高精度重、磁测量在大兴安岭找矿工作中的应用

根据以往的经验,在找矿勘查中,通常应用高精度磁法和电法,很少应用重力方法.本文通过小面积的大比例尺高精度重力工作,展示了重力工作在找矿勘查中所起的作用.尤其是在高纬度覆盖区,地表地质不甚明了、电法工作比较困难的情况下,可以发挥重力工作受环境干扰小的优势,寻找高密度地质体.在本矿区中,重力工作作为高精度磁测工作的重要补充,有利于更准确地确定矿体的位置和平面形态特征.由于高精度磁测方法寻找的是有磁性矿物,当矿体无磁性时,磁异常不能反映矿体的位置和形态.本文根据重力方法和磁测方法的原理,对矿区的地球物理场进行研究,给出本矿区识别矿体异常的原则,根据磁性矿物与铅锌矿伴生的特点,结合磁异常,如果重磁异常中心吻合较好,重磁异常幅值和梯度也较大,表明矿体异常的可靠性很大;当然,对磁异常表现为负磁异常的高频重力高异常也不能忽视,有可能是埋藏浅的无磁性金属矿的反映.所以,需要密切关注幅值大、梯度大的高频重力高异常.     

地面高精度磁测在信阳地区地质调查中的应用

信阳地区位于秦岭造山带东段,横跨华北板块与扬子板块.通过在该地区开展地面高精度磁法测量工作,以高精度磁测ΔT等值线平面图为基础,运用化极、向上延拓等技术手段提取与地质相关的磁场信息,缩小重点调查范围,提高了在该地区进行地质调查工作效率.本文详细介绍了在该地区进行地面高精度磁测的工作方法.对区内磁异常进行了分类和评价,本次工作以正磁异常为主圈定了28个磁异常,按其分布范围与地质单元的关系分为5类.研究区内磁场特征和磁异常的分布特征与地层、岩体及构造带的分布特征相吻合,区内磁场按磁场强度分为4个类型:平稳磁场区、弱磁场区、带状强磁场和零乱磁场区.根据磁场特征,结合野外地质调查,在研究区推测隐伏岩体3处;从灵山岩体中解体出李家寨岩体,并根据磁场形态完整性特征确定了两者侵入早晚关系.     

综合物探方法在铁矿采空区勘查中的应用

介绍了一个高精度磁测、高密度电法和CSAMT法(可控源音频大地电磁)在山东省济南市铁矿采空区勘查中的应用实例,首先在工区内进行高精度磁测圈定磁异常区域,然后在异常区域内采用高密度电法和CSAMT法对采空区进行探测。120 m深度范围内采用高密度电法,100～200 m深度范围内采用CSAMT法探测。研究总结了铁矿采空区勘探中取得的实际地质效果,主要研究结果有:①依据地层磁性和电性差异划分了闪长岩侵入界面。②较准确地圈定了采空区的分布范围。后期进行了钻探验证,结果较吻合,为综合治理工作的开展提供了基础性资料。     

秦岭太白地区地面磁测异常特征及其找矿远景分析

太白地区是过去秦岭成矿带中尚未详探的地区,在系统搜集和研究陕西太白地区前人地质成果资料的基础上,结合最新的1/5万地面高精度磁法测量图,以金、铅锌矿为主要目标,兼顾铜、钼、钴等多种金属矿产.矿区地面高精度磁测结果表明,调查区磁场总体分布特征呈北西-东西向展布,与区域构造线方向一致,磁场分布特征与地层及岩体分布特征对应良好.根据磁场特征,结合地质特征,将磁异常划分为七个区(带).通过对局部磁异常特征的研究,预测一个甲类及一个乙类远景成矿区,为以后找矿提供思路分析,为该区后续找矿工作的进行提供参考.     

动力三角翼平台航磁测量系统及其在卡拉塔格勘查区的应用

航空磁法是航空物探常用的测量方法之一,具有探测深度大、效率高、成本低等优点.为满足地质填图与矿产勘查对大比例尺高精度磁测资料的需要,本次将AARC510航磁补偿和收录系统与高精度CS-VL铯光泵磁力仪搭载于动力三角翼平台上,集成了一套灵活、高效、经济、高精度的航磁测量系统.通过对卡拉塔格勘查区获得的数据的质量评价,验证了该测量系统采集、补偿数据的能力.通过对比分析勘查区航空磁测数据与地表地质和地面磁测结果,验证了利用该航磁测量系统进行区域性磁法测量的可行性和可靠性.通过解析延拓、水平梯度及斜导数等位场数据处理方法,分析了勘查区磁性构造等特征,认为勘查区发育的小规模高磁异常主要为浅源异常;区内磁性构造线主要以北西向为主,部分北东向断裂与北西向断裂切割,局部伴生的许多小规模、延伸短的构造线,推测为在构造—岩浆活动中形成的次级断裂构造或侵入岩体与围岩的接触带.     

黄土覆盖区钼矿综合地球物理找矿技术组合:以沙坡岭钼矿为例

覆盖区寻找隐伏矿成为当前找矿工作的热点问题,为了能在地表地质信息少的黄土覆盖区,寻找隐伏的有经济价值的矿床,本文以沙坡岭钼矿为例,综合应用r能谱、高精度磁法、高密度电法三种地球物理方法进行找矿勘探,辅以偏提取化探法对地球物理异常进行约束,结合地质资料进行解译,预测了有利的成矿区域,通过钻探得到了有效验证,初步建立了黄土覆盖区钼矿的综合地球物理找矿模式,为下一步的综合勘探打下了基础.     

西秦岭国安寺—白杨沟地区高精度磁测异常特征及找矿远景分析

研究区位于西秦岭东段的凤太矿集区内.在系统搜集和研究陕西凤太地区前人地质资料成果的基础上,结合本次1/5万地面高精度磁法测量资料,以金、铅锌矿为主要目标,整体评价研究区矿产资源潜力.研究区地面高精度磁测结果表明:该区自西向东可分为西部正磁异常区、中部平静磁异常区和东部负磁异常区,弱磁异常与区内广泛分布的沉积地层有关,"西高东低"的磁场变化特征与磁性基底的起伏形态有关.共圈定17处磁异常,磁异常按从西到东、由北往南的顺序依次进行编号,分别为M1、M2……M17,这些磁异常有的与磁性基底有关,有的属于隐伏磁性体,有的与磁黄铁矿化蚀变有关,其中磁黄铁矿化蚀变间接对寻找区内八卦庙式金矿具有指示意义.通过对全区磁异常特征的研究并结合相关地质资料,划分成矿远景区两处,为以后找矿提供思路分析,可作为寻找铅锌金-多金属矿的远景区.     

高精度磁法剖面测量在找矿工作中的应用

正1.前言为在找矿方面上得到突破,我单位不断尝试新的找矿方法,高精度磁测作为简单易行的方法也得到了实际应用。我单位过去较少用磁法进行找矿工作,高精度磁法测量更是从未进行过,在工作开展过程中只能是从学规范开始,查找资料,向同行和大学老师请教,克服各种困难,在实践中逐渐了解高精度磁测方法、技术和技术要求。2.仪器设备仪器设备采用ENVIPRO质子磁力仪,性能为工作范围:23000-100000nT;灵敏度采样率2秒时0.1nT;绝对精度±1nT。     

基于小波分析的高精度磁测在内蒙某多金属矿普查中的应用

在工区仅有化探资料和中小比例地质资料的基础上,为了缩小找矿靶区,提高找矿效益,进行了大比例尺高精度磁测工作.利用不同岩体的磁性差异,圈出了岩体分布情况,识别出了与成矿有关的断裂构造.磁法处理结果与化探资料吻合的较好,圈出了找矿的有利靶区,并得到了地质的验证,达到了间接找矿的目的.作为一种有效的位场分离工具,小波多尺度分析可以将场源分解到不同尺度上,来反映不同深度地质体产生的异常,在实践中获得较好的效果.     

新疆西天山东段航磁异常特征及找矿效果

介绍了高精度航磁调查在西天山东段的应用效果.在高精度航磁图上,展现出多个不同磁场背景及磁异常特征区,它们是不同构造、岩浆活动、地层及岩性分布的综合反映.该区不仅区域磁场特征明显,而且局部异常信息也极为丰富.在最新的高精度航磁图上,已知铁矿异常特征明显,为矿区外围勘探和同类地区寻找新的铁矿提供了依据.利用高精度航磁资料,新发现了五十余处铁矿异常,在2007年进行了地面查证的5处异常中,有4处见矿.这些新的铁矿异常的成功发现不仅带来了巨大的经济效益,也为今后利用高精度航磁测量在类似地区进行找矿积累了经验.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.