90 years on – the 1919 eclipse expedition at Príncipe

Richard Ellis, Pedro G Ferreira, Richard Massey and Gisa Weszkalnys return to Príncipe in the International Year of Astronomy to celebrate the 1919 RAS expedition led by Sir Arthur Eddington.     

Assessment of a shallow magmatic system: the 1888–90 eruption,Vulcano Island,Italy

The magmatic system feeding the last eruption of the volcano La Fossa, Vulcano Island, Italy was studied. The petrogenetic mechanisms controlling the differentiation of erupted rocks were investigated through petrography, mineral chemistry, major, trace and rare earth element and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic geochemistry. In addition, melt inclusion and fluid inclusion data were collected on both juvenile material and xenolithic partially melted metamorphic clasts to quantify the P-T conditions of the magma chamber feeding the eruption. A regular and continuous chemical zoning has been highlighted: rhyolites are the first erupted products, followed by trachytes and latites, whereas rhyolitic compositions were also found in the upper part of the sequence. The chemical and isotopic composition of the rhyolites indicates that they originated by fractional crystallization from latitic magmas plus the assimilation of crustal material; the trachytes represent hybrid magmas resulting from the mixing of latites and rhyolites, contaminated in the shallow magmatic system. The erupted products, primarily compositionally zoned from latites to rhyolites, are heterogeneous due to syn-eruptive mingling. The occurrence of magmacrust interaction processes, evidenced by isotopic variations (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.70474±3 to 0.70511±3; ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd=0.512550±6 to 0.512614±8; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=19.318–19.489; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.642–15.782; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=39.175–39.613), is confirmed by the presence of partially melted metamorphic xenoliths, with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.71633±6 to 0.72505±2 and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd=0.51229±7, in rhyolites and trachytes. AFC calculations indicate a few percentage contribution of crustal material to the differentiating magmas. Thermometric measurements on melt inclusions indicate that the crystallization temperatures of the latites and trachytes were in the range of 1050–1100° C, whereas the temperature of the rhyolites appears to have been around 1000°C at the time of the eruption. Compositional data on melt inclusions reveal that the magmas involved in the eruption contained about 1–1.5 wt.% dissolved H₂O in pre-eruptive conditions. Secondary fluid inclusions found in metamorphic xenoliths give low equilibration pressure data (30–60 MPa), giving the location of the higher portions of the chamber at around 1500–2000 m of depth.     

A 90° spin on Rodinia: possible causal links between the Neoproterozoic supercontinent, superplume, true polar wander and low-latitude glaciation

We report here new geochronological and paleomagnetic data from the 802±10 Ma Xiaofeng dykes in South China. Together with existing data, these results suggest that Rodinia probably spread from the equator to the polar region at ca. 800 Ma, followed by a rapid ca. 90° rotation around an axis near Greenland that brought the entire supercontinent to a low-latitude position by ca. 750 Ma. We propose that it was the initiation of a mantle superplume under the polar end of Rodinia that triggered an episode of true polar wander (TPW) which brought the entire supercontinent into equatorial latitudes. An unusually extensive emerged land area at the equator increased both atmospheric CO₂ drawdown and global albedo, which, along with waning plume volcanism led directly to the low-latitude Sturtian glaciation at ca. 750–720 Ma.