东营城区高精度三维地震采集方法研究

根据东营城区内建筑物较多，环境干扰较大，地下构造复杂，断裂非常发育，目的层埋藏深，资料信噪比较低的特点，以地震老资料和钻井资料为基础，建立地震地质模型，利用射线追踪技术选取合适的观测系统参数。充分利用卫星数字地图，没计了灵活多变的观测系统，采用可控震源与炸药震源配合使用方法，及时对城区内地下面元的覆盖次数、方位角和炮检距的分布进行质量监控，利用现场处理系统对资料进行及时分析，提高了地震资料品质。所获得的东营城区高精度三维地震采集资料显示，其浅中层分辨率和中深层信噪比都有了明显改善，取得了良好的地质效果。     

基于SVI方法的折射波信噪比改善效果研究

折射波在地震勘探中有非常重要的作用,但由于近地表噪声等因素影响,折射波在地震记录上往往能量较弱,信噪比较低。因此,Bharadwaj、Mallinson等提出了超虚拟折射干涉法(Supervirtual refraction interferometry-SVI),用于提高折射波的信噪比。在此基础上,结合正演模拟数据和实际资料,对该方法的抗噪性以及相关叠加道数、褶积叠加道数等因素对处理效果的影响进行了研究,结果表明,对于信噪比0.2的资料,在满足一定相关叠加道数和褶积叠加道数时,使用本方法后能使信噪比得到显著增强。     

冷泉活动区气泡羽状流数值模拟的进一步研究

以南海气泡羽状流赋存特征为参考,本文继续研究冷泉活动区气泡羽状流的地震响应。为使羽状流建模方案更合理,根据水中气泡在上升过程时其半径的变化情况,修改原建模方案,重新建立了羽状流水体模型。通过正演模拟得到了羽状流炮集地震记录,单炮记录上显示出明显的散射波场特征和模型的周期特点。通过叠前深度偏移处理炮集地震记录,得到边界收敛效果较好的成像剖面,且成像精度较高。以上研究又一次奠定了羽状流地震响应进一步研究的基础,也逐步探索出更适合羽状流地震资料的处理方法,为识别羽状流提供了理论指导。     

High resolution velocity analysis of ocean bottom seismometer data by theτ-p method

A method of high resolution seismic velocity analysis for ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) records is applied to the study of the shallow oceanic crust, especially sedimentary and basement layers. This method is based on the direct-p mapping and the-sum inversion. We use data obtained from a 1989 airgun-OBS experiment in the northern Yamato Basin, Japan Sea and derive P- and S-wave velocity functions that can be compared with the seismic reflection profiles. Using split-spread profile records, we obtain interface dips and true interval velocities from the OBS data. These results show good agreement with the reflection profile records, the acoustic velocities of core samples, and sonic log profiles. We also present a method for estimating errors in the derived velocity functions by calculating covariance of the derived layers' thicknesses. The estimated depth errors are about 150 m at shallow depths, which is close to the seismic wavelength used. The high resolution of this method relies on accurate determination of shot positions by GPS, spatially dense seismic observations, and the use of unsaturated reflected waves arriving after the direct water wave that are observed on low-gain component records.     

台湾海峡西南部的海陆联合深地震探测资料特点与处理对策*

为调查长乐—南澳断裂带和滨海断裂带的展布、形态和深部构造背景, 福建省地震局使用大容量气枪震源和海底地震仪将深地震探测拓展到台湾海峡西南部, 配合陆上的水库气枪震源、吨级爆破点和流动地震仪实现了海陆双向激发接收。文章详细介绍了2013—2015年间在台湾海峡西南部采集的6条二维广角地震剖面的观测系统、采集参数和数据预处理方法。对资料的整理分析表明: 震源激发参数和仪器接收点位选择合理, 大部分共接收点道集记录能清晰地识别出Pg、PmP、Pn、Sg、SmS等震相; 通过气枪固定点多次激发进行叠加的方法, 获得了信噪比相当于吨级爆破的共炮点道集记录。陆上台站数据品质较佳, 而海底地震仪数据信噪比较低, 可能是由于海底吸收衰减较为严重。数据处理中针对台湾海峡西南部沉积层速度较低且基底面起伏剧烈的问题, 将共接收点域拾取的走时分选到炮域, 避免了表层改正残差造成深部构造假象的问题。     

南黄海前古近系油气地震勘探策略

南黄海前古近系油气储层时代老、埋藏深,地震勘探中仍存在反射能量弱、信噪比低和成像质量差等难题。在分析目标层岩石地球物理特征和地震、地质条件及地震反射机制基础上,提出了南黄海前古近系油气地震勘探策略;在地震数据采集中,应在海况较好的条件采用长排列、高覆盖次数和较大容量气枪震源施工;数据处理的重点应为多次波消除、噪音衰减、速度分析和成像,针对深层弱反射信号的处理难题,建议采用叠前时间偏移和共反射面元叠加等先进的处理技术。     

小排列高分辨多道地震系统在岱山岛大桥工程中的应用

对运用小排列高分辨多道地震系统获取的岱山岛大桥附近海域高精度的地震数据进行了综合分析和处理,查明了调查区域的工程地质条件,并对两个桥址方案进行了地质条件的对比。采用的地震系统参数:拖缆为24道,道间距为2 m,偏移距为46 m,枪容积为10 in3,频带范围为1~1 000Hz。结果表明:(1)采用了统一方法和流程对岱山岛大桥工程中所获得的地震数据进行分析、处理,保证了两种选址方案调查结果的一致性。(2)舟山本岛-岱西桥位(方案Ⅰ)和舟山本岛-双合山桥位(方案Ⅱ)海底地形平缓,不存在海底滑坡体等不良地质现象,调查区域虽分别有6条和5条断裂,但所有断层的上覆第四系均未发生错断,断裂均为非活动性断裂,两个方案桥位线均具有建桥的良好工程地质条件。(3)与单道地震相比,小排列高分辨多道地震系统能得到更为丰富的地层反射地震数据,而该系统比传统的多道反射地震方法具有作业方便、经济的优势,可见,该调查方法适用于近岸区域浅水工程环境的地质调查工作,是一种方便、实用和经济的地质调查手段。     

Pasisar: Performances of a High and Very High Resolution Hybrid Deep-Towed Seismic Device

The Pasisar seismic acquisition system combines a source at the sea surface and a deep-towed single channel streamer. This unconventional device geometry reduces the width of the first Fresnel zone which increases the lateral resolution. However, the device acquisition geometry generates artifacts on seismic profiles and induces large incidence angles of the seismic signal. A specific processing sequence must be applied to the data to obtain a readable seismic section. Penetration of the seismic signal depends on the energy of the signal reaching the seafloor and on its incidence angle. Because of smaller source energy, 800 Joules Sparker data cannot be acquired in water depth larger than 1500 m for example, whereas there is no depth limit for the use of this system with air gun sources. Differential acoustic absorption of seismic frequencies (below 1000 Hz) in the water column is negligible when compared with wave fronts expansion. Thus, the horizontal resolution of any seismic system strongly depends on the frequency spectrum of the seismic source and on the travel distances. Pasisar and conventional seismic profiles being usually simultaneously recorded, we illustrate the interest of using a hybrid seismic device by comparing horizontal resolutions as well as signal-to-noise ratio obtained with both the Pasisar and conventional systems. In addition, by carefully picking time arrivals of a reflection on simultaneously recorded surface and deep-towed seismic records, it is possible to estimate the average interval seismic velocity. We present the simplified example of a horizontal reflector.     

海上单道地震与浅地层剖面数据海浪改正处理研究

因受海面大风浪与涌浪等影响,海上单道地震与浅地层剖面数据反射同相轴常出现波浪状起伏,造成剖面反射层位错乱,分辨率与信噪比降低。根据海浪噪声与海底反射地层在横向上的相关性与变化频率等特性,以及综合前人的研究成果,采用陆上地震数据剩余静校正处理中的统计模型道互相关方法来实现对剖面反射同相轴的海浪改正处理;为减少强能量噪声对相关运算的影响,采用中值滤波、光滑滤波技术对反射同相轴曲线进行滤波处理,以进一步减少残留海浪的影响及相关运算改正误差。将这些方法综合运用于海上实际调查资料处理后,大风浪与涌浪影响下的波浪状反射同相轴变得连续、光滑,海底下混乱模糊的反射层位变得清晰、连续,剖面信噪比与分辨率得到了极大的提高。     

深海地震资料叠前去噪方法研究

以琼东南深海三维地震资料为例,全面分析深海地震资料特点,深入分析深海干扰波的类型和特点。针对不同类型的干扰波,采用不同的处理方法,开展针对深海地震资料叠前去噪处理技术研究。通过研究深海地震多次波压制、水鸟干扰压制、涌浪干扰和异常振幅压制等处理方法,总结出针对深海地震资料的叠前去噪技术,为今后的深海地震资料处理工作奠定了技术基础。     

A method minimizing the correlation properties of a noise field andimproving detection of signals embedded in anisotropic noise

This paper deals with the development of a processing technique that improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the single sensor for a received signal that is embedded in a partially correlated noise field. The approach of this study is unique in that the noise is treated as being non-white and partially correlated. The concept of the proposed development is based on the time interval over which the temporal coherence or correlation properties of a noise field are defined. For narrowband signals, the associated temporal coherence period is much longer than the correlation time interval of the anisotropic noise field. Thus, a coherent integration of discontinuous segments of received signals will enhance the SNR at the single sensor by lowering the correlation properties of the associated non-white noise. Reconstruction of the narrow-band signal time series, with improved SNR at the sensor will allow the use of the existing high resolution techniques to be utilized more effectively by lowering their threshold values in order to detect very weak signals. The intention here is to integrate the characteristics of the real anisotropic noise field during the preliminary processing stages of the received signals by an array of sensors. Simulations show that the proposed method can be integrated in the signal processing functionality of sonar and radar systems     

浅水多次波衰减技术在多道地震数据处理中的应用

拖缆采集的海上多道地震数据受海水间传播的多次波影响,往往在共炮点道集上发育周期性的强振幅干扰波,这些噪音会掩盖海底以下及强反射层以下地层的面貌,严重影响多道地震数据的成像效果。为了消除海上多道地震数据中存在的海水间传播的多次波对地震数据的干扰,首先分析浅水多次波在海水间多次震荡的产生机制,采用了τ-P域静校正延迟技术对其进行压制,处理的核心是在τ-P域对周期性多次波模型进行预测,再通过自适应相减以去除地震数据中的多次波。实际资料处理结果表明,方法对海水间震荡的浅水多次波具有很好的压制效果,经过浅水多次波去除后的叠加剖面信噪比得到有效提高,剖面的品质得以提升。     

南黄海地震资料邻船干扰特征及压制方法

受过往船只的影响,南黄海地震原始资料普遍存在邻船干扰,使地震数据的品质受到严重影响。在系统总结前人研究成果的基础上,指出邻船干扰在炮集上具有直线型、双曲线型和不规则近双曲线形态,同时具有传播路径相对简单、相对高振幅、宽频带特征。利用将邻船干扰拉平后去除及共偏移距域内f—x预测滤波方法对南黄海二维地震资料进行了测试,结果表明,2种方法均能较好地去除邻船干扰,其中后者更易于实现。     

Optimal Processing of Marine High-Resolution Seismic Reflection (Chirp) Data

Chirp frequency-modulated (FM) systems offer deterministic, repeatable source-signatures for high-resolution, normal incidence marine seismic reflection data acquisition. An optimal processing sequence for uncorrelated Chirp data is presented to demonstrate the applicability of some conventional seismic reflection algorithms to high-resolution data sets, and to emphasise the importance of a known source-signature. An improvement of greater than 60dB in the signal- to-noise ratio is realised from correlating the FM reflection data with the transmitted pulse. Interpretability of ringy deconvolved data is enhanced by the calculation of instantaneous amplitudes. The signal-to-noise ratio and lateral reflector continuity are both improved by the application of predictive filters whose effectiveness are aided by the repeatability of the Chirp source.     

Amplitude blanking related to the pore-filling of gas hydrate in sediments

Seismic indicators of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments include elevated interval velocities and amplitude reduction of seismic reflections owing to the presence of gas hydrate in the sediment's pore spaces. However, large amplitude blanking with relatively low interval velocities observed at the Blake Ridge has been enigmatic because realistic seismic models were absent to explain the observation. This study proposes models in which the gas hydrate concentrations vary in proportion to the porosity. Where gas hydrate concentrations are greater in more porous media, a significant amplitude blanking can be achieved with relatively low interval velocity. Depending on the amount of gas hydrate concentration in the pore space, reflection amplitudes from hydrate-bearing sediments can be much less, less or greater than those from corresponding non-hydrate-bearing sediments. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A high-resolution,multi-channel,over-sea-ice seismic reflection survey over the Mackay Sea Valley,Granite Harbor,Antarctica

In the austral summer of 2007, 20.5 km of high-resolution over-sea-ice seismic reflection data were collected in the Granite Harbor region of southern McMurdo Sound over the Mackay Sea Valley. The goal of the survey was to image thin pelagic sediment deposited in the Mackay Sea Valley after the Last Glacial Maximum. A generator–injector air gun was lowered beneath the sea ice through holes drilled by an auger drill system. The recording system was a 60 channel snow streamer with vertically oriented gimbaled geophones spaced 25 m apart. Unique problems in the over-sea-ice seismic reflection survey—noise from the ice column flexing and timing delays caused by trapped air at previous shot points—were overcome to improve the quality of the seismic data. The Mackay Sea Valley survey produced seismic data with a vertical resolution of 6.3 m. The processed seismic data show pelagic sediment thickness of up to 50 m within the Mackay Sea Valley with some locations showing possible older sediments beneath the pelagic sediment layer.     

Measurement of the signal to noise ratio in seismic profiling

The measurement of the signal to noise ratio in continuous seismic profiling systems is carried out by means of a small general purpose digital computer equipped with an analog to digital converter. The computer is programmed to compute and compare the power spectrum of a sample of noise to the power spectrum of a sample of noise plus an echo. Power spectra of some twenty to fifty shots are averaged to yield reliable estimates of the signal to noise ratio as a function of frequency. The observed spectra agree well with spectra calculated from signals measured near to an air-gun. This measurement of signal to noise ratio as a function of frequency provides unambiguous information for the adjustment of the necessary band-pass filter thus improving the operation of a continuous seismic profiler.     

制约震源药柱地震响应的激发因素与试验

油田探区的地震勘探工作从二维到三维,乃至多次重复勘探,总是习惯性地沿用同一品种的震源进行激发,也缺乏系统的激发因素试验与研究,取得地震资料一直面临相同的困惑,那就是低信噪比,低分辨率,地震剖面缺口深度大且频度高。为了寻找适合特定地表条件的震源药柱和激发条件,以勘探理论为依据,试验中选择了八种类型炸药,分别结合激发井深、药量、不同围岩及其含水性等开展了系列工作,以定量和定性手段相结合方式,确定了适应泌阳凹陷的激发因素,实际资料证明1kg的高爆速和中层震源弹激发可获得比以往8kg中密度激发更好的资料品质。     

Lateral continuity of basement seismic reflections in 15 Ma ultrafast-spreading crust at ODP Site 1256

The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) initiated drilling at Site 1256D in the Guatemala Basin, about 1,000 km off the East Pacific Rise to penetrate plutonic rocks, anticipated to be relatively shallow in this region, formed at an ultra-fast spreading rate. IODP Expedition E312 successfully drilled into gabbros at ~1,150 m in basement. Multi-channel seismic traces show weak laterally coherent sub-basement reflections at borehole depths. Synthetic reflectivity seismograms were computed using a Ricker wavelet and impedance profiles from borehole sonic logs. These seismograms show significant sub-basement amplitude peaks. A zero-offset vertical seismic profile, shot on E312, was processed to investigate the authenticity of these reflections and their relationship to borehole geology. A dual scheme of the median filtering and F–K dip filtering was used. Tests with synthetic seismograms indicate the approach is effective at reasonable SNR levels. Downgoing energy is clearly identified but negligible upgoing energy is visible over random noise. These results indicate that lava flows and igneous contacts in upper ocean crust have significant topography on lateral scales less than the Fresnel Zone (~300 m) due to igneous and tectonic processes.     

Processing and attenuation of noise in deep seismic-reflection data from the Gulf of Maine

The U.S. Geological Survey deep crustal studies reflection profile across the Gulf of Maine off southeastern New England was affected by three sources of noise: side-scattered noise, multiples, and 20-Hz whale sounds. The special processing most effective in minimizing this noise consisted of a combination of frequency-wavenumber (F-K) filtering, predictive deconvolution, and spectral whitening, each applied in the shot domain (prestack). Application of the F-K filter to remove side-scatter noise in the poststack domain resulted in a much poorer quality profile. The prestack noise suppression processing techniques resulted in a reflection profile with good signal-to-noise ratios and reliable strong reflections, especially at depths equivalent to the lower crust (24–34 km). Certain geologic features, such as a buried rift basin and a crustal fault are resolved much better within the upper crust after this processing. Finite difference migration of these data using realistic velocities produced excellent results. Migration was essential to distinguish between abundant dipping and subhorizontal reflections in the lower crust as well as to show an essentially transparent upper mantle.