云龙天池湖泊水深与硅藻生物多样性的关系

以云龙天池湖泊为研究对象, 通过分析不同深度表层硅藻样品的生物多样性以及100年来硅藻生物多样性的变化特征, 探讨硅藻生物多样性与水深变化之间的关系。虽然硅藻组合随水深发生了明显的变化, 浅水区底栖硅藻占优势, 深水区浮游硅藻占优势, 但是不同深度表层样品中硅藻的属种数(简单分异度)基本相同, 硅藻种群的生物多样性也没有发生显著的趋势性变化。这主要是由于硅藻各属种在不同深度的权重互补, 导致云龙天池硅藻的多样性在湖泊的不同深度变化不大。近百年来的湖泊沉积速率显示, 自1960年前后, 湖泊水位在波动中逐步升高, 但是硅藻种群的生物多样性并没有发生相应的变化。以上研究结果说明, 云龙天池硅藻种群的生物多样性, 不管是在时间上, 还是空间上, 与水深变化均无明显相关性。     

西藏纳木错过去200年来的环境变化*

文章通过纳木错浅钻沉积硅藻研究,结合青藏高原湖泊现代硅藻-电导率转换函数,对过去200年来的湖水盐度(电导率)变化进行了定量重建。纳木错在小冰期冷期为淡水环境;小冰期结束后,湖水盐度开始增加;至20世纪60年代中期以来,盐度增加幅度更加明显。过去100年来湖水盐度的增加与钻孔粒度变化所揭示的入湖径流量的增多,反映了增温背景下湖泊水文的响应特点。温度的上升,一方面引起了流域冰雪融水补给量的增加,但另一方面,湖泊水量平衡明显偏负,说明小冰期结束以来,尤其是最近40年,冰融水的增加并不足以弥补湖泊水量的负平衡。由此提出蒸发量在湖泊水量平衡中起重要作用,温度是影响湖泊水文变化的关键因子。区域湖泊综合对比结果进一步表明,不同湖泊盐度和水文变化趋势一致,反映了封闭湖泊对区域气候变化的共同响应特点。     

剑湖硅藻群落对环境变化的长期响应模式与生态评价

近几十年来,持续的流域开发与气候变化等环境胁迫已经对云南部分中小型湖泊生态系统产生了重要影响,古湖沼学的研究方法能有效弥补湖泊现代监测数据的不足,且有助于识别湖泊生态系统的长期演变特征并开展生态响应模式的评价。本研究以滇西北地区的剑湖31cm深度钻孔为例,结合²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs定年,通过沉积物记录的多指标（硅藻、烧失量、粒度、元素与稳定同位素）分析及流域历史资料重建了近200年来剑湖生态环境的演化过程,结果显示剑湖水动力条件持续减弱,营养水平持续上升,硅藻已从45种减少到26种,且底栖类型物种持续减少,表征了剑湖生物多样性出现了持续降低的趋势。并运用主成分分析（PCA）和冗余分析（RDA）等方法,识别出驱动硅藻群落长期变化的重要环境变量为水动力条件和营养水平,进一步的方差分解结果表明,近200年来水动力条件和营养水平分别解释了硅藻群落变化的6.3%和1.4%,两者相互作用时解释了13.1%;而1960年以来,水动力条件、营养水平及气温分别独立解释了硅藻群落变化的6.5%、1.4%和0.2%,三者相互作用时解释了10.6%,表明剑湖的水动力条件、营养水平及气候变化是造成剑湖生态环境变化的重要环境梯度。综合剑湖生态环境长期变化特征分析表明,该湖受人类活动和气候变化的持续影响,其生态系统结构已经出现了明显变化。因此,在气候变暖的长期背景下,控制流域污染物输入及合理的水文调控是维持高原浅水湖泊生态系统健康的重要前提。

     

硅藻生物多样性对千年尺度气候突变的快速响应:以云南云龙天池湖泊末次冰消期记录为例

湖泊是全球生态系统的重要组成部分。尽管湖泊初级生产力的生物多样性在湖泊生态系统中发挥着非常重要的作用,但对其如何在千年时间尺度上对气候变化做出响应却知之甚少,而千年时间尺度与预测未来变化最为相关。本文以云南云龙天池湖泊为研究对象,以湖泊重要的初级生产力硅藻为研究手段,分析了末次冰消期期间硅藻生物多样性对千年尺度上气候变化的响应。云龙天池硅藻生物多样性表现为暖期高、冷期低。随着全球温度的快速变化,硅藻生物多样性亦对应的快速响应:在转暖时(Bolling/Allerod暖期)快速增加,在转冷时(Herinrich 1和Younger Dryas)快速降低。这些变化主要与温度变化驱动的湖泊环境条件的变化(比如冰封期长短、边岸带水生植被的变化等)有关。研究结果还表明,在末次冰消期期间,云龙天池湖泊硅藻生物多样性与千年尺度的气候变化同步,而且在长时间尺度上,气候变暖对高山湖泊生物多样性可能是有利的。     

青藏高原湖泊变化遥感监测及水量平衡定量估算研究进展

青藏高原湖泊是气候变化的重要指示器,20世纪90年代中期以来,在暖湿化环境下降水增多和冰川冻土加速融化导致的湖泊扩张是青藏高原最为突出的环境变化特征。值得注意的是,湖泊水位变化的空间分布特征和西风带及印度季风带影响区的降水量变化具有高度的空间一致性。严酷的自然环境导致对青藏高原内陆湖泊的实地观测变得难以企及,而遥感技术的发展正好可以克服以上局限,该技术已经成为青藏高原湖泊变化监测的主要研究手段。本文围绕遥感监测技术与方法,综述了青藏高原湖泊面积、水量、冰物候、水体参数以及水量平衡定量估算等方面的研究进展。部分研究以流域为尺度应用多源遥感与水文模型进行水量平衡定量评估,结果表明青藏高原内陆地区的湖泊水量增加的主要贡献因素是降水增多,而冰川融化、冻土消融及其他因素的贡献程度却相对较小。当前,学术界一般认为：大尺度的降水年代际变化是青藏高原湖泊近期变化的主要原因,而冰川冻土加速消融又进一步加速湖泊扩张或抑制了部分湖泊收缩。过去,关于青藏高原湖泊变化的气候响应机制研究大多停留在对降水、蒸发、温度、风速、冰冻圈融化等气候因素的定性描述上;现在,在湖泊水量平衡方面,越来越多的研究开始在定量化方面取得进展;将来,随着更多遥感数据的开放共享,以及更多水文与气象站点的投入使用,将为青藏高原湖泊的水量平衡定量研究提供更好的数据条件。     

Trace metal profiles in the varved sediment of an Arctic lake

Varved (annually-laminated) sediments offer a rare and physically undisturbed archive of past trace metal deposition and limnological conditions. Here, a high-resolution 1,300 year record of metal accumulation is presented from a varved lake sediment on Devon Island in the Canadian High Arctic. Down-core concentration profiles of Cd, Cu and Zn were positively correlated (P < 0.01) with organic C (Cd, Zn) or with leachable Fe (Cu), while distinct sub-surface peaks of these metals coincided with those of Fe, S and other redox-sensitive elements such as Co, Cr and U. The fluxes of these metals since 1854 were correlated with elements such as Ca, Al and La (P < 0.001) which are predominantly of local geological origin. Furthermore, the Cd, Cu and Zn patterns did not match concurrent records in Greenland Summit ice over the last century, nor global industrial emission histories. These facts suggest that inputs from local geological sources, coupled with some degree of post-depositional mobility or association with organic matter inputs, explain the metals’ sedimentary profiles, which were apparently not affected by long-range atmospheric metal pollution. Mercury concentrations were strongly correlated with total diatom abundance over the last 400 yrs, especially during the 20th Century when a two-fold increase in Hg concentrations and a four order-of-magnitude increase in diatoms occurred in tandem. Since 1854, 81% of the variation in Hg flux was associated with diatom and Ca fluxes. A similar correspondence between Hg and diatoms was found in a second lake nearby, confirming that the relationship was not unique to the main study lake. Recent Hg increases in Arctic and sub-Arctic lakes have been attributed to global anthropogenic Hg emissions. We propose an alternative hypothesis for High Arctic lakes: the recent Hg increases may be partly or entirely the product of elevated rates of Hg scavenging from the water column caused by markedly greater algal productivity, which in turn was driven by accelerating climate warming during the 20th Century. Given the important environmental assessment and policy implications if the alternative hypothesis is true, the possible effects of climate warming on sedimentary Hg fluxes in this region deserve further study.     

硅藻记录揭示的巢湖生态系统稳态转换及意义

近几十年来,气候变化与人类活动显著影响了长江中下游浅水湖泊生态系统状态,导致服务功能急剧退化。对湖泊生态系统状态转变过程的深入理解是进行科学管理的重要依据。文章以大型浅水湖泊——巢湖为例,利用硅藻作为系统状态的替代指标,并结合多指标记录探讨了过去150年来巢湖生态系统转变过程。研究表明,湖泊水动力、营养和温度分别在不同时间尺度上驱动了巢湖生态系统状态变化,使其抵抗力下降;营养是触发1970s末期巢湖从清水态突变至浊水态的主要因素,而增温使这一转变进一步恶化。对比巢湖和太白湖的研究发现,大型和小型湖泊稳态转换的触发因素和维持机制有明显区别,建议根据不同湖泊生态系统状态长期变化过程和驱动因素施行针对性的管理措施。

     

青藏高原热喀斯特湖演化及其对多年冻土的热影响模型计算研究北大核心CSCD

青藏高原热喀斯特湖分布广泛,近年来在气候变暖背景下快速发展。热喀斯特湖的形成和发展与地下冰含量及气候变化有着密切关系,强烈影响多年冻土的热稳定性。为了更深入理解在气候变暖背景下热喀斯特湖的发展及其对下伏多年冻土的影响,以青藏高原北麓河地区一个典型热喀斯特湖的长期监测数据为资料,发展了耦合大气—湖塘—冻土三个过程要素的一维热传导模型,模拟了四种不同深度热喀斯特湖在气候变暖背景下的发展规律及其对多年冻土的热影响。结果表明:浅湖(<1.0m)在目前稳定气候背景下处于较稳定状态,湖冰能够回冻至湖底,对下伏多年冻土影响较小;较深湖塘(≥1.0m)冬季不能回冻至湖底,湖深不断增加,且底部在50年内将会形成不同深度的融区。随着气候变暖,热喀斯特湖的热效应显著,深度快速增加,较深湖塘的最大湖冰厚度减小,底部多年冻土快速融化形成开放融区。研究将有助于理解气候变化对青藏高原多年冻土区地貌演化及水文过程的影响。     

基于沉积物与文献记录的茈碧湖水文波动与近现代生态环境变化

云南高山湖泊对区域气候变化和流域人类活动十分敏感,部分水体同时面临着污染物增加、生物群落快速演替、生态系统功能降低等问题。位于滇西北高山地区的茈碧湖历史资料表明,该湖近现代以来经历了明显的水文波动与人类活动影响。本研究通过对茈碧湖沉积物进行年代序列测定、元素和粒度等多指标分析,重建了近300年来（对应于钻孔顶部18 cm深度样品）茈碧湖环境变化历史,并结合对硅藻的分析,识别了气候变化和人类活动对生物群落变化的驱动影响。结果表明,沉积物粒度记录了茈碧湖水文变化的长期波动,水库修建与水文调控的增强使得湖泊水位波动明显,与文献记录的水文事件基本一致。硅藻群落结构以浮游种为主,1860年前硅藻组合以对水体扰动力有较强耐受性的Cyclostephanos dubius为主要优势种;1860年以来小型硅藻Cyclotella ocellata占据主要优势,同时Cyclotella comta成为次优势种;1990年开始,底栖硅藻Fragilaria spp.属相对丰度增加并出现明显波动,喜营养盐的Fragilaria crotonensis出现。多变量数理分析显示,气候变暖以及湖泊营养水平变化的共同作用是驱动茈碧湖硅藻组合长期演替的重要因素,分别独立解释了群落变化的27.5%和21.3%;其中湖库改造工程导致的外源物质输入增多,使得营养水平总体上升,是导致20世纪90年代以来硅藻组合出现明显变化的诱因。因此,在气候变暖的背景下,对云南高山湖泊的保护需要进行流域开发和水文调控的综合评价。

     

青海沱沱河地区湖泊变化的遥感分析研究

利用近20年来的遥感数据研究揭示了青海沱沱河地区湖泊的变化特点。研究表明,研究区在近15年来总体表现为湖泊数量在不断增加,面积在不断扩大。造成湖泊不断扩大的驱动因素是全球气候暖化和区域性气候变化。     

基于湖泊沉积物多指标的水生植被长期演替过程的定量重建

水生植被是湖泊生态系统最重要的一种生态组份,了解其群落的结构与演化,是理解湖泊生态系统特征的必备条件,对揭示水生生态系统演替过程及驱动效应、水生生态系统的修复等具有重要意义。然而,除了有限的既往观测/文献记录外,重建历史时期的水生植被演替过程一直是第四纪地质、水环境变化研究的一个难点。文章在概述国内外目前已有的多种重建历史水生植被的研究方法的基础上,重点关注基于湖泊沉积物多指标,主要包括利用孢粉、植物残体、硅藻、生物标志化合物等指标的重建方法及研究进展;并以湖北省梁子湖一个岩芯上部21cm的沉积物为例,探讨了各种指标在重建该湖60年以来历史时期水生植被信息的优点及不足,就加强关键属种个体生态学/沉积代表性、古今生态学相结合、多指标相互验证等未来亟待加强的研究方向做一展望。

     

Resources and eco-environmental protection of salt lakes in China

The Chinese salt lake mega-region is controlled by an arid and semi-arid climate, and modern salt lakes are mainly distributed within areas with mean annual precipitation <500 mm. According to their geomorphological features, structural conditions, and material composition, salt lakes in China can be broadly divided into four regions. The degrees of exploitation and utilization of these salt lakes differ because these four regions have experienced different climatic changes and structural activities and have had their own characteristics of salt lake evolution since the beginning of the Quaternary. The salt lakes in these regions have different scales, economic value, and technical conditions for traffic. Among others, Jarantai (Jartai) Salt Lake and Yuncheng Salt Lake are better in terms of comprehensive utilization and environmental protection, and the potash salt lakes represented by Qarhan are most important in terms of exploitation. At present, there exist many environmental problems in the salt lake regions of China, especially in remote, small and medium-sized basins, where abusive or wasteful mining, low recovery, and mining of a single saline mineral have caused impoverishment and large quantities of byproducts. Furthermore, climatic environmental factors can also cause significant changes of salt lake environment. Since 1987, against the background of global warming, the climate in the northwest salt lake region has turned warm and wet, and lakes have exhibited a tendency for expansion and rise, whereas in the east of the region, the climate has remained in a warm dry stage, lake levels have dropped, and salt lakes have become desertified. With the implementation of the strategy of building an environmentally friendly society in China, increasing attention is being paid to eco-environmental protection. It is suggested that experience and advanced techniques in terms of comprehensive utilization, overall development, and environmental protection of salt lakes at home and abroad be further developed to strengthen observation and monitoring of environmental changes of salt lakes and build an environmentally friendly, great salt lake industry.     

近50a中国寒区与旱区湖泊变化的气候因素分析

以青藏和蒙新两大湖区代表的我国寒区和旱区湖泊为对象,通过各湖区典型湖泊与气候变化的时间序列分析,揭示了湖泊与气候变化的动态关系;通过区域尺度湖泊面积的阶段性变化过程与区域气候变化的关系,分析了湖泊变化的区域气候影响背景.结果表明:位于我国寒区和旱区的湖泊对气候变化具有高度敏感性,从气候的角度来看,内蒙古的湖泊受降水影响较为明显,新疆湖泊总体上受降水影响显著,但由于冰川的存在气温对湖泊也有一定影响.青藏高原典型湖泊变化的分析表明,降水、气温对不同湖泊有着不同的影响,在区域上湖泊与气候的变化关系表现的更为复杂,在降水增加、气温上升的情况下由于升温引起的湖泊蒸发效应超过降水增加导致的补给影响,湖泊总体趋于萎缩.     

近60年间巴丹吉林沙漠气温和降水变化及其对湖泊的影响

以巴丹吉林沙漠周围的4个国家气象站1960-2017年的长序列和腹地自建的10个气象站2016-2018年的短序列气象数据为支撑, 运用一元线性回归模型、Mann-Kendall检验等方法, 系统分析沙漠周边及腹地气温和降水量的时空变化特征; 结合项目组及前人对湖泊动态的研究成果, 分析其变化特征, 初步探讨了巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊变化与气候要素的响应关系。研究表明: 巴丹吉林沙漠周边年均气温均呈上升趋势, 且由南向北升温速率增大, 其中阿拉善右旗以0.74℃/10a的速率显著上升; 降水量变化趋势不显著; 总体而言, 近50a来沙漠东南缘气候呈暖湿化、西北缘气候呈暖干化趋势。巴丹吉林沙漠周边年降水量、气温均在20世纪70-80年代出现突变, 降水量突变不明显, 气温突变显著, 气候自此向暖干化趋势发展; 沙漠周边与沙漠区月际气候特征基本一致, 均具有水热同期, 夏季高温多雨, 冬季寒冷干燥的特点, 但沙漠区雨季较沙漠边缘区短, 雨期较边缘区提前。沙漠区湖泊多年来呈不同程度萎缩趋势, 湖泊群加速萎缩受当地气候暖干化突变控制; 湖泊年度水位、水量峰值与降水量峰值不一致, 表明降水量变化不是湖泊变化的主控因素。     

模型揭示的浅水湖泊稳态转换影响因素分析

富营养化会导致浅水湖泊发生稳态转换,生态系统服务严重受损。磷是驱动湖泊发生稳态转换的重要环境因子,探究湖水磷浓度的变化规律是湖泊管理的关键。通过磷动力学模型,从影响湖水磷浓度的主要参数入手,探讨了每种参数变化对磷浓度的具体影响。结合前人研究结果,详细讨论了不同类型气候变化和人类活动对湖泊稳态转换时间、滞后时长、修复速率等的影响。研究认为,气候变化所导致的温度升高、光强减弱、风浪增强等和人类活动所导致的生物扰动、水位波动增强等因素变化虽不会改变湖泊稳态转换突变时间,但会推迟湖泊修复时间,造成突变阈值减小,滞后时间延长,稳态增大。在湖泊保护中要重点考虑主要外力驱动对湖泊稳态转换过程影响的区别,避免有害突变的发生。     

湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物硅藻硅同位素环境示踪

硅是硅藻生长所必需的养分,硅藻在生长过程中从水体吸收主要以硅酸(H_4SiO_4)形式存在的溶解硅.硅藻δ~(30)Si_(distom)可反映硅藻吸收硅酸比例的变化,进一步可以反映湖区气候与环境变化.为探索湖泊沉积物硅藻δ~(30)Si_(distom)在指示湖泊古环境方面的潜力,我们测定了湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物硅藻硅同位素变化.研究结果表明,沉积物δ~(30)Si_(distom)变化与生物硅和有机碳含量变化呈显著相似性,可作为一种有效的古环境代用指标.同时,与已有温度记录的对比分析表明,两者具有很好一致性.较高的如δ~(30)Si_(distom)指示了温度较高的气候条件下硅藻对硅酸的利用率较高;当δ~(30)Si_(distom)较低时,对应着在温度较低的气候条件下硅藻对硅酸的利用率较低.目前,热带陆地区域古气候重建的方法中可用的温度代用指标很少,此项研究证明了δ~(30)Si_(distom)是一种很有潜力的古环境代用指标,有望在低纬度地区古温度重建中发挥重要作用,值得进一步深入研究.     

An evaluation of the diatom response to Late Quaternary environmental change in two lakes in the Konya Basin,Turkey, by comparison with stable isotope data

In palaeolimnological studies of closed-basin lakes, diatoms provide an excellent source of palaeoclimate data owing to their sensitivity to salinity and lake-level change. One of the best ways of assessing the relationships between diatom species response, salinity and lake-level change is comparison with other proxy indicators, such as stable isotopes. The sensitivity of different lake systems to climate change (changes in the ratio of precipitation to evapotranspiration) depends to a large extent on the character of the basin hydrology. Here, we compare evidence for Late Quaternary palaeohydrological change in two lakes which have contrasting groundwater hydrology, located in close proximity to each other in the Konya Basin, southern central Turkey, and whose sediment core chronologies show considerable overlap. Süleymanhacı gölü has alternated between being hydrologically closed and open during its history, and the diatom record shows clear evidence for changes in palaeoconductivity and lake level which correspond well to inferred changes in evaporative concentration during the Late Pleistocene and part of the Holocene. In contrast, the diatom record of the karstic spring-fed pool, Pinarbaşi, indicates that it remained fresh throughout the Late Pleistocene; it is subject to major aquifer flow and behaves effectively as an open system. In this case the complacency of the diatom record is important in allowing inferences on temperature effects to be drawn from relatively subtle shifts in stable isotope values.     

Assessing the impact of climate change on Mogan and Eymir Lakes’ levels in Central Turkey

Global warming is likely to have significant effect on the hydrological cycle. Some parts of the world may see significant reductions in precipitation or major alterations in the timing of wet and dry seasons. Climate change is one of the serious pressures facing water resources and their management over the next few years and decades. As part of the southern belt of Mediterranean Europe, Turkey is highly vulnerable to anticipated climate change impacts. The changes in global climate will seriously affect inland freshwater ecosystems and coastal lakes. Mogan and Eymir Lakes located in Central Turkey are shallow lakes that may be impacted significantly by climate change. The interaction between the lakes and groundwater system has been modelled in order to analyse the response of lake levels to climate change over a planning period of 96 years, beginning from October 2004 and ending in September 2100. The impacts of the emission scenarios of A2 and B1 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on lake levels have been analyzed with the help of the lake-aquifer simulation model. The fluctuations in lake levels due to climate change scenarios are compared with the results of a scenario generated by the assumption of the continuation of the average recharge and discharge conditions observed for 1999 and 2004. The results show that very small, but long-term changes to precipitation and temperature have the potential to cause significant declines in lake levels and temporary drying of the lakes in the long-term. The impact of climate change on lake levels will depend on how these water resources are managed in the future.     

1990—2018年中巴经济走廊冰湖时空变化特征

中巴经济走廊是贯通南北丝路的关键枢纽。在全球变暖的背景下, 区域内冰川变化情况复杂, 部分冰川出现前进或跃动现象, 冰湖溃决的风险在不断上升, 进而威胁中巴经济走廊的建设与民生安全。基于1990—2018年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像, 利用目视解译方法提取了中巴经济走廊3期冰湖编目数据, 并分析了28年来该区域内冰湖的总体变化趋势、 空间异质性以及成因。结果表明： 中巴经济走廊目前共发育有2 380个冰湖, 总面积为（131.76±19.08） km², 集中分布于喀喇昆仑山脉和喜马拉雅山脉; 1990—2018年期间, 冰湖总体面积扩张速度为0.48%·a^-1, 但各个山脉不同规模冰湖面积变化差异较大。中巴经济走廊在气温和降水的共同作用下, 区内冰湖面积呈扩张趋势, 同时气温和降水变化率的空间差异使得冰湖面积变化存在空间差异; 冰川的快速退缩增加了区内冰湖溃决的风险。     

Holocene history of Lake Soldatskoje (Kola Peninsula, Russia) inferred from sedimentary diatom assemblages

A sediment core from Lake Soldatskoje, a small tundra lake located in the northern coastal area of the Kola Peninsula and surrounded by numerous archaeological dwelling sites, was analysed for diatom species. The core covers the entire Holocene, i.e. 10000 radiocarbon years. The diatom record has similarities with studies made earlier from tundra lakes of northern Russia and from Arctic lakes in general. The genus Fragilaria was dominant and many other small, benthic, nordic, cold-water diatom species typical of Arctic lakes were common, including Achnanthes minutissima Kützing, A. pusilla (Grunow) De Toni, Cyclotella tripartita Håkansson and Navicula absoluta Hustedt. Multivariable ordinations were used to characterize the changes in the diatom flora. Diatom-based pH and total phosphorus inferences indicate that the lake has become progressively more acidic and poorer in nutrients. Disturbances in the diatom stratigraphy of Lake Soldatskoje around 4000–5500 ¹⁴C yr BP may be related to human activity.