与扬子陆块北缘之间,属于确知的扬子陆块内部打开形成的类型。北秦岭在地壳增生历史,元古宙上地慢性质,以及元古宙以来地幔相对富Nb、Ta、Cu,高Rb／Sr、Ba／Sr、Ba／La、Th／La、Nb／Ta比值和相对贫Fe、Mo方面均与南秦岭和扬子陆块北段一致。而与华北板块南段明显不同。变玄武岩类的Pb同位素三维空间拓扑图和铀εNd（t）－206Pb／204Pb图显示,区域一级地球化学界面位于北秦岭与华北陆块的分界处,二级界面才是商丹－缝合带。构造侵位于该带中的松树沟蛇绿岩<1000 Ma士)中已发现并存着N—MORB和E—MORB型变拉斑玄武岩。表明它们的岩浆分别来自亏损地幔和深部地幔热柱源区。松树沟蛇绿岩与勉,略蛇绿岩中的N—MORB型岩石具有与此相似的同位素组成和特征元素对比值,暗示松树沟蛇绿岩所代表的古洋壳也应属于扬子板块内部型。加之,新元古代之前秦岭只存在裂谷系而无板块结合带,故可确定北秦岭原来应属于扬子板块的组成部分。对秦岭群和宽坪群变拉斑玄武岩及松树沟E—MORB和N—MIORB进行地球化学对比的结果,既能够支持北秦岭是在扬子板块的洋壳洋岛基础上发展形成的微陆块的推断,又可解释北秦岭幔源岩石具有特高Th／La、Yb／Hf、Sc／Th比值和壳幔更富于放射成因钳的原因。此外。对本研究结果在秦岭造山带发展动力学方面的意义也进行了初步讨论。     

郯庐断裂带晚中生代富碱侵入岩Nd、Sr、Pb同位素特征及源区性质探讨

郯庐断裂带是中国东部一条巨大的深大断裂带,它纵切华北克拉通、扬子克拉通、兴蒙-吉黑造山带和大别-苏鲁造山带四个大地构造单元,特别是在该断裂带出露许多晚中生代富碱侵入岩体,构成一条长达近2000km的富碱侵入岩带.本文是在前人研究基础上首次从大尺度对整个郯庐断裂带富碱侵入岩的Nd、Sr、Pb同位素做了比较系统深入的研究,发现四个大地构造单元的富碱侵入岩具有明显不同的Nd、Sr、Pb同位素特征,暗示四大构造单元富碱侵入岩的源区性质差别较大:兴蒙-吉黑造山带晚中生代富碱侵入岩源于和亏损地幔有成因联系的年青地壳(εNd(t)为ft.,平均值 2.25);华北克拉通、扬子克拉通和大别-苏鲁造山带三大构造单元晚中生代富碱侵入岩都主要源于EMI型富集地幔(εNd(t)均为负值).但是这三大构造单元岩石圈地幔富集程度差别较大.大别-苏鲁造山带岩石圈地幔相对富集程度最高(εNd(t)平均值为-17.06);华北克拉通次之(εNd(t)平均值为-10.03);扬子克拉通岩石圈地幔富集程度最低(εNd(t)平均值为-6.41).本文认为大别.苏鲁造山带岩石圈地幔相对最富集的原因可能是在早中生代扬子克拉通陆壳向华北克拉通深俯冲之后的折返过程中,因压力释放有利于熔/流体的形成、析出和向上交代并改造华北岩石圈地幔使之成为富集地幔.     

鱼洞子群变质岩年龄及秦岭造山带太古宙基底

秦岭是横亘我国中部狭持于中朝克拉通华北陆块和扬子克拉通陆块间的著名大陆碰撞造山带,其形式和演化历史受到重视。本文报道了位于秦岭造山带西南鱼洞子群变质岩的Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr同位素分析结果和侵入其中的TTG岩类的锆石U-Pb同位素分析结果,讨论了秦岭造山带太古宙结晶基底。采自陕西省略阳县鱼洞子—阁老岭块体的13个鱼洞子群变质岩样品的Sm-Nd同位素分析结果给予的等时年龄为2688±100(2σ)Ma,I_(Nd)=0.50913±7(2σ),ε_(Nd)(t)=-0.4,MSWD3.62。Rb-Sr同位素结果分散,不构成等时线。侵入鱼洞子群变质岩的花岗岩的锆石U-Pb不一致线上交点年龄为2693±9(2σ),下交点年龄为702±58(2σ)Ma。鱼洞子群变质岩Nd同位素特征与崆岭群变质杂岩类似,它的原岩可能是扬子克拉通基底碎片。     

青海南部二叠纪火山岩Sr、Nd、Pb同位素特征及地质意义

对青海南部治多-杂多一带二叠纪火山岩进行了全岩Sr、Nd、Pb同位素分析, 样品的I_Sr=0.70333~0.70417, ε_Nd(t) =4.1~5.5, 206Pb/204Pb=17.547~17.986, 207Pb/204Pb=15.476~15.584, 208Pb/204Pb=37.778~37.976.结合岩石学、地球化学研究表明, 该套火山岩为OIB型, 形成于板内伸展拉张的裂谷环境, 属于青藏高原及邻区晚古生代裂谷系统, 原始岩浆可能来自亏损的古软流圈, 裂解机制与古地幔柱活动有关.样品铅同位素的V₁=31.39~46.78, V₂=22.38~42.45, 落入扬子铅同位素省区域, 表明早二叠世青海南部地区具亲扬子性, 揭示出昌都地块在晚古生代属于特提斯区, 为泛华夏陆块群或扬子板块的一个组成部分.      

北秦岭构造属性与元古代构造演化

秦岭前寒武纪地质、地球化学和年代学证据表明,北秦岭具有明显高的初始εNd(t)值和Pb同位素比值特征,区别于明显低初始εNd(t)值和Pb同位素比值特征的华北陆块和扬子块体群.北秦岭与南秦岭具有明显不同的前寒武纪构造与演化特征.北秦岭是2 000 Ma左右形成于华北陆块南侧洋岛基础上的独立陆块,经历2 200～1 800 Ma和1 400～900 Ma分别以垂向加积增生和侧向加积增生为主要机制的地壳生长.北秦岭在早元古代洋盆演化基础上,首次于1 600 Ma左右拼接于华北陆块南缘,1 300～1 000 Ma发生扩张裂解,出现宽坪裂谷-洋盆构造环境,100 Ma左右再次拼贴于华北陆块南缘.同时,北秦岭南侧可能发生与南秦岭陆块群中的陡岭微陆块的拼接.     

华北克拉通基性岩墙成因模式:来自锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素证据（英文）

本研究共涉及来自太行山和郯庐断裂岩浆带的12组基性岩墙群,岩墙群具体出露于河北省、山西省、山东省和安徽省。研究中给出了新的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素基性岩墙测试数据。基性岩墙形成于128.1±1.2Ma与115.0±0.8Ma之间,且具有典型的辉绿结构。另外,基性岩墙富集轻稀土元素(LREE)、个别大离子亲石元素(如,Rb、Ba、Sr)、Pb和Th,亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,具有高的初始87Sr/86Sr比值(0.7056~0.7105),负的εNd(t)(-15.5~-12.4)、相对一致的初始Pb同位素比值(206Pb/204Pb=16.45~16.49、207Pb/204Pb=15.44~15.51、208Pb/204Pb=36.49~36.53)及较大的Nd模式年龄(tNd DM2=1.82~2.69Ga)。研究结果表明,基性岩墙来自石榴石二辉橄榄岩地幔源区(类似EM1)一定程度的(1.0%~5.0%)部分熔融,岩浆侵位前经历了橄榄石、单斜辉石和角闪石的分离结晶作用,同时受到少量地壳混染的影响。目前,关于华北克拉通破坏和中生代岩浆作用的成因已有较多可能模式,本研究基性岩墙成因的新模式:古太平洋板块与华北克拉通的持续碰撞,导致华北克拉通岩石圈(地幔和地壳)加厚,并发生可能的榴辉岩化,并在一定时间发生拆沉作用。在新模式的制约下,导致了研究区中生代基性岩墙的产生和侵位。     

秦岭杂岩中侵入体的地球化学及年代学特征

正秦岭造山带由华北板块和扬子板块及其间的微板块经过多期次不同构造运动叠加复合形成,是我国中央造山带的重要组成部分,其形成和演化过程记录了华北板块和扬子板块元古代俯冲消减、古生代弧-陆碰撞和早中生代的陆内造山运动的重要信息(Meng Qingren et al., 2000)。秦岭杂岩(原秦岭岩群)作为秦岭造山带最古老的前寒武纪结晶基底,是研究秦岭造山带构造演化的重要窗口。前人对侵入其中的小型岩体、岩脉研究较少。本次研究     

小秦岭、熊耳山金矿区中基性岩墙的岩石化学研究

通过对小秦岭、熊耳山金矿区岩墙的地质学、岩石学、地球化学的综合研究,查明该岩墙主要由辉绿岩和煌斑岩类组成,属钾质、中等铝质岩石并富含挥发份(>2%)的中基性岩。岩石富集LILE和LREE,与原始地幔相比具有明显的Ti、Nb负异常和Pb正异常。对形成岩墙的岩浆演化过程研究后认为,其岩浆演化大致分为三个关键环节:(1)早中生代时期富钾、富硅熔体交代秦岭造山带岩石圈地幔,导致具富集地幔特征的玄武质岩浆的形成;(2)玄武质岩浆与区域热效应形成的花岗质岩浆的混合(混染)作用;(3)混合岩浆在深部热力学和动力学机制下的结晶分异和连续演化过程。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

藏北羌塘丁固—加措地区康托组的时代

自西藏区域地质调查大队创建康托组以来,康托组岩石地层单位广泛应用于羌塘地区,普遍认为其时代为新近纪.笔者于丁固-加措地区的康托组地层中采获古近纪轮藻化石Obtusocharat sp.,O.lanpingenis,Gyrogona qinajiangica和部分孢粉化石,并在康托组底部安山岩中获K-Ar年龄65.1～66.5Ma.上述轮藻组合与同位素年龄指示的地层时代为古新世-始新世,据此将测区康托组的时代确定为古近纪.由于测区康托组之上被唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组角度不整合覆盖,因此康托组时代的确定不仅进一步完善了测区新生代地层系统,还指示测区在康托组与唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组之间发生了一次强烈的构造运动.