副热带高压突变机理初探

副热带高压突变机理初探程海霞帅克杰（晋城市气象局０４８０００）１引言在南北半球的副热带地区，存在着副热带高压带，由于海陆的影响，常断裂成若干个高压单体，这些单体统称为副热带高压。在北半球，它主要出现在太平洋、印度洋、大西洋和北非大陆上。出现在西北太平...     

副热带高压

在赤道与中纬度之间的副热带地区．常年活动着一个高气压带．通常称做副热带高压，简称“副高”。它是气象工作者所熟悉的．而对其他人，可能就有些陌生了。副热带高压在气象学由尤为重要，它与人们的关系是那么密切．它就在你的身边。你看．它那肥胖的身躯横卧在太平洋上，它的南侧是台风源地．而台风则是无人不晓的了，它的北侧是雨带和暴雨发生地；而它那肥胖身躯所占据的地方，则是晴空万里，烈日炎炎。可见，副高对天气影响非常之大。     

近百年四季西太平洋副热带高压的变化

文中设计了一种根据网格点高度值拟合副热带高压强度、西界、北界 3种指数的方法。根据这个方法 ,利用重建的 1880～ 195 0年 5 0 0hPa月平均高度序列 ,计算了 195 1年之前 70a的副热带高压指数 ,与 195 1～ 1999年的实测指数合成一个 12 0a的序列 ,研究了西太平洋副热带高压的年际与年代际变率。     

北半球副热带高压强度对太阳活动的响应

利用近38年（1954—1991）逐月500hPa高度数据确定的北半球副各到高强度资料统计了和太阳黑子数以及10.7cm射电通量的相关性，在考虑序列自相关性基础上进行了严格的检验，进一步肯定了一系列高相关联系；其次，利用非整数（年）波方法算出各副高强度在太阳活动主周期（10.9年）处有显著的响应．对照卫星对太阳“常数”的最新探测结果表明，北半球（尤其是东太平洋）副高强度的确能对太阳活动强度作出灵敏的正相关响应．     

人工神经网络西太平洋副热带高压预报业务系统

本文应用常规500hpa资料,结合具有较稠密、高分辨的“TOVS”资料（卫星信息资料）,分析、归纳了西太平洋副热带高压大幅度北移、南蓝（120°E脊线）的经验规则,在此基础上选择了具有最优下降因子的BP算法。在人工神经网络的结构方面设计了神经网络的前处理功能,将众多的单因子经基于专家系统的前处理模块,归纳的规则,作为网络的输入端,经网络学习、训练、迭代获得了较快的收敛速度和较高的历史拟合率,建立了“人工神经网络西太平洋副热带高压预报业务系统”     

副热带高压气候动力学研究回顾

基于早期副热带高压气候动力学的研究,本文重点介绍了近10 a在南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压形成和变异机理方面的动力学研究,包括南亚高压的建立和维持机理、副热带高压的季节变化、年际—年代际变化和未来预估,最后讨论了需要进一步深入研究的方面。     

副热带高压活动与日月运行的关系

依据公开发表的资料，系统地研究了副热带高压活动与日月运行的关系，证实了各类副高活动均与日月运行的某些周期活动有关，主要表现形式为周期性泊松联系和与天文奇异蹼同步效应两种，并且指出，副高活动类型不同，则所对应的联系对象和联系方式也不同。     

太平洋副热带高压及南亚高压在NCEP/NCAR和ECMWF再分析资料中的对比研究

利用NCEP/NCAR和ECMWF 1961～2000年北半球逐月平均的500 hPa和100 hPa高度场再分析资料对影响我国天气、气候的重要系统--北半球西太平洋副热带高压以及南亚高压做了对比研究,发现两者在不同的再分析资料中虽然具有一定的相似性,但也存在着明显的区别.在1980年以前两者存在较大差异.NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析出的副高明显偏弱,而其所反映的副高的变化在幅度和强度上均大于ECMWF再分析资料的结果.进一步分析发现,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料所得出的副高的年代际变化可能是不真实的.在1969年、1979～1991年间,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中的南亚高压中心强度明显比ECMWF的强,特别是1992～1995年间,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中的南亚高压中心强度更强且中心范围更大.此外,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料所反映的南亚高压的变化在幅度和强度上也都大于ECMWF再分析资料的结果.     

副热带高压西北边缘一次连续暴雨天气分析

从实时天气预报出发，着重分析１９９５年７月２３－２７日西太洋副热带高压西北边缘内侧长江西陵峡口接连发生四场夜间暴雨的环流特点及一些物理量场的共同特征。     

Interaction Between Typhoon and Western Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone:Data Analyses and Numerical Experiments

Three kinds of typhoons with distinct tracks are sorted based on a set of typhoon data from 1958 to 1998. The results of composite analyses confirm that different typhoon tracks correspond to different patterns of the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific （SAWP）. When the tracks are westward, the SAWP is strong, with a zonal form, and stretches westward; when the tracks are recurving, the main body of the SAWP shifts eastward and breaks near 160~E; and when the tracks are northward, the SAWP is located far east of its normal position. Based on the above result, two different initial fields are configured, one has a zonal and strong SAWP, and the other has a meridional and weak SAWP. By using the GOALS R42L9 climate model, a temperature disturbance is added into these two different initial fields to force the formation of a typhoon. Westward and northward tracked typhoons are well simulated, thus verifying that different patterns of the SAWP have different effects on typhoon tracks. Results also show that typhoons can induce barotropic Rossby waves propagating to the mid and high latitudes. Under different background zonal flows, the wave trains triggered by the typhoons of westward and northward tracks are also different, and their effects on the mid and high latitude circulations and the SAWP are different. Compared to a n.orthward tracked typhoon, a westward tracked typhoon is able to induce positive geopotential height anomaly to its north and northwest, resulting in the SAWP strengthening and developing westward.     

夏季西太平洋副热带高压异常时的东亚大气环流特征

利用NCAR/NCEP月平均再分析资料,探讨夏季西太平洋副热带高压异常时东亚热带季风、梅雨锋及中高纬环流的变化特征.研究表明:夏季西太平洋副热带高压脊线异常偏南或脊点异常偏西时,东亚夏季风环流偏弱,850 hPa矢量风距平场上东亚热带地区出现反气旋性环流,副热带地区呈气旋性环流,500 hPa垂直速度距平场上东亚热带地区上升运动减弱,梅雨锋区上升运动加强,500 hPa高度上东亚高纬鄂霍次克海区域出现阻塞高压,高纬冷空气直达中纬度,梅雨锋扰动加强,造成江淮流域汛期降水偏多.夏季西太平洋副热带高压脊线异常偏北或脊点异常偏东时,东亚夏季风环流偏强,东亚大气环流系统的活动出现了与上述情况相反的异常型,江淮流域汛期降水偏少.     

Case Study on the Impact of the Vortex in the Easterlies in the Tropical Upper Troposphere on the Western Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone

By employing the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data （1000-10 hPa, 2.5°×2.5°）, the impact of the vortex in the easterlies （EV） over the tropical upper troposphere on the zonal movement of the western Pacific subtropical anticyclone （WPSA） during 19-25 June 2003 is analyzed in this paper. It is shown that the EV can extend from middle troposphere to the height of 50 hPa, reaching a maximum at 200 hPa. The vertical thermal distribution appears to be ＂warmer in the upper layer and colder in the lower layer＂. The WPSA retreats eastward abnormally when the EV and the vortex in the westerlies （WV） encounter around the same longitude while they move toward each other. It is also shown that the vorticity variation extends from the troposphere to the height of 50 hPa, with the most prominent change occurring at 200 hPa by the diagnostic analyses of the vertical vorticity equation. The WPSA appears to retreat abnormally eastward while the negative/positive vorticity change becomes stronger near the east/west side of the EV, and the areas with positive vorticity tendency both in the EV and WV join together into one belt along 130°E during the process of the EV and the WV moving toward each other. In the vorticity equation, the positive contribution caused by the horizontal advection term is the maximum, and the minimum is caused by theβ effect. It is also found that enhanced horizontal vorticity advection andβ effect, as well as the ＂barotropic development＂ resulted from the in-phase superposition of the southerly and the northerly winds in the easterlies and westerlies near 130~E, are in agreement with the WPSA eastward retreat.     

中高纬环流对1998年7月西太平洋副热带高压短期变化的影响机制

针对1998年7月长江中下游地区二度梅期间副热带高压的短期演变特征,利用NCEP逐日资料,首先揭示了此期间西太平洋副热带高压发生东西断裂、副高单体发展的短期异常特征,进而指出了中高纬环流调整与副高短期变异的对应关系.在发现与中高纬环流调整相伴随的强冷空气是副高发生变异的关键因素的基础上,利用大气热力学基本原理,研究副高短期变异的动力机制,发现在副高边缘的冷暖空气活动通过与南北风发展直接关联,而影响副高的短期变异,是副高短期变异的重要机制之一.最后,利用R42L9/LASG IAP大气环流模式,通过敏感性数值试验证实了上述冷暖空气活动影响副高发生变异的动力机制.     

2003年夏季淮河流域梅雨期西太平洋副高结构和活动特征及动力机制分析

通过资料分析和诊断, 揭示了在2003年6～7月淮河流域暴雨期间, 西太平洋副高相对偏北并且呈现南北变化相对稳定、东西变化明显的特征; 强劲而稳定少动的中纬度西风急流使得西太平洋副高难以北抬, 从而造成了淮河流域降雨带的稳定少动. 同时, 分析表明每一次雨锋的出现伴有高层南亚高压的东伸, 并诱发500 hPa西太平洋副高西伸至我国沿海, 导致淮河流域多雨, 江南干旱高温.分析还发现高、低空副热带高压影响天气系统发展的如下机制: (1) 沿30°N东伸的高层南亚高压脊在东部30°N以北地区引起辐散和上升, 在30°N以南地区引起辐合和下沉; (2) 江南高层的辐合下沉气流在中低空的辐散增强了局地的负涡度, 诱发西太平洋副高西伸; (3) 沿增强了的西太平洋副高西北侧的偏西南气流在30°N以北辐合, 增强了局地的上升运动, 为暴雨的产生创造了大尺度的背景流场; (4) 副高西北侧的暴雨加强了低空的南风和高层的北风, 从而使高层东伸的南亚高压和低层西伸的西太平洋副高在我国东部稳定维持.     

Precipitation Structures of a Thermal Convective System Happened in the Central Western Subtropical Pacific Anticyclone

In this paper, characteristics of precipitating clouds in a thermal convective system (TCS) occurred in the southeastern mainland of China at 15:00 BT (Beijing time) on August 2, 2003 in the central western subtropical Pacific anticyclone (WSPA) is studied by using TRMM tropical rainfallmeasuring mission PR (precipitution radar) and IR Infrared radiation measurements. The precipitating cloud structures in both horizontal and vertical, relationship among storm top, cloud top, and surface rain rate are particularly analyzed. Results show that a strong ascending air at 500 hPa and a strong convergence of moisture flux at 850 hPa in the central WSPA supply necessary conditions both in dynamics and moisture for the happening of the TCS precipitation. The TRMM PR observation shows that the horizontal scale of the most TCS precipitating clouds is about 30-40 km, their averaged vertical scale is above 10 km, and the maximum reaches 17.5 km. The maximum rain rate near surface of those TCS clouds is beyond 50 mm h-1. The mean rain profile of the TCS clouds shows that its maximum rain rate at 5 km altitude is 1 km lower than the estimated freezing level of the environment. Compared with the mesoscale convective system (MCS) of "98.7.20", both systems have the same altitude of the maximum rain rate displayed from both mean rain profiles, but the TCS is much deeper than the MCS. From the altitude of the maximum rain rate to near surface, profiles show that rain rate reducing in the TCS is faster than that in the MCS, which implies a strong droplet evaporation process occurring in the TCS. Relationship among cloud top, storm top, and surface rain rate analysis indicates a large variation of cloud top when storm top is lower. On the contrary, the higher the storm top, the more consistent both cloud top and storm top. And, the larger the surface rain rate, the higher and more consistent for both cloud top and storm top. At the end, results expose that area fractions of non-precipitating clouds and clear sky are 86% and 2%, respectively. The area fraction of precipitating clouds is only about 1/8 that of non-precipitating clouds.     

热力适应、过流、频散和副高II.水平非均匀加热与能量频散

利用位涡方程和热力适应原理，讨论了因非绝热加热的空间不均匀性导致的大气 动力特征的变化，进一步阐明了副热带地区的深对流凝结潜热加热的垂直非均匀性使副热带高压在中低空出现在热源区以东，在高空出现在热源区以西。在此基础上，深入研究了水平非均匀加热对大气环流的影响。结果表明加热区以北，虽然非绝热加热消失，但存在加热的水平梯度在西风环流的背景下在高低层造成深厚的负涡度强迫。因而高层热源北部边界附近的西风向南偏转进入加热区，造成加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐散；低层热源区的南风发生反气旋偏转，汇入加热区外的西风气流中，造成低层加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐合。结果该区域产生了垂直上升运动及负的涡度强迫源，对应着异常强烈的反气旋环流。该负涡度强迫源还通过能量频散，在西风带中以Rossby波的形式向中高纬传播，影响中高纬地区的异常环流型。     

梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压异常东退与东风带扰动关系的合成诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料,对梅雨期热带对流层上空东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压短期东退的过程进行了合成诊断分析.结果表明:梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)的短期东退与低纬热带地区上宅东风带扰动存在着密切的联系,本文给出了在西太副高异常东退前后东风带扰动的结构及其演变特征,揭示了东风带扰动所对应的...     

Potential Vorticity Diagnostic Analysis on the Impact of the Easterlies Vortex on the Short-term Movement of the Subtropical Anticyclone over the Western Pacific in the Mei-yu Period

By employing NCEP-NCAR 1°×1° reanalysis datasets, the mechanism of the easterlies vortex(EV) affecting the short-term movement of the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific(WPSA) in the mei-yu period is examined using potential vorticity(PV) theory. The results show that when the EV and the westerlies vortex(WV) travel west/east to the same longitude of 120°E, the WPSA suddenly retreats. The EV and WV manifest as the downward transport of PV in the upper troposphere, and the variation ...     

东风带扰动热力特征及其对西太副高东退影响的个例分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2003年6月22—25日西太平洋副热带高压(下称西太副高)西伸东退时热带东风带扰动附近大气热源的分布和演变特征,以及对西太副高西伸东退的影响和机制。结果表明,高层东风带扰动附近的非绝热效应分布和强度的突变影响西太副高西伸东退,当扰动中心西侧非绝热加热加强,扰动中心东侧西太副高区域冷却加强时,西太副高东退;潜热释放造成的非绝热效应在高层变化最为明显,非绝热变化的主要影响因子是垂直运动。总结了西太副高东退过程与东风带扰动系统热力联系的可能概念模型:东风带扰动处大气热力结构变化引发经向风场异常,使东风带扰动西侧高层有北风发展和强烈的上升运动,扰动东侧有整层的南风发展,有助于西太副高异常东退。因此,西太副高的西伸东退与热带东风带扰动系统的热力作用密切关联。