God's healing leaves: The colonial quest for medicinal plants in the Torrid Zone

The colonial era witnessed a fevered quest for exotic medicinal plants by European physicians and scientists. This essay explores the geographical principles that oriented the search towards the lands and peoples of the humid tropics. Believing that God had planted botanical cures for diseases in their places of origin, medicinal plant collectors concentrated their efforts in the pestilential equatorial latitudes. Although many subscribed to the ancient Doctrine of Signatures, colonial bioprospectors discovered early that indigenous and diasporic peoples represented storehouses of plant knowledge. Assuming that native knowhow constituted more instinct than intelligence, Europeans employed coercion, bribes, torture, and promises of freedom to extract their ethnomedical secrets. In the case of especially lucrative healing plants, imperial and colonial entities conspired to pilfer and naturalize endemic species in their distant colonies. In response to this legacy of inappropriate exploitation of native peoples and tropical plants during the colonial era, most present day bioprospectors follow established codes of ethnobotanical ethics.     

制图数据的模糊分级处理模型研究

传统的制图数据分级方法存在对原始数据信息的歪曲、普适性不强及计算复杂等问题。基于此,结合现实分级问题的模糊性,提出基于模糊统计分析模型的制图数据分级处理方法。首先通过专家系统获取各模糊样本集,利用统计分析方法求得样本分布函数;然后利用分布函数获得模糊隶属函数,进而求取各模糊集的最模糊点;最后根据最模糊点获得各模糊集的区域划分,从而实现对制图数据的分级处理。该方法不需要对影响级别划分的多因子进行分析和转换,降低了计算的复杂度;另外,该方法是在获得原始数据实际分布的基础上进行的,在后续的分级过程中避免了对原始数据信息的歪曲。     

Hybrid terrain rendering based on the external edge primitive

Hybrid terrain models combine large regular data sets and high-resolution irregular meshes [triangulated irregular network (TIN)] for topographically and morphologically complex terrain features such as man-made microstructures or cliffs. In this paper, a new method to generate and visualize this kind of 3D hybrid terrain models is presented. This method can integrate geographic data sets from multiple sources without a remeshing process to combine the heterogeneous data of the different models. At the same time, the original data sets are preserved without modification, and, thus, TIN meshes can be easily edited and replaced, among other features. Specifically, our approach is based on the utilization of the external edges of convexified TINs as the fundamental primitive to tessellate the space between both types of meshes. Our proposal is eminently parallel, requires only a minimal preprocessing phase, and minimizes the storage requirements when compared with the previous proposals.     

Notes on a Program of Field Mapping for Undergraduates

Abstract

Atop the Urban Hierarchy by Robert A. Beauregard, ed. Totowa, NJ: Rowman &; Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1989. xx and 304 pp., graphs, tables, maps, refs., and index. $36.50, cloth.

The Pageant of World History by Gerald Leinwand Needham Heights, MA: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1990. Text Book. 827 pp. ISBN 013–647975–8.

The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers and Defenders of the Amazon by Susanna Hecht and Alexander Cockburn New York, NY: Verso. 1989. Maps, glossary, biblio., index. 266 pp. ISBN 0–86091–2. $24.95, cloth.

A Place of Sense: Essays in Search of the Midwest by Michael Martone, ed. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. 1988. Illustrations. 170 pp. ISBN 0–87745–217–2.

On Assignment National Geographic Society. 1990. Boardgame. $33.20.     

淮河流域水文随机方法的径流图化(英文)

Theoretical difficulties for mapping and for estimating river regime characteristics in a large-scale basin remain because of the nature of the variable under study: river flows are related to a specific area, i.e. the drainage basin, and are hierarchically organized in space through the river network with upstream-downstream dependencies. Another limitation is there are not enough gauge stations in developing countries. This presentation aims at de-veloping the hydro-stochastic approach for producing choropleth maps of average annual runoff and computing mean discharge along the main river network for a large-scale basin. The approach applied to mean annual runoff is based on geostatistical interpolation proce-dures coupled with water balance and data uncertainty analyses. It is proved by an applica-tion in the upstream at Bengbu in the Huaihe River Basin, a typical large-scale basin in China. Hydro-stochasitic approach in a first step interpolates to a regular grid net and in a second step the grid values are integrated along rivers. The interpolation scheme includes a con-straint to be able to account for the lateral water balance along the rivers. Grid runoff map with 10 km × 10 km resolution and the discharge map along the river with the 1 km basic length unit are the main results in this study. This kind of statistic approach can be widely used be-cause it avoids the complexity of hydrological models and does not depend on the meteoro-logical data.     

Work schedules on lowland farms in southern New Zealand from the late colonial period to the 1930s

Details of two‐way flows of primary products, implements, labour, information and finance drawn from runs of farm diaries, stock and station agents’ records, and newspaper articles were used to analyse work schedules on three comparable properties between 1874 and 1930, and to track the development of mixed cropping and livestock farming in southern New Zealand when draught horses were giving way to either steam or internal combustion engines as the prime source of motive power. The earliest records are for two farms in the late 19th century, and the most recent are for a third property in the 1920s.     

基于地貌特征的青藏高原边缘泥石流沟分类

青藏高原地形急变带受构造运动、极端降水等因素的影响,呈现泥石流高发、群发的特点。对泥石流沟地貌特征的科学分类有利于探索泥石流发生机制、确定防治对策,对山区防灾减灾和生态修复具有重要意义。本文以青藏高原边缘7个泥石流高发流域为研究对象,开展地貌测量和统计分析。通过非度量多维尺度分析,将泥石流沟分为3种类型：I型是基岩下切区暴雨型泥石流;II型是基岩下切区冰川融水型泥石流;III型是沉积盆地下切区暴雨型泥石流。通过Kruskal-Wallis检验进一步分析3类泥石流沟地貌差异性,从地质、地貌与气候等方面探讨了3类泥石流沟的松散物来源与水沙输移特性。在气候变暖的影响下,II型泥石流的活跃性将增大;随着极端降雨频率的增加,I型和III型泥石流活跃性也将增加。     

Rewriting the book of the city: on old signs,new technologies,and reinventing Adelaide

Can a sense of ownership over constantly changing urban places be generated through pedestrian exploration and everyday digital media practice? This paper begins with the author’s visit to the city of Adelaide, where a chance encounter – an intriguing sign painted on the wall of a city building – led to a hunt through the city for ghost signs, the remnants of old hand-painted advertisements. This spontaneous activity, combined with the online exploration and image sharing that followed, generated a renewed feeling of connection to, and ownership over, an erstwhile familiar locale. The experience is analysed through the work of theorists investigating change and belonging in modern cities including Guy Debord, Doreen Massey, Michel de Certeau, Andreas Huyssen, and Mark Crinson, as well as the contemporary growth in both politically inspired urban exploring (“Urbex” or “place hacking”) and the digital documentation and sharing of ghost signs and other urban ephemera.     

土地利用总体规划图的编制方法探讨

传统制图技术在土地利用总体规划图编制中暴露出的许多不足,使其很不适应当今土地管理的信息化需要,因此,机助制图（Ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ Ａｉｄ Ｃａｒｔｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,简称ＣＡＣ）技术在此领域的应用应运而生。文章简要分析了土地利用总体规划图的传统编制方法,着重论述了如何利用ＣＡＣ技术编制这种规划图,在对比分析的基础上,强调了用ＣＡＣ技术编制规划图的高效、优质、经济等特征,指明了它是今后发展的方向。     

Methods for visualizing the explosive remnants of war

This study aimed to answer the question how cartography can help decision makers visualize the problem of contamination by explosive remnants of war (ERW). We thus explored a set of six cartographic visualization methods and systematically evaluated their usefulness with respect to four categories of stakeholders in the humanitarian demining process (i.e., database administrators, operations officers, directors of national mine action authorities, and donors) at four geographical scales, ranging from municipal to global. The main application of our work is for stakeholders involved in humanitarian demining. We provide them with a comprehensive framework for visualizing ERW hazards at the geographical scale at which they have to make decisions, as well as customized cartographic visualization tools and recommendations to help them make informed decisions. For example, we provide potential donors with a method for obtaining a global overview of ERW contamination while remaining aware of regional variation and hot spots. We also enhance cartographic visualization capabilities using traditional kernel density estimation by customizing key parameters. Specifically, we propose a method for adjusting kernel bandwidth for datasets with highly heterogeneous spatial distributions and a method for generating kernel surfaces from polygon data that consists of infilling the polygons with points before using them as inputs in the kernel density estimation.     

中国西部干旱区生态景观制图的若干问题

制图方法是认识和揭示客观现象与过程的重要途径。生态景观制图作为专题制图学的一个重要方向,通过建立分类体系,制定分类方法,编制专题图件,可以反映自然要素和人为作用的特点,揭示生态景观要素的耦合关系。生态景观制图中专题要素的表现方式,制图过程的数据采集,制图单元的划分,制图的模式选择,以及遥感、GIS与数字制图手段的应用,是十旱Ⅸ景观生态制图的关键问题。生态景观制图巾的地图信息理论、地图模式论、地图分析理论、地图要素综合理论、制冈工艺学等的发展,对于开拓资源环境制图学的新领域具有理论价值,并对生态规划与生态建设具有重要促进作用。     

Cities on edge: Smuggling and neoliberal policies at the Iguazú triangle

The vision of a borderless world, of people, ideas and products freely circulating within a self‐regulating market, is one that clashes with the emerging legal regime based on the punitive force of the state. After a period of liberalization, seen in the opening of national economies and the promotion of regional trade projects and free‐trade zones, the ambivalence of neoliberalism is manifest in a borderless capitalism that ambiguously depends on the securitization of national borders. Such a changing regime of state intervention is clearly seen at the Iguazú triangle – the tri‐border urban conglomerate that straddles Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina – where the illegality of informal cross‐border trading has been tolerated for decades. Recently stepped up police raids and controls hinder the passage of people and goods, while a new fiscal regime introduced in 2009 in Brazil attempts to regularize cross‐border trafficking by turning petty smugglers into micro entrepreneurs. Petty smugglers – dubbed sacoleiros– can hardly be defined as entrepreneurs and do not constitute an identifiable category of entrepreneurship but, as typical in the informal sector, act on opportunity and need. Drawing on ethnographic research, this paper contextualizes the programmes for border controls and regularizing smuggling inspired by neoliberal ideology in South America.     

基于多尺度空间ANN - CA模型的遥感影像超分辨率制图方法研究

为获取遥感影像混合像元中各组分的空间分布状况,提出一种新的遥感影像超分辨率制图方法,用于继混合像元分解之后的亚像元定位。将元胞自动机理论移植到不同空间尺度的演化上,建立基于神经网络的多尺度元胞自动机模型(ANN-CA),并利用该模型提取北京市海淀区城镇用地超分辨率信息。结果表明,该方法能有效表达图像像元之间的空间自相关性。     

基于多波段分析的无阈值自动光谱角制图分类法

对光谱角制图分类法进行改进,主要方法是在原影像的6个波段基础上,加入了K-L变换的前3个波段、K-T变换的3个波段(亮度、绿度和湿度)以及NDVI(归一化植被指数)信息将图像波段数增加至13个,增强了地物之间的光谱区分度(即类间方差);得到光谱角度图像后,提出一种无需阈值的地类确定方法,减少了人工参与,提高了判别精度和处理效率。     

流动中的地方记忆：南海渔民的流动性与集体记忆建构

渔民是天然流栖性群体,不仅需要关注其流动性时空规律,更要关注其流动过程中所产生的社会文化意涵。文章从流动性与集体记忆视角出发,选取海南省东部典型渔村为案例地,通过访谈深入理解渔民在流动中的地方记忆建构,主要从流动、停泊、定居的3种不同状态归纳渔民流动中的时空盈缩、物质条件和流动路径节点,从时间、地方和权力三要素探讨渔民集体记忆的形成。研究发现：1）渔民跨界流动具有动态盈缩的特点,经历了从民间自觉到官方规范,从渔业生产到商渔复合,从局地到广域再到局地的动态过程。2）渔民的流动状态和过程赋予海洋以地方特性。人船组合拓展渔民自主流动的能力,“陆—海—岛”流栖空间中的地物和景观凸显集体记忆的物质依赖性。3）随着生产生活方式变迁,代际更迭削弱了原有的人海关联,流动资源的分配不均导致集体记忆结构性消退,渔业村镇的全球—地方的跨区域色彩逐渐被剥离,回归到同质化的域内流空间。     

1426—1949年腾格里沙漠边缘区旱涝灾害初探

通过对腾格里沙漠边缘区相关气候灾害的史料和文献进行搜集整理与归纳分析,利用统计分组、时间数列、滑动平均、旱涝等级划分等方法对研究区1426—1949年旱涝灾害的时空变化特征和干湿变化特征进行了研究。结果表明：1426—1949年,腾格里沙漠边缘区共发生旱灾149次（平均每3.52年1次）、涝灾98次（平均每5.35年1次）;因各县、区的地貌和建置时间不同,旱涝灾害具有明显的时空差异,在时间尺度上,清朝发生旱涝的频率最高,分别为51%、78.6%,在空间尺度上,沙坡头区发生旱涝灾害次数最多,分别为旱灾110次、涝灾78次;腾格里沙漠边缘区在明朝时期相对干旱,清朝、民国时期湿度增加,这与小冰期全球性的降温、西风强盛导致相对湿度增加和西风带位置南移导致降水增多有关。     

基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类方法研究

针对遥感专题类别信息的机理问题,从土地覆盖参考数据的偏差程度对分类精度的影响角度,提出了一种基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类方法。引入判别空间模型概念,基于此模型生成土地覆盖数据类别,并分析了土地覆盖信息类别与数据类别的语义偏差出现的深层次原因;计算信息类别与数据类别的对应关系矩阵,据此得到二者的条件熵,实现对土地覆盖信息类别与数据类别的语义偏差的量化;根据信息类别与数据类别的条件熵计算修正判别变量的权重因子,实现基于判别空间条件熵加权的土地覆盖分类。采用一景SPOT-5影像进行分类实验,并利用同一地区的Landsat 5TM影像进行方法验证。实验表明,条件熵加权修正方法使土地覆盖分类精度有了显著提高,并对不同分辨率的遥感影像具有适用性。     

The scramble for the Waste Lands: Tracking colonial legacies,counterinsurgency and international investment through the lens of land laws in Burma/Myanmar

This article traces the revenue category and legal concept of the Waste Land in Burma/Myanmar from its original application by the British colonial apparatus in the nineteenth century, to its later use in tandem with Burma Army counterinsurgent tactics starting in the 1960s, and finally to the 2012 land laws and current issues in international investment. This adaptation of colonial ideas about territorialization in the context of an ongoing civil war offers a new angle for understanding the relationship between military tactics and the political economy of conflict and counterinsurgent strategies which crucially depended on giving local militias—both government and nongovernment—high degrees of autonomy. The recent government changes, including the more civilian representation in parliament and its shift to engage with Western economies, raise questions regarding the future of the military, as well as local autonomy and the rural peasantry's access to land. As increasing numbers of international investors are poised to enter the Myanmar market, this article will revisit notions of land use and appropriation, and finally the role of the army and its changing relationship with Waste Lands.     

City on edge: immigrant businesses and the right to urban space in inner-city Johannesburg

Paradoxically, Johannesburg is a quintessentially migrant city and also ranks among the least immigrant-friendly cities in the world. Over the past 20 years, inner-city Johannesburg has been vacated and then reconstituted as a hive of informal trade networks and migration circuits that extends well beyond national borders. Research on immigrants in Johannesburg has contributed significantly to understandings of xenophobic sentiments and immigrant identities, but there remains a large gap in knowledge about immigrant entrepreneurship, economic enclaves and economic mobility. Our research is based on extensive fieldwork, discussions with immigrant organizations and in-depth interviews with immigrants and South Africans engaged in business in three prominent inner-city immigrant business enclaves: Jeppe/Delvers, Eighth Avenue and Raleigh Street. Our research shows that these immigrant business zones each operate differently and vary in the degree to which they connect to urban and national economic grids; some retain stronger ties to transnational networks that link dispersed spaces to Johannesburg, creating specific local milieus. We advocate for a more geographically sensitive and nuanced understanding of immigrant entrepreneurs and a reconsideration of their rights to the city.     

三江平原湿地景观生态制图分类系统研究

湿地景观生态制图分类系统的研究是景观制图的关键。以三江平原为研究区域,在研究湿地景观生态制图分类原则的基础上,系统地分析了引起该区域景观分异的主导因素,得出人文因素,水文因素,地貌和植被因素为其主志因素,从而建立了一套完整的景观生态制图分类系统,第一级按人类活动影响程度划分为：自然湿地景观,半自然湿地景观,人工湿地景观,第二级按地貌划分为：河漫滩,阶地,湖滨,洼地,谷地;第三级对沼泽湿地植被２５种