川南地区筇竹寺组页岩微观孔隙结构特征及其影响因素

页岩微观孔隙结构是影响页岩气储层储集能力的重要因素。为评价川南地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩性质,基于井下 岩心样品、钻井资料,运用普通扫描电镜和氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜观测、Image J2x软件分析、低温CO2和N2 吸附、 高压压汞实验方法,对川南地区筇竹寺组页岩气微观孔隙成因类型、孔隙结构特征及其影响因素进行了研究。研究结果表 明,川南地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩孔隙度为0.25%~5.80%,平均为2.49%;发育多种成因类型微观孔隙,以粒间孔为 主,粒内孔、有机质孔和微裂缝次之,页岩微观孔隙总面孔率为3.58%~5.92%;川南地区筇竹寺组页岩总孔容为（2.86~ 12.55）×10-3 mL/g,总比表面积为2.727~21.992 m2/g,孔径主要分布于0.30~1.00 nm、2.5~4.7 nm和55~70 nm这三个区间,微 孔（<2 nm）和介孔（2~50 nm）是筇竹寺组页岩气储集空间的主体,孔隙结构形态主要为圆孔、楔形孔、平板狭缝型孔和混合 型孔结构。页岩孔隙度及总比表面积与TOC、脆性矿物含量呈正相关关系,页岩微孔孔容及比表面积与TOC呈正相关关 系,页岩孔隙度、总孔容及总比表面积与R0、粘土矿物含量呈负相关关系。     

低阶煤吸附孔结构特征及其对甲烷吸附性能影响

低阶煤甲烷吸附特性研究对瓦斯含量预测、瓦斯抽采及危害防治有着重要意义,为此,选取陕西6个典型矿井低阶煤样,进行低温氮吸附、低压二氧化碳吸附及甲烷等温吸附实验,获得低阶煤吸附孔结构特征。利用微孔填充及单分子层吸附理论定量表征甲烷吸附特征参数与吸附孔结构参数之间的关系,明确吸附孔中甲烷吸附机理。结果表明：吸附孔的比表面积主要由微孔提供,甲烷吸附能力主要受吸附孔孔容大小控制,微孔孔容对吸附孔总孔容的贡献率在74.71%～88.97%。甲烷极限吸附量与吸附孔平均孔径呈线性负相关,与吸附孔孔容、比表面积呈线性正相关,Langmuir压力常数随吸附孔平均孔径、孔容和比表面积的增加仅在小范围内波动,无明显线性相关。6个低阶煤样的分形特征明显,综合分形维数为2.573～2.720,平均值为2.647,说明低阶煤吸附孔非均质性强,甲烷极限吸附量随分形维数增加先增加后减小,整体呈上升趋势。基于微孔填充和单分子层吸附理论可以定量表征低阶煤吸附孔结构与甲烷吸附能力之间的关系,甲烷极限吸附量计算值与实验测试值相对误差较小,长焰煤相对误差为4.47%～6.65%,不黏煤为13.77%～16.02%。研究成果可为后...     

渝东南渝页1井下志留统龙马溪组页岩孔隙特征及其主控因素

富有机质黑色页岩的孔隙结构控制了页岩气的赋存状态和储气量。中国南方地区下志留统是页岩气发育的最重要层位之一。为研究页岩的孔隙特征及其主控因素,对以下志留统龙马溪组页岩气为勘探目标的渝页1井的岩心进行系统的采样,并进行了比表面和孔径、有机质成熟度(Ro)、显微组分、总有机碳(TOC)含量、全岩X射线衍射和粘土矿物含量等一系列分析测试。结果显示,黑色页岩的孔径主要分布于2~5 nm,即以中孔隙为主;中孔体积占总体积的70%左右,微孔体积和宏孔体积分别占10%和20%左右。页岩孔隙结构(微孔体积、中孔体积和宏孔体积)和组成(碎屑矿物成分、粘土矿物成分、TOC和Ro)的相关关系分析表明：粘土矿物对微孔体积和中孔体积都具有控制作用,并且对中孔体积的控制作用更加显著;陆源碎屑含量的增加有利于宏孔体积的增加;有机质成熟度较高时和高成熟度有机碳含量都与宏孔隙体积呈正相关,这可能与高成熟有机质中nm级显微裂缝的发育导致宏孔体积增加有关。     

宁镇地区下志留统高家边组富有机质页岩孔隙结构

通过氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜、小角X射线散射及低温氮气吸附实验,对宁镇地区下志留统仑山5井等高家边组底部富有机质泥页岩孔隙结构进行分析,为下扬子区下志留统富有机质泥页岩的储层评价提供依据。研究表明:高家边组富有机质泥页岩含有大量的纳米级孔隙,包括有机质孔、矿物粒间孔、矿物粒内孔、微裂缝等,孔径分布复杂;优势孔径分布为介孔段,孔隙直径主要为2~50 nm。影响孔径分布的主要因素是矿物组成,脆性矿物和黏土矿物对微孔和介孔都有一定的影响,而有机质含量对泥页岩总体孔隙特征的影响并不明显。     

The effects of clay minerals and organic matter on nanoscale pores in Lower Paleozoic shale gas reservoirs,Guizhou, China

In organic-rich gas shales, clay minerals and organic matter (OM) have significant influences on the origin, preservation, and production of shale gas. Because of the substantial role of nanoscale pores in the generation, storage, and seepage of shale gas, we examined the effects of clay minerals and OM on nanoscale pore distribution characteristics in Lower Paleozoic shale gas reservoirs. Using the Niutitang and Longmaxi shales as examples, we determined the effects of clay minerals and OM on pores through sedimentation experiments. Field emission–scanning electron microscopy combined with low-pressure N₂ adsorption of the samples before and after sedimentation showed significant differences in pore location and pore size distribution between the Niutitang and Longmaxi shales. Nanoscale pores mostly existed in OM in the Longmaxi shale and in clay minerals or OM–clay composites in the Niutitang shale. The distribution differences were attributed largely to variability in thermal evolution and tectonic development and might account for the difference in gas-bearing capacity between the Niutitang and Longmaxi reservoirs. In the nanoscale range, mesopores accounted for 61–76% of total nanoscale pore volume. Considerably developed nanoscale pores in OM were distributed in a broad size range in the Longmaxi shale, which led to good pore connectivity and gas production. Numerous narrow pores (i.e., pores?<?20 nm) in OM–clay composites were found in the Niutitang shale, and might account for this shale’s poor pore connectivity and low gas production efficiency. Enhancing the connectivity of the mesopores (especially pores?<?20 nm and those developed in OM–clay composites) might be the key to improving development of the Niutitang shale. The findings provide new insight into the formation and evolutionary mechanism of nanoscale pores developed in OM and clay minerals.     

Adsorption Mechanism and Kinetic Characterization of Bituminous Coal under High Temperatures and Pressures in the Linxing‐Shenfu Area

The majority of coalbed methane(CBM) in coal reservoirs is in adsorption states in coal matrix pores. To reveal the adsorption behavior of bituminous coal under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions and to discuss the microscopic control mechanism affecting the adsorption characteristics, isothermal adsorption experiments under hightemperature and high-pressure conditions, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments and CO2 adsorption experiments were performed on coal samples. Results show that the adsorption capacity of coal is comprehensively controlled by the maximum vitrinite reflectance(Ro, max), as well as temperature and pressure conditions. As the vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption capacity of coal increases. At low pressures, the pressure has a significant effect on the positive effect of adsorption, but the effect of temperature is relatively weak. As the pressure increases, the effect of temperature on the negative effect of adsorption gradually becomes apparent, and the influence of pressure gradually decreases. Considering pore volumes of pores with diameters of 1.7-100 nm, the peak volume of pores with diameters 10-100 nm is higher than that from pores with diameters 1.7-10 nm, especially for pores with diameters of 40-60 nm, indicating that pores with diameters of 10-100 nm are the main contributors to the pore volume. The pore specific surface area shows multiple peaks, and the peak value appears for pore diameters of 2-3 nm, indicating that this pore diameter is the main contributor to the specific surface area. For pore diameters of 0.489-1.083 nm, the pore size distribution is bimodal, with peak values at 0.56-0.62 nm and 0.82-0.88 nm. The adsorption capability of the coal reservoir depends on the development degree of the supermicroporous specific surface area, because the supermicroporous pores are the main contributors to the specific pore area. Additionally, the adsorption space increases as the adsorption equilibrium pressure increases. Under the same pressure, as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption space increases. In addition, the cumulative reduction in the surface free energy increases as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases. Furthermore, as the pressure increases, the surface free energy of each pressure point gradually decreases, indicating that as the pressure increases, it is increasingly difficult to adsorb methane molecules.     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷沙河街组页岩油储层微观孔隙特征

通过场发射环境扫描电镜、低温氮气吸脱附实验、高分辨率背散射电子图像定量分析等技术方法,对渤海湾盆地东营凹陷沙河街组页岩油储层的微观孔隙类型、结构特征及孔隙分布进行了系统研究。结果表明:沙河街组页岩油储层微观孔隙类型多样,包括粒间孔、粒内孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔和晶内孔5类孔隙。有利储集空间为孔径在100~3000nm的孔隙,以粒间孔、粒内孔和溶蚀孔为主。泥岩类和灰岩类孔隙形态包括细颈瓶状(墨水瓶状)和平行板状;白云岩类孔隙形态为平行板状,连通性最好。白云岩类定量面孔率最大且孔隙发育最好,其次为泥岩类,灰岩类较差。影响微观孔隙特征的主要因素包括矿物成分及含量、有机质生排烃和热液作用,其中黏土矿物和泥级颗粒有利于储层微孔发育,方解石的胶结作用和重结晶作用不利于孔隙发育。生排烃产生的有机酸和热液作用增进了次生孔隙的形成。     

Pore Characteristics of the Fine‐Grained Tight Reservoirs in the Yabulai Basin,Northwestern China

This work investigated the pore structure characteristics and reservoir features of the finegrained tight reservoirs in the lower member of the Xinhe Formation(J_2 x_1) in the Xiaohu subsag,Yabulai Basin based on core samples through various techniques. Interbedded silt/fine sandstones and mudstones are developed in the study area. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images were used to delineate different types of pores, including primary intergranular pores, secondary intergranular and intragranular pores, organic pores and fractures. The pore types were distinguished by pore size, pore area, location and formation process. The pore radii of the fine-grained rocks range from 1 nm to 1.55μm, mainly concentrated between 5 and 300 nm by low pressure N_2 adsorption and MICP analyses. The pore structure parameters of pore throat size and pore throat sorting coefficient are both positively correlated with porosity, while pore throat sorting coefficient has a negative correlation with permeability. The pore structures of the studied samples are much related to the mineral type and content and grain size, followed by TOC content. In these rocks with relatively low TOC and low maturity, the rigid minerals protect pores with pressure shadow from collapse, and dissolution-related pores contribute a lot to inorganic porosity. In contrast, these rocks with abundant TOC contain a large number of organic pores. The permeability of the fine-grained tight reservoir is mainly dominated by larger pore throats, while a large number of small pores(mostly 0.1 μm) contribute considerably to porosity. These results have deepened our understanding of the interbedded fine-grained tight reservoirs and can be applicable to fine-grained reservoirs in a similar setting.     

Pore Connectivity of Deep Lacustrine Shale and its Effect on Gas-bearing Characteristics in the Songliao Basin:Implications from Continental Scientific Drilling

The lacustrine shale of deep Shahezi Formation in the Songliao basin has great gas potential,but its pore evolution,heterogeneity,and connectivity characteristics remain unclear.In this work,total organic carbon analysis,rock pyrolysis,X-ray diffraction field emission scanning electron microscopy,the particle and crack analysis system software,low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment,fractal theory,high-pressure mercury injection experiment and nuclear magnetic resonance experiment were us...     

陆相页岩热演化过程中孔隙分形特征

分形维数可定量表征储层孔隙结构的复杂性,为页岩储层评价提供思路。以热模拟获得的不同热演化阶段的鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩为研究对象,应用场发射扫描电镜观察了各演化阶段孔隙变化特征,并通过低温液氮吸附实验,研究各个演化阶段页岩孔隙分形特征,运用FHH模型计算页岩孔隙分形维数,探讨了分形维数与有机碳、矿物成分、孔隙结构参数的关系。研究结果表明:低成熟阶段页岩中纳米级有机质孔发育有限,随着成熟度的增加,在有机质内部开始逐渐发育孔隙,同时黏土矿物颗粒间的有机质也开始分解,出现纳米级层间孔,主要发育墨水瓶状孔和少部分的平行板状孔;孔径峰值主要在2~4 nm和40~50 nm,随着成熟度增加,上述2个孔径段的孔隙相对数量增加,分形维数依次增大,分形维数为2.592~2.717,孔隙非均质性增强。分形维数随着有机碳含量的减少而增加,而与石英、黏土矿物含量相关性不明显;随着成熟度增加,微孔和中孔比例增加,平均孔径减小,孔隙表面越复杂,比表面积和分形维数增加;分形维数与总孔隙体积、微孔体积、中孔体积具有很好的正相关性,而与大孔体积相关性较差。      

陆相页岩微观孔隙结构特征及对甲烷吸附性能的影响

页岩的微观孔隙结构对其甲烷吸附性能及页岩油气潜力具有重要影响,前人研究主要集中在海相页岩。该文以四川 盆地川西坳陷上三叠统须家河组五段为例,开展了陆相页岩的探索研究。首先通过低温氮气吸附实验对页岩样品的微观孔 隙结构特征进行了研究,计算了页岩的比表面积、孔径分布、孔体积和平均孔径等孔隙结构参数;然后通过高压甲烷等温 吸附实验,研究了页岩样品的甲烷吸附特征;最后探讨了页岩微观孔隙结构特征对甲烷吸附性能的影响。结果表明,须五 段页岩平均孔径为7.81~9.49 nm,主体孔隙为中孔,也含有一定量的微孔和大孔,孔隙形状以平行板状孔为主,含有少量 墨水瓶形孔。页岩比表面积高出常规储层岩石许多,有利于气体在页岩表面吸附存储,孔径在2~50 nm的中孔提供了主要 的孔体积,构成了页岩中气体赋存的主要空间。在85℃条件下,页岩甲烷吸附的兰氏体积为1.21~4.99 m3/t,不同页岩样品 之间的吸附性能差异明显。页岩的兰氏体积与比表面积之间呈现良好的正相关关系,比表面积与黏土矿物含量呈正相关, 而与总有机碳含量关系不明显。页岩的兰氏体积与微孔和中孔体积之间都具有良好的正相关关系,微孔体积和中孔体积与 总有机碳含量之间存在一定的正相关关系,但是正相关性的程度没有微孔体积和中孔体积与黏土矿物含量之间的关系强 烈。陆相页岩有机质热演化程度相对较低,因此有机孔发育有限：但另一方面同时黏土矿物含量较高,所以其内部发育大 量微孔和中孔,从而构成可观的比表面,影响甲烷吸附能力。     

皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征及影响因素

为了评估下扬子皖南地区古生界页岩气储层性质,应用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞法、N₂和CO₂气体吸附法,对皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征和孔隙结构进行研究,并探讨页岩孔隙发育的主要影响因素。结果表明,皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙度和渗透率低,页岩样品中常见粒间孔、凝絮孔、溶蚀孔、基质晶间孔和有机质孔,并且发育微米-纳米级孔隙。古生界页岩孔隙中50%以上为微孔和介孔;孔隙结构主要为圆柱孔、狭缝型孔和混合型孔,平均孔径范围为4.17~12.06 nm。页岩孔容和比表面积随着有机碳(TOC)含量的增大而增大;页岩孔隙度随着有机质成熟度(R_o)的增大而减小;页岩孔容随着黏土矿物含量的增加而增大,随着脆性矿物含量的增加而减小。     

Effect of Stern-layer on the compressibility behaviour of bentonites

The Stern theory as applicable to interacting parallel clay platelet systems was used to study the compressibility behaviour of bentonites. For a constant surface electrical potential, the distribution of the total electrical charge among the Stern-layer and the Gouy-layer was found to have significant influence on the electrical potential at the midplane between clay platelets. Consideration of the Stern-layer was found to reduce the repulsive pressure or the swelling pressure between clay platelets at large platelet spacing, whereas the repulsive pressure increased significantly when the interacting Gouy-layers were pushed aside. A far greater repulsive pressure was noted for Ca-bentonite than that occurred for Na-bentonite at a platelet distance close to 1.0 nm. Similarly, strong interaction between clay platelets was noted due to suppressed Gouy-layers when the bulk fluid concentration was increased. The repulsive pressure generated due to the overlapping of the Stern-layers was found to be sensitive to changes in the specific adsorption potential, the dielectric constant of the pore fluid in the Stern-layer, and the surface electrical potential. Comparisons of the calculated pressure–void ratio relationships from the Stern theory and the Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory with the experimental consolidation test results of Na- and divalent-rich bentonites showed that, in general, the Stern theory improved the predictions of pressure–void ratio relationships, particularly for pressures greater than 100 kPa; however, strong agreements were lacking in all the cases studied.     

Characterization of shale matrix pore structure via experiment and model

Shale gas reservoirs develop multi-scale pores ranging in size from nanometer to micrometer, the characteristics of gas transport involve the multi-scale pore space which divided into organic and inorganic matrix pores. This paper reveals the shale pore structure with large amounts of organic mesoporous based on the techniques of focused ion beam scanning electron microscopes (FIB-SEM), high-pressure mercury intrusion (MICP), and low-pressure adsorption (LPA), which also shows the size and distribution of these pores. Then the research characterizes effective pore scale via circular tube bundle model with due regard for gas adsorption layer thickness on the walls of organic pores and water film thickness on the walls of inorganic pores, and the investigation of shale pore geometry is significant for designing and developing shale gas reservoirs. This work shows that the widely existing shale mesoporous volume with diameter of 2~50 nm accounts for 81% based on experimental testing, then it reduces to about 76% via effective diameter model calculation.     

煤储层纳米孔隙结构及其瓦斯扩散特征

研究煤复杂发育的孔隙结构对揭示煤层气体赋存机理及扩散运移规律有重要意义.为了研究煤的纳米孔隙结构,利用SEM、液氮吸附、小角X射线研究了不同煤阶煤的纳米孔隙在形式和分布上的非均匀性.实验煤样煤基质中的孔呈多峰分布,且孔径范围主要集中在2~10 nm.煤样低温液氮吸附实验测得煤样的吸附量为3.676 cm3/g,煤样的比表面积为1.416 m2/g.以最可几孔径作为研究对象,在实验压力范围内,吸附压力越大,最可几孔径变大的越多;瓦斯气体在纳米级孔隙结构中的扩散模式以过渡型扩散为主,微孔更发达的煤样中,扩散更接近Knudsen型扩散,中孔更发达的煤样中,扩散更接近Fick型扩散;Knudsen数与温度呈负相关关系,温度高于250 K后,Knudsen数趋于稳定,与压强呈正相关关系,压强越大,扩散越容易.      

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组泥页岩孔隙特征及其控制因素

泥页岩孔隙特征是页岩气藏储集能力及可开采性评价的关键参数。以鄂尔多斯盆地南部铜川地区瑶科一井延长组泥页岩样品为研究对象,通过扫描电镜、低温氮气吸附等实验手段,对延长组各段泥页岩孔隙特征及影响孔隙发育的控制因素进行了研究。研究表明:鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组泥页岩孔隙类型主要有粒间孔、粒内孔、黄铁矿晶间孔、溶蚀孔、微裂缝,其中黏土矿物粒间孔最发育,有机孔基本不发育。延长组不同段的纳米孔隙发育特征有明显的差异性,长9段微孔含量相对较高,BET比表面积较大,长8段中孔比例较高,孔隙形态都以管状孔和平行壁的狭缝状孔为主;长7段有最大的宏孔比例和最小的微孔比例,比表面积最小,孔隙含有相对较多的封闭型孔,还有一端或两端开口的楔V型孔;长6段孔隙比例、比表面积大小介于其他各段之间,以平行板状的狭缝型孔隙为主。黏土矿物含量、石英含量是控制孔隙发育的主要因素,而孔隙总体积、比表面积与TOC含量基本呈负相关关系,这主要是由于孔隙中的残留烃对孔隙的堵塞作用,抽提后可以发现样品孔隙总体积、比表面积都有所增加。     

扬州土物理与力学性质指标的相关性分析

根据原状扬州各层土体的室内试验数据,采用数理统计的方法,研究了该地区土体的物理指标与力学参数间的相关性,并进行线性函数和指数函数拟合。研究结果表明:随着塑性指数的增加,压缩系数和体积压缩系数逐渐增大,内摩擦角和有效内摩擦角逐渐减小;土的黏聚力随着液限与天然含水量之差的增加而增加,随着液性指数的增加而减小,且黏聚力与液性指数间的相关性更好,当含水量超过液限时黏聚力不随上述两个参数的变化而变化;此外,压汞试验结果表明扬州原状土的孔隙结构均为明显的单峰孔径分布,其颗粒间孔隙的累计量随着塑性指数增大而增加;并且各层土体孔径分布的峰值所对应的孔径随着塑性指数的增大而减小。以上结果可以为扬州地区土体力学参数的估计提供参考。     

Nanoscale Pore Characteristics of the Upper Permian Mudrocks from a Transitional Environment in and around Eastern Sichuan Basin,China

Nanoscale pore characteristics of the Upper Permian Longtan transitional mudrocks and their equivalent strata Wujiaping Formation marine mudrocks in and around the eastern Sichuan Basin was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and low-pressure N2 adsorption experiments. The results indicate that the Upper Permian mudrock is at a mature stage with total organic carbon (TOC) values ranging between 0.47% and 12.3%. The Longtan mudrocks mainly contain vitrinite, and their mineral composition is primarily clay. In contrast, the Wujiaping mudrocks are dominated by sapropelinite and solid bitumen, and their mineral compositions are mainly quartz and a notably high amount of pyrite. The FE-SEM reveals that clay mineral pores and microcracks are the common pore types in the Longtan mudrocks. The specific surface area and pore volume depend on the clay content but are negatively correlated with the TOC. The generation of nanometer pores in the Longtan mudrocks is caused by high clay mineral contents. Meanwhile, the Wujiaping mudrock mainly contains OM pores, and the pore parameters are positively correlated with the TOC. The OM pore development exhibits remarkable differences in the Longtan and Wujiaping mudrocks, which might be related to their sedimentary facies and maceral fractions. Vitrinite and inertinite appear as discrete particles in these mudrocks and cannot generate pores during thermal maturation. Sapropelinite often contains many secondary pores, and solid bitumen with large particles, usually with several pores, is not the major contributor to the pore system of the investigated mudrock.