早上新世非洲季风与地中海表层生产力变化的岁差节律

地质历史上留下了许多反映非洲季风的记录, 意大利南方晚新生代的海相地层便是其中著名的一例.Cape Sper-tivento剖面位于意大利卡拉布里亚半岛, 属于早上新世(5.3~4.8Ma) 地中海泥灰岩-灰岩沉积物.在借鉴前人工作的基础上, 重新为该剖面建立一个精度更高的天文年代标尺.反映古生产力的指标显示, 早上新世在北半球夏季辐射量增大期间, 地中海有机碳含量及其堆积速率增大, C/N出现高值, 碳酸盐含量及其堆积速率减小, G. obliquus稳定氧碳同位素出现负偏移, 这是非洲夏季风带来的降雨增强的结果.尼罗河泛滥让更多陆源营养物和淡水输入地中海.各个古环境指标的频谱分析结果存在强烈的岁差周期和丰富的半岁差周期, 说明早上新世非洲季风主要受低纬过程控制.      

南海北部一百万年以来的表层古生产力变化：来自ODP1144站的蛋白石记录

通过南海北部ODP 1144站蛋白石含量测定及其堆积速率的计算,并结合氧同位素记录等相关资料,获得南海北部1050ka以来高分辨率的表层古生产力变化与冰期旋回和东亚季风的关系。约900ka以来,蛋白石含量及其堆积速率较900ka以前明显增加,反映了“中更新世革命”事件之后,全球气候变冷,并导致表层生产力的提高。由于第四纪冰期旋回中的冬、夏季风的加强,加上1144站特殊的地理位置,使该站在冰期时表层生产力增加,间冰期时表层生产力降低。浮游有孔虫氧同位素记录与蛋白石含量及其堆积速率的时间序列频谱分析结果显示,三者均出现了相对应的偏心率周期、斜率周期和岁差周期,说明该站表层生产力的变化主要受地球轨道周期的驱动。     

中国极地大地测量学十年回顾:1996-2006年

[STBZ][ZW（*][HT6H]〓收稿日期：. *基金项目：[HT6SS][ZK(]国家自然科学基金项目“利用多源遥感数据监测南极冰貌地形及其动态变化研究”（编号：40606002）;国家测绘局项目“南极考察地区基础测绘”（编号：1469990324229）资助[ZK）] [HT6H]〓作者简介：[HT6SS]（1939 ）,男,江西广丰人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事极地测绘遥感信息学的研究.[WT6HZ]E mail:[WT6BZ] [ZW）] [HT4F] [HT5K](摘〓要：[HT5K]回顾了近10年来我国南北两极大地测量学在GPS、重力、验潮及合成孔径雷达干涉测量等方面的研究进展。具体介绍了以长城站、中山站和黄河站3个GPS观测站为依托,开展的板块运动、卫星定轨及极区大气环境监测方面的研究;GPS在埃默里冰架、格罗夫山及Dome A考察中的应用研究;长城站的高精度绝对重力及相对重力测量;中山站自动验潮站的建立;及合成孔径雷达干涉测量在南极内陆冰盖的应用研究等。     

黄龙风景区藻席嗜冷硅藻群落结构变化及其驱动因子分析

硅藻群落对环境变化十分敏感,是自然河流水质变化的指示生物。为了解黄龙风景区藻席及藻席嗜冷硅藻群落结构与环境变量的关系,对景区内8个典型景点进行水样和藻席的采集并分析。结果表明,黄龙风景区藻席是以钙华作为基底,丝状藻作为骨架,栖息着大量硅藻的高寒岩溶微生态系统,共鉴定出25属72种硅藻,其中优势种13种,以桥弯藻属（Cymbella）为主。通过冗余分析发现,水温（F=2.8,P=0.02）和溶解硅（F=2.3,P=0.04）是影响黄龙风景区藻席嗜冷硅藻群落结构特征的主要驱动因子,TN是潜在驱动因子。硅藻可以为高寒岩溶区地表水监测提供重要的补充信息,建立完整的硅藻物种数据库,有利于区域水质监测。     

鄂霍次克海南部OS03-1岩心MIS6期以来的沉积记录及其古环境意义

通过对取自鄂霍次克海南部的柱状岩心OS03-1的古海洋学研究,包括浮游有孔虫壳体AMS14C测年、底栖有孔虫壳体δ18O分析、蛋白石含量测定、有机碳含量测定、浮游有孔虫组合、冰筏碎屑含量变化、沉积物粒度分析等内容,建立鄂霍次克海OS03-1岩心年代地层学框架,分析该海区古表层海水温度、古生产力变化,并研究其古环境意义。结果表明,Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)百分含量变化曲线与Globigerina bulloides百分含量变化曲线呈很好的负相关性,与氧同位素曲线对比显示,两者均可作为该海区古温度替代性指标;浮游有孔虫绝对丰度、蛋白石含量、有机碳含量变化显示,研究区古生产力水平整体表现为间冰期较高、冰期较低;冰筏碎屑和沉积物粒度特征指示,鄂霍次克海南部间冰期陆源粗颗粒百分含量较冰期高。     

Fe(Ⅱ)/铁氧化物表面结合铁系统还原有机污染物的研究进展

在土壤和沉积物的自然厌氧环境中,铁氧化物可被铁还原菌等微生物异化还原产生Fe(Ⅱ),形成的Fe(Ⅱ)/铁氧化物表面结合铁系统具有还原活性,可使有机污染物还原转化。综述了含卤和含硝基有机污染物的非生物还原转化过程和表面结合铁系统与有机污染物之间的界面反应机理,进而揭示了污染物在环境中的赋存状态和迁移转化规律;重点分析了影响该还原过程的因素,如铁氧化物类型、pH值、Fe(Ⅱ)与铁氧化物接触时间,以及过渡金属、腐殖酸等竞争因子对反应过程的影响。强化自然界中天然的Fe(Ⅱ)/铁氧化物表面结合铁系统在有机污染治理中的作用,在受污染环境修复领域具有广阔的应用前景。 [HT5H]关 键 词:[HT5K]     

黄龙钙华边石坝退化特征及其修复保育材料研究

藻席钙华对彩池边坝的颜色及钙华的沉积具有调控作用,会影响彩池边壁稳定性,导致独特景观破坏。文章选取黄龙争艳彩池作为研究对象,通过对藻席钙华的基本理化特征和微观形貌观察与分析,明确藻席钙华的沉积特性。结果表明：藻席钙华含水率为5.70 %,密度为1.56 g.cm-3,具有较强吸水能力;通过XRD确定其主要矿物相为方解石;利用元素分析仪确定总碳含量为12.06 %,在生物作用下,受次生有机碳影响较大;藻席钙华的微观形貌显示,硅藻与钙华颗粒是构成藻席钙华的基本单元,是一个复合型生物集合体。     

松辽盆地北部白垩纪青山口组黑色页岩元素地球化学特征及沉积古环境恢复

对松辽盆地北部青山口组118块页岩样品进行有机碳和元素地球化学测试,运用一系列判别古气候、古盐度、古生产力和古氧化还原条件的地化指标,恢复青山口组黑色页岩的沉积环境,探讨富有机质页岩成因机制。青山口组沉积期为温暖半湿润亚热带气候,古气温>15℃,水体为陆相微咸水—半咸水环境,盐度5‰~10‰。青山口组底部发育厚度约30 m的富有机质页岩,TOC最高达到9.39%,自下而上有机碳含量逐渐变低。富有机质页岩Cu、Ni、Mo和Zn含量高,发育大量胶磷矿、藻席,表明青山口组早期湖盆生产力达到峰值,为有机质富集提供物质基础。U元素含量以及V/(V+Ni)、V/Sc比值较高,表明青山口组早期水体为强还原环境,为富有机质页岩保存提供有利条件。中-晚期随着湖盆收缩、水体变浅,还原环境遭到破坏,有机碳含量降低。TOC与古生产力及氧化还原指标呈正相关关系,表明有机质含量的变化主要受控于湖盆生产力和氧化还原环境。古海侵事件带来丰富营养物质,极大提高了湖盆生产力,保证有机质大量供应;同时海侵造成盐度分层,使底部水体的强还原环境不受破坏,促进了有机质的保存。松辽盆地青山口组在白垩纪全球缺氧事件影响下形成了面积约5×10^-3km;的黑色页岩,是页岩油勘探的重要目标。     

南海南部50万年以来碳酸钙和有机碳记录及其揭示的东亚夏季风演化

为了解南海南部第四纪冰期旋回中表层生产力的变化与东亚夏季风的演化关系,通过对南海南部MD05-2897孔晚第四纪500ka以来碳酸钙和有机碳含量及堆积速率高分辨率的研究发现,碳酸钙含量及堆积速率表现出明显的冰期-间冰期旋回变化,而有机碳的含量及堆积速率则主要呈现频率更高的周期性变化.碳酸钙和有机碳含量及堆积速率都在间冰期时增加,冰期时降低,反映了间冰期时夏季风的增强导致上升流的加强和营养物质的增加,促使表层生产力提高.碳酸钙和有机碳含量及堆积速率具有100ka偏心率周期、40ka斜率周期、20ka岁差和10ka半岁差周期等最为丰富的频谱,显示出低纬海区对轨道周期响应的特色.碳酸钙和有机碳的堆积速率与北半球低纬夏季日射量吻合较好,说明岁差相关的北半球低纬夏季太阳辐射量的变化可能是东亚夏季风强度变化的主要控制因素,而与全球冰量相关的气候变化可能是次要因素.      

用转换函数研究珠峰站地壳结构

[STBZ][ZW（*][HT6H]〓收稿日期：;修回日期：. *基金项目：[HT6SS][ZK（]国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“青藏高原形成对全球变化的响应与适应对策”（编号：2005CB422001）;中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目“青藏高原内陆俯冲与造山作用”（编号：KZCX3 SW 143）资助.[ZK）] [HT6H]〓作者简介：[HT6SS]（1983 ）,男,海南儋州人,硕士研究生,主要从事地震波传播理论研究.[WT6HZ]E mail:[WT6BZ]youliangsu@yahoo.com.cn[ZW）] [HT4F][HT5K]（）[JZ）] [HT5H][GK2] 摘〓要：[HT5K]为开展高喜马拉雅地区地质构造—气候反馈作用的研究,中国科学院青藏高原研究所于2004年开始在珠峰地区建立了综合观测研究站,并于2004年下半年开始相继开展了大气边界层（含辐射和土壤观测）、大气湍流和辐射系统、风温廓线、无线电探空系统、沙尘暴观测、冰川变化等大气科学观测研究、地表过程的环境研究和地球动力学研究。为了解珠峰站下方的地质构造,于2005年8月在综合观测研究站布设了宽频带地震仪（记录器为Reftek130,摆为STS2）,并于2006年5月取得首批数据。利用宽频带地震仪提供的三分量地震波形记录,应用转换函数及快速模拟退火算法对珠峰站下的地壳横波速度结构进行了反演。反演结果表明,珠峰站的莫霍（Moho）面深度在70 km,地壳结构复杂,尤其在中上地壳,明显呈高低速互层结构,反映了板块边界处构造活动、物质交换活跃,表明这些地区还未达到均衡。为高喜马拉雅地区地质构造—气候反馈作用的研究提供地球物理依据。     

南海东北部MD05 2905站36 ka BP以来的陆源碎屑沉积特征与东亚季风的演化

在AMS14C精确定年的基础上，去除有机质、生物碳酸盐和生物硅之后，对南海北部MD05 2905站进行了陆源碎屑的粒度分析。结果显示，15.5～63.5 μm粗粒级成分的含量变化特征可用来指示东亚冬季风的变化，2～9 μm细粒级成分含量变化可用于指示东亚夏季风的变化。末次冰期以冬季风为主，全新世以夏季风为主，36 ka BP以来东亚夏季风有逐渐增强的总体趋势，但也发生多次突变现象，在全新世早期（8 500~11 200 ka BP）达到36ka BP以来的最大值，可能是在岁差周期的控制下，与较强的太阳辐射有关。     

Changing color of Chinese loess: Geochemical constraint and paleoclimatic significance

Two loess–paleosol sequences on the central Chinese Loess Plateau were investigated to understand spatial and temporal variations in the soil color (e.g., lightness and redness) and factors that control those variations. Color difference between the original samples and pretreated samples suggests that loess lightness is influenced by the pedogenic matter (e.g., iron oxides, organic matter, and calcium carbonate) to varying degrees, depending on the concentrations. Iron oxides and organic matter darken the loess lightness, whereas carbonate lightens the loess lightness. By contrast, the redness is dominantly controlled by the types and concentrations of iron oxides. Variations in magnetic susceptibility and redness are associated with different magnetic minerals that formed mainly during post-depositional processes, and therefore both proxies can be employed to reconstruct the history and variability of the East Asian summer monsoon. Since the sensitivity of these two proxies to the summer monsoon variation is different, we generate a stacked summer monsoon index by combining these two records and interpret the stacked index as most indicative of precipitation variability. The fidelity of this new index is supported by an independent ratio, estimated from the first-derivative values of the color reflectance spectra. Our loess-based proxies provide a new understanding of the East Asian summer monsoon variability as a two-phase strengthening of summer monsoon intensity during the penultimate deglaciation.     

Indian monsoon variability in the Mahanadi Basin over the last two glacial cycles and its implications on the Indonesian throughflow

The orbital-scale variability of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) has been influenced by multiple factors, such as atmospheric CO₂ concentration, global ice volume, and insolation. Proxies for weathering activity and paleo-productivity provide potential insights into the driving forces of its variability. We documented multi-proxy data at IODP Site U1445, located in the Mahanadi Basin of the northwestern Bay of Bengal, to find out ISM variability over the last 200 ka. The proxy records, such as Nd/Sr isotopes of detrital particles, clay mineral compositions of the fine-grained sediments, biogenic opal and CaCO₃, organic carbon contents, and carbon isotopes of organic matter, represent sediment sources, weathering patterns, and paleo-productivity related to the ISM variability. Detrital Nd/Sr isotope data and clay mineral compositions suggest that the sediments at Site U1445 originated mainly from the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers without dramatic provenance change between the glacial and interglacial periods. The weathering activity inferred from clay mineral compositions and the paleo-productivity shift reconstructed by biogenic opal and CaCO₃ contents suggest that the land-sea interactions were closely linked to the ISM precipitation between the glacial and interglacial periods. High precipitation by the strong ISM resulted in intense chemical weathering and dominant biogenic opal deposition during the interglacial periods. In contrast, low precipitation by the weak ISM led to reduced chemical weathering and predominant CaCO₃ deposition during the glacial periods. Further, the ISM variability driving the land-sea interactions in the Mahanadi Basin was modulated by the Indonesian throughflow (ITF). Our study emphasizes the role of low-latitude forcing of climatic changes in the strong relationship between the ISM and ITF over orbital periods, providing a base for future investigations.     

Paleoclimate of Southwestern China for the Past 50,000 yr Inferred from Lake Sediment Records

Long sediment cores (12.5 and 13.5 m) from two lakes in Yunnan Province were used to infer the paleoclimate of southwest China over the past 50,000 yr. During the Holocene and marine isotope stage (MIS 3), bio-induced carbonate precipitation and organic matter (OM) production was high, suggesting warm temperatures and high primary productivity. In contrast, sediment inorganic carbon (IC) and organic carbon (OC) concentrations were low in last glacial deposits from 38,000 to 12,000 cal yr B.P., indicating cool temperatures and low productivity. The 50,000-yr record has alternating peaks of carbonate and coarse-grain (>38 μm) quartz that reflect warm, moist interglacial or interstadial conditions alternating with cold, dry glacial or stadial conditions, respectively. Spectral analysis of the carbonate and quartz signals reveals power concentrated at periods of 7200 and 8900 cal yr, respectively, that may reflect a nonlinear climate response to precessional forcing at a time of reduced eccentricity modulation (McIntyre and Molfino, 1996). Oxygen isotope values of calcite from Yunnan lake cores indicate the summer monsoon was weak during the last glaciation from 50,000 to 12,000 cal yr B.P. The summer monsoon intensified between 12,000 and 8000 cal yr B.P., but weakened gradually in response to insolation forcing during the mid-to-late Holocene. Our results support the Overpeck et al. (1996) model that posits a weak summer monsoon during the last glaciation that responded nonlinearly to insolation forcing when its intensity was affected by Eurasian snow cover and ice-sheet extent. The summer monsoon intensified and responded linearly to seasonal insolation forcing in the Holocene when ice volume diminished.     

Sedimentary characteristics of terrigenous debris at site MD05-2905 in the northeastern part of the South China Sea since 36 ka and evolution of the East Asian monsoon

Sediments with high sedimentation rate at site MD05-2905 in the Northeastern slope of the South China Sea provide unique materials for a high-resolution study on the paleoenvironment. Based on precise dating of AMS ¹⁴C, grain size analysis of terrigenous debris at core MD05-2905 was conducted after organic matter, biological carbonate and biogenic opal were removed. The results show that 15.5–63.5 μm coarse grain size ingredients may indicate East Asian winter monsoon changes and that 2–9 μm fine grain size ingredients may be used as a proxy of evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon. The results of grain size analysis, which suggest East Asian monsoon intensity, reveal that a winter monsoon dominated the glacial regime and a summer monsoon dominated the Holocene regime. It was also shown that the summer monsoon increased gradually, experienced several abrupt changes and reached a culmination in the early Holocene (11200–8500 a B.P.) since 36 ka. Controlled by precession periodicity, it may be related with the amount of solar radiation at the highest stage, which needs further study. __________ Translated from Advances in Earth Science, 2007, 22(10): 1012–1018 [译自: 地球科学进展]     

Comparisons between marine productivity and terrestrial input records in the Gulf of California over the last 28 ka

We study the marine and terrestrial contributions in the Gulf of California (GC) to understand the relationship between continental climate and oceanographic variability over the last 28 ka. In Core AII125-8-JPC-20, we examine aeolian and riverine inputs as nutrients for biological productivity. We use biogenic silica (%opal), total organic carbon (%TOC) and calcium carbonate (%CaCO₃) as proxies for primary productivity, and lithic fraction distributions as proxies for terrigenous transport. At the core site, biogenic and lithic components are in phase at millennial-scale in response to regional climate conditions. During the Late Pleistocene, the GC shelf area was above sea level and the western margin showed transient episodes of increased fluvial inputs. Episodic increases in %opal and reduced %TOC suggest upwelling events but ineffective C-export to the sediment. During stadial events (Heinrich 2, Heinrich 1, Younger Dryas), regional declines in %opal, but increases in %CaCO₃ and TOC, suggest efficient C-export by carbonate organisms. During most of the Holocene, dust inputs are higher. Episodic increases in %TOC suggest higher C-accumulation, although this is not controlled by siliceous or calcareous organisms. In the GC, besides upwelling and current advection, nutrient inputs driven by terrestrial climate have an impact on the biological C-pump. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南海北部陆坡沉积记录的全新世早期夏季风极强事件

在AMS14C精确定年的基础上,通过南海北部MD05-2905站高分辨率的氧同位素、粒度、元素分析,其结果显示所有指标均在11.2～8.5kaB.P.期间发生异常,根据夏季风指标认为这是夏季风极强事件。将本站位相同纬度（20°N）的夏季平均日辐射量与季风指标进行对比,发现全新世早期（11.2～8.5kaB.P.）东亚夏季风极强事件对应着夏季太阳辐射量最大值和热带辐合带（ITCZ）的位置向北移动,说明全新世早期夏季风突然增强可能是在岁差周期控制下,较高的太阳辐射量驱动了热带辐合带（ITCZ）及其有关的雨场向北移动,在南海北部产生了大量的降水,导致氧同位素偏负、碳酸盐的含量较低以及线性沉积速率较高。这与前人对相邻地区湖光岩玛珥湖的孢粉研究、江西南岭地区泥炭的记录以及中国南方石笋记录的研究结果相吻合。该季风最强事件与阿拉伯海发现的早全新世季风最强事件以及根据格陵兰冰芯记录的早全新世甲烷最大值推测低纬地区湿地扩张相一致,这反映了南海北部全新世早期与全球低纬地区早全新世气候变化格局一致。     

Early Pliocene Paleoceanography of the Vityaz Fracture Zone, Central Indian Ridge

Planktic foraminifera from the calcareous substrate of a ferromanganese crust in the Vityaz Fracture Zone （VFZ）, Central Indian Ridge were studied to reconstruct the early Pliocene paleoceanography of this region. Eleven species of planktic foraminifera were encountered, among them Globorotalia menardii, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Globigerina bulloides and Globigerinoides tuber are prominent. Predominance of N. dutertrei in the top 3 cm of the carbonate substrate is attributed to an influx of fresh water which eventually triggered their productivity by increasing the nutrient level. The presence of G. bulloides and G. menardii in significant proportions in deeper layers suggests the prevalence of open ocean upwelling. The bulk chemical compositions of the substrate at different depth intervals indicates higher enrichment of trace metals in the upper sections which could have been supplied through oceanic water by the chemical weathering of terrestrial matter during the peak of Pliocene Asian monsoon. Thus, it is concluded that during the early Pliocene the biogenic components of the substrate were distinctly contributed by both upwelling and productivity triggered by an influx of fresh water originating from the intensification of the Asian monsoon during the early Pliocene Period.