四川盆地冬季霾日数的分布特征及其与气象条件和海温关系

利用四川盆地气象站点资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,结合四川盆地冬季霾日数的时空变化特征,分析了影响盆地冬季霾日数的气象条件,探讨了海温异常对冬季霾日数的可能影响,基于海温关键区建立冬季霾日数预测模型,并检验了模型的预测能力.研究表明,四川盆地冬季霾日数呈弱增加趋势;四川盆地三大城市群为冬季霾多发区;四川盆地冬季霾...     

近几年我国霾污染实时季节预测概要

近些年,中国东部经历了严重的霾污染,对人体健康、交通安全、生态系统以及社会经济有巨大的危害。在1周以内的霾污染预报之外,季节尺度的霾污染预测可以给减排治污措施的制定提供更长时间尺度的科学支撑。本文以年际增量为预测对象,选取前期外强迫因子为自变量,分别针对京津冀和长三角区域建立逐月的冬季霾日数季节尺度预测模型,并开展了实时的季节预测。总体来看,京津冀和长三角区域预测模型的性能大体处于相似的水平,均方根误差在2 d左右,对距平符号的捕捉率在80%以上,对霾日数变化的长期趋势具有很好的再现能力。在2016/2017年冬季京津冀霾日数实时预测中,模型预测的结果相对于常年值的定性结论全部准确,相对于前一年污染状况的结论大多数准确。在2017/2018年冬季长三角霾日数实时预测中,12月和1月的预测误差较小,2月的预测误差在2 d左右。     

最近40年中国雾日数和霾日数的气候变化特征

根据1971～2010年567个中国地面观测站点的雾日数和霾日数资料,分析了我国雾日数和霾日数的空间分布、季节变化以及年代际变化特征,并且利用REOF（旋转经验函数正交）分解对雾日数进行气候区划。结果表明：（1）雾主要分布在东南沿海地区、四川盆地地区、湘黔交界、山东沿海以及云南南部等地区。霾主要集中于华北、河南以及珠三角和长三角地区。（2）在季节变化上：秋、冬季雾和霾的分布大于春夏。（3）雾日数和霾日数年代际变化明显,雾日数在20世纪70至90年代较多,20世纪90年代以后减少;霾日数自2001年以来急剧增长。（4）雾日数可以共可分为10个区,其中华北区、川渝区以及长江中下游区是雾出现频率较高的几个重点区域。     

陕西省冬季霾天气的背景环流与欧亚大陆积雪深度的联系

基于1980-2017年陕西省地面气象观测站观测资料、NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料和日本JRA-55再分析陆地雪深资料,对1980-2016年陕西冬季霾日数的时空变化及可能原因进行了分析。根据陕西冬季霾日数偏多年与偏少年的高度场环流背景,研究了影响陕西省冬季霾日数的主要环流系统。对欧亚大陆积雪深度分布对于陕西省冬季霾日数的影响进行了探讨。研究表明:(1)乌拉尔山地区的500hPa高度场负(正)异常中心,是有利于陕西省冬季霾日数增多(减少)的大气背景环流,影响陕西省霾日数变化的海平面气压存在地中海地区与中亚至西伯利亚地区反位相变化的特征。(2)欧洲地区积雪深度增加(减小),会造成陕西省冬季霾日数的减少(增多)的气象条件。(3)欧亚大陆积雪深度分布与陕西省冬季霾日数的相关呈现欧洲地区与西伯利亚地区反位相的分布,冬季积雪深度指数与陕西省冬季霾日数相关大于0.41,积雪深度指数正(负)异常会造成乌拉山地区位势高度负(正)异常,不利于(有利于)冷空气向东亚移动,造成有利于陕西省冬季霾日数的增多(减少)的气象条件。     

我国中原至华北平原冬季雾-霾与北半球大气环流异常

采用2000—2017年1月地面和高空观测基本气象要素(气压、温度、湿度、风、能见度和雾-霾天气现象等)观测信息、1980—2016年1月NCEP再分析资料等,基于气候平均态的环流异常特征分析,发展对平均气候态出现异常变化的综合诊断分析方法,研究华北地区冬季典型雾-霾多寡年大气环流的三维结构及其遥相关异常特征。结果表明:2000—2017年冬季1月,华北平原、中原等黄河中下游地区冬季雾-霾的发生日数呈增加趋势,雾-霾发生日数线性增加拟合趋势相关确认系数为R2=0.36,超过0.001的显著性水平。基于气候平均态环流异常特征分析表明,华北平原、中原等黄河中下游地区雾-霾污染出现多、寡年的对流层大气大尺度环流分布差异显著。气候平均态的环流异常特征分析表明,多雾-霾年,在冬季1月影响中国的冷空气主要路径上,自极地区泰米尔半岛,经中西伯利亚、贝加尔湖地区到中国东部区域,对流层中层与高层位势高度距平呈现"高—低—高"的分布,在低层则出现"东高西低"的气候平均态异常分布;少雾-霾年,该分布型不复存在,并出现反位相特征。多雾-霾年的这种异常环流分布型可为中原至华北平原冬季雾-霾的频发提供有利的气候背景,是该区域冬季雾-霾多发的重要原因。     

基于东亚冬季风指数的安徽省冬季霾预测研究

东亚冬季风强度与中国中东部冬季霾日数的变化在年际尺度上密切相关,这为霾的短期气候预测提供了可能的物理因子。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和安徽省1980-2016年气象观测数据,采用统计分析方法研究安徽省1月霾日数与同期不同东亚季风指数的关系,确定了安徽省不同区域冬季霾的主要季风指数预测因子,建立安徽省冬季霾的月尺度预测模型,并进行了验证。结果表明:(1)1月气候霾日数与6类东亚冬季风指数均呈反相关关系,其中淮河以北、江淮之间两个区东亚大槽强度指数与气候霾日数的相关系数在各项指数中最高,沿江江南为西伯利亚高压强度指数与气候霾日数的相关系数在各项指数中最高。(2)不同分区建立的1月气候霾日数的预测模型均通过了α=0. 01的显著性水平检,验证结果表明,霾日数预测等级与实况等级基本一致,各区均未出现预测错误的情况,表明模型具有较好的预测表现。(3)在安徽省冬季霾实际预测业务中,相比NCEPCFS2模式输出的环流预报场,ECMWFSYSTEM4模式输出环流预报场的预测效果更好。     

江西省近50年霾天气时空分布特征及成因分析

利用1964—2013年江西省83个站逐日霾观测资料,运用线性倾向估计等统计方法,分析江西省近50年霾时空变化特征及其与气候要素的关系。结果表明:江西霾日数呈赣中北部多、赣南少的特点,赣中的萍乡—宜春—抚州—上饶一带以及赣北北部的九江中部、景德镇北部地区是霾天气多发区,年均霾日数在30 d·a~(-1)以上。冬季霾日数最多,萍乡—宜春—鹰潭地区中北部、南昌—九江的中部以及上饶东部地区超过20 d·a~(-1),春季和秋季次之,夏季最少。12月是霾日数最多的月份,接近全年霾日数的2成。江西省霾日数呈年际增长的趋势,增长率为11 d·(10 a)~(-1),气候趋势系数为0.78,通过0.01的显著性水平检验。霾日数与平均风速和大风日数均呈负相关,而与静风日数呈正相关。近50年平均风速和大风日数呈下降趋势,静风日数呈上升趋势,这可能导致空气中污染物不易扩散而形成更多的霾天气。江西省降水日数呈减少趋势[-6.3 d·(10a)~(-1)],气温呈增暖趋势[0.15℃·(10a)~(-1)],霾日数与气温和降水日数分别呈正、负相关。     

1981~2018年成都平原经济区霾日变化分析

基于1981~2018年成都平原经济区44个气象站点霾日观测资料,分析了该地区霾日的时空演变特征,并利用城市群霾日综合评估模型范式对区域空气质量进行了量化分析。结果表明:（1）成都平原经济区高霾日多集中在德阳、成都和乐山等城市地区,冬季霾日最多,春秋季次之,夏季最少;（2）1991~2000年为成都平原经济区霾日数的高发阶段,2011~2018年霾日数呈明显下降趋势;（3）EOF（Empirical Orthogonal Function）和小波分析均揭示出成都平原经济区霾日数呈明显下降的趋势,其中资阳、成都、遂宁下降最快,仅绵阳北部呈小幅上升趋势。      

温州地区雾霾气候特征及其预报

利用温州8个气象站点近40年的雾日和霾日统计资料,从时间和空间两方面分析了温州雾、霾日数的气候特征和变化规律。结果表明, 1971—2008年期间,温州市区（平原）地区雾日数显著减少,洞头（海岛）地区雾日数缓慢减少,泰顺（高山）地区雾日数呈波动式缓慢增长,21世纪初有明显增多;温州地区霾日数,除泰顺（高山）地区缓慢增长外,总体呈快速增多趋势,增多开始发生在20世纪70年代后期,21世纪初霾日数显著增加,其中永嘉和瑞安增加最快。温州雾日数冬春多,夏秋少;霾日数冬季最多,夏季最少。同时,利用近年来气象部门与环保部门联合开展的空气质量预报产品,如空气污染指数（API）,建立雾、霾预报方法。统计2004—2009年间的雾、霾与空气污染指数的相关关系,并兼及晴雨天气条件,总结出包含晴雨、空气污染指数及雾、霾3要素的线性公式,作为预报雾、霾工具。经检验,效果较好,预报未来24 h雾、霾准确率达57%～66%。并通过编程实现计算机自动预报。     

中国中东部冬季霾日的形成与东亚冬季风和大气湿度的关系

利用1961-2013年中国地面台站长期观测资料和同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,以华北、江淮和华南为研究区,分析了中国中东部冬季霾日的形成与东亚冬季风以及大气湿度的关系。结果表明:(1)冬季霾日与东亚冬季风强度成显著的负相关。首先,东亚冬季风强度的减弱使得地面风速减小,进而导致冬季霾日增多。其中,华北7-8 m/s最大风速日数和江淮6-8 m/s最大风速日数的减少,及华南≤2 m/s最大风速日数的增多对各区冬季霾日的增多作用较大。其次,东亚冬季风减弱引起冬季气温的持续升高,易导致冬季霾日的增多,这在华北地区较之在江淮和华南更为明显。(2)由于气候变暖,冬季气温升高,使得近地面相对湿度减小。在江淮和华南地区,冬季霾日的增多与近地面相对湿度的减小显著相关,而在华北地区这种相关较弱。(3)冬季气温升高也有利于大气层结稳定度的增强,3个区域冬季霾日的增多均与大气层结稳定度的增强显著相关,特别是与对流层中低层(850-500 hPa)大气饱和度的降低显著相关。(4)冬季霾日数变化与区域水汽输送关系密切。其中,华北地区的冬季霾日数与水汽总收入成显著正相关,江淮地区与纬向水汽收入成显著正相关,与经向水汽收入成显著负相关,华南地区与经向水汽收入成显著负相关。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.