湖泊沉积物中有机碳稳定同位素测定及其古气候环境意义

１９９１年５月，利用澳大利亚转动式采样器在江苏固城湖获得总长６．２ｍ的完整柱状岩芯，以５ｃｍ间隔采样，对样品中有机质的稳定碳同位素研究表明。     

青海湖沉积物有机碳及其同位素的气候环境信息

通过对青海湖沉积物有机碳及其同位素的分析，结合碳酸盐含量的变化特征，探讨了青海湖沉积物有机碳及其同位素组成的环境意义，并且据此分析了青海湖地区近700a来的气候环境演变。青海湖沉积物的有机碳含量及其同位素较好地记录了温度的变化，在有机碳含量高，有机碳同位素低时，气温较高，反之则相反，小冰期的3次冷期以及20世纪以来的升温在该岩心中得以清晰地反映。     

青海湖沉积物有机碳含量与同位素和粒度特征及其古气候意义

对青海湖沉积物中粒度参数、总有机碳（TOC）含量及其δ^13C值的形成条件与环境气候的关系进行了研究。结果表明：在暖湿时期，沉积物中有机碳含量（TOC）较高，有机质的δ^13C值较高，沉积物的平均粒径较细；反之，在冷干时期，沉积物中有机碳含量（TOC）较低，有机质的δ^13C值较低，沉积物的平均粒径较粗。反映出沉积物中TOC含量、有机质δ^13C值及粒度特征与气温具有良好的相关性。结合^14C测年，分析了湖区古气候演化序列，表明自8500aBP以来湖区气候经历了4个演化阶段：即暖湿－凉干－温湿－冷干的变化过程。     

酸化过程对不同碳酸钙含量的海洋沉积物中总氮及其同位素分析的影响

为节约成本和样品,一些学者同时分析海洋沉积物中的碳、氮及其同位素（TOC、TN、δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N）。分析沉积物中的δ¹³C,需要对样品进行酸化去除无机碳,但是这一酸化过程会使TN和δ¹⁵N的分析结果产生偏差,且偏差范围与沉积物中无机碳含量（CaCO₃）有关。本研究选取了低CaCO₃含量（1-16%）和高CaCO₃含量（20-40%）的海洋沉积物样品,比较了酸化过程对TN和δ¹⁵N的影响。研究结果表明,酸化过程对海洋沉积物中TN和δ¹⁵N的分析结果产生了显著影响。对于低CaCO₃含量的样品,酸化导致样品中TN流失了约0-40%,δ¹⁵N偏移了约0-2‰;而对于高CaCO₃含量的样品,酸化导致样品中TN流失了约10-60%,δ¹⁵N偏移了约1-14‰。表明酸化对TN和δ¹⁵N的影响已经超过了仪器的误差范围0.002%（TN）和0.08‰（δ¹⁵N）,将影响TN和δ¹⁵N的环境指示意义。因此,即使海洋沉积物样品中CaCO₃含量很低,也必须用原样分析TN和δ¹⁵N以避免酸化过程的影响。     

酸洗法测定海洋沉积物有机碳和无机碳含量的致命缺陷

Organic and inorganic carbon contents of marine sediments are important to reconstruct marine productivity,global carbon cycle, and climate change. A proper method to separate and determine organic and inorganic carbons is thus of great necessity. Although the best method is still disputable, the acid leaching method is widely used in many laboratories because of its ease-of-use and high accuracy. The results of the elemental analysis of sediment trap samples reveal that organic and inorganic carbon contents cannot be obtained using the acid leaching method, causing an infinitely amplified error when the carbon content of the decarbonated sample is 12%±1% according to a mathematical derivation. Acid fumigation and gasometric methods are used for comparison, which indicates that other methods can avoid this problem in organic carbon analysis. For the first time, this study uncovers the pitfalls of the acid leaching method, which limits the implication in practical laboratory measurement, and recommends alternative solutions of organic/inorganic carbon determination in marine sediments.     

氧气对大陆边缘沉积物中有机碳保存的影响

海洋沉积物和上伏水的样品是在华盛顿州的三个航次和墨西哥西北海岸的两个航次中采集的。墨西哥边缘１５０～１６０ｍ水深有一个明显的缺氧带。其溶解氘的浓度太低了,用常规方法检验不出来。相反,华盛顿边缘较低的缺氧带的氧浓度在８００ｍ降至２０μｍ０ｌ。海岸带彩色...     

海洋沉积物中有机碳的通量对磁性化石形态的控制

在喜氧到硫酸盐还原条件下的许多环境中,包括海洋和湖泊沉积物以及陆地土壤中都已发现磁性细菌。在晶胞中,磁性细菌形成了磁铁矿（Ｆｅ３Ｏ４）或硫复铁矿（Ｆｅ３Ｓ４）的晶体链,生物学控制的晶体大小,相当于单磁畴,磁铁矿晶体的单磁畴大小范围约为３０～２００ｎｍ...     

水体沉积物中有机碳和有机分子碳稳定同位素研究进展

有机碳是指存在于沉积物总有机质(TOC)中的碳。由于同位素之间的物理、化学性质的不同,生物在生存活动过程利用环境中碳的同时改变了其同位素的比值,即产生同位素效应(isotopic effect)。通过检测来自于生物有机质中的碳同位素比值,就有可能对沉积物所在地的环境变化信息进行重     

活性铁对海洋沉积物中有机碳的保存作用

沉积物碳汇是海洋碳汇的重要组成部分,揭示沉积物的储碳机制对研究气候变化与全球碳循环的相互作用具有重要意义。矿物对有机碳的保护作用是有机碳最重要的稳定机制,其中活性铁（FeR）在沉积物有机碳的累积作用中发挥着捕获有机碳并形成“铁锈碳汇”的重要作用。本文系统梳理了近年来关于海洋沉积物中FeR的固碳的研究成果,总结了海洋沉积物中FeR的提取方式、类型、固碳量、固碳机制、结合有机质来源及分子类型,阐述了FeR固碳的重要意义,旨在加深对矿物与有机碳相互作用的理解。海洋沉积物中FeR常通过柠檬酸盐 碳酸氢盐 连二亚硫酸盐(CBD)还原提取,主要以针铁矿、水铁矿及赤铁矿等氧化物形式存在。FeR可以结合沉积物中约80%的有机碳,结合机制包括以配体交换为主的吸附机制和共沉淀/螯合机制。FeR与有机碳的结合机制可依据铁结合有机碳（FeR OC）与FeR的摩尔比值（FeR OC∶FeR）简单判定,当FeR OC∶FeR低于1.00时以吸附方式结合,大于1.00时以共沉淀方式结合,且共沉淀相比吸附机制具有更高的有机碳结合量及稳定性。大部分海洋沉积物中FeR优先与海源类有机质结合,但在氧化还原频繁的河口及三角洲地区倾向与陆源类有机质结合。分子模拟实验、木质素氧化降解及近边X射线吸收精细结构光谱表明FeR与芳香碳及羧基碳等有机质具有更高的亲和性。FeR对有机质的稳定保存及减缓气候变化引起的负反馈具有重要意义,建议未来更多关注沉积物中有机质与铁矿物结合的具体过程及不同沉积环境FeR固碳的差异机制,更加关注不同结合机制的定量化及重要性对比研究。     

海洋沉积物中铁保护的有机碳埋藏研究进展

研究表明,海洋沉积物中有超过20%的有机碳是通过与铁结合而被稳定地保存下来,阐明铁对有机碳的保护作用能深入理解碳封存机制。本文1)从与铁结合的有机碳的含量、碳同位素和二者的结合机制等方面梳理了铁在促进有机碳埋藏中所发挥的作用;2)阐述海洋环境(包括水动力和氧化还原条件)和有机碳来源等因素可能控制着铁与有机碳之间的相互耦合,并影响着与铁结合的有机碳的分布、组成和年龄特征;3)分析铁与有机碳之间吸附和共沉淀的结合机制,讨论了影响二者结合方式的因素;4)探讨铁循环与碳循环之间的密切生物地球化学联系在海洋碳封存中的作用。综合梳理了沉积物中“生锈的碳汇”(rusty sink)的研究进展,对当前应对碳中和-全球气候变化具有重要意义。     

南日群岛东部海域岩芯沉积物有机碳含量和δ13CTOC值的变化特征及古气候环境意义

2008年在南日群岛东部海域用钻机采集长度为1 004 cm的岩芯样品,测试沉积物中总有机碳（TOC）含量、稳定碳同位素比值（δ13CTOC）、碳氮比值（C/N）、碳酸盐含量以及14C数据,分析其垂直剖面上的变化特征,阐明其沉积环境和古气候的指示意义.沉积物TOC含量变化范围为0.44%～0.74%,垂直剖面上总体显示出末次冰期和全新世中期TOC含量较高,全新世早期相对稳定,而全新世中后期TOC波动范围明显增大.C/N值在5.3～14.9之间变化,平均值为8.1;δ13CTOC值范围为-23.07‰～-21.04‰,表明沉积物中的有机质以海洋自生为主,同时混有部分陆源有机质.碳酸盐含量在3.3%～10.9%之间.TOC含量、C/N比值、δ13CTOC值在岩芯垂直剖面上具有很好的相关性.14C测年数据以及各要素测值在垂直剖面上的变化特征表明：自11 250 aBP以来该海域附近古气候有可能经历了以下4个演化阶段：①11 500～9 000 aBP期间气候寒冷、海平面下降,采样点可能为浅水区或潮间带;②9 000～8 000 aBP期间为升温期,气候由寒冷转向温暖;③8 000～4 300 aBP期间,为相对稳定的暖湿期,在后期气候出现小幅的波动;④4 300 aBP至今,气候进入明显的周期性波动期,暖湿和干冷气候多次交替变化;4 300～3 000 aBP期间为相对寒冷的时期;3 000～1 800 aBP期间为较稳定温暖期,1 800～1 000 aBP期间气温快速降低,标志着研究区进入一个新的寒冷阶段,但是自1 000 aBP以来,气候又再次出现转暖的趋势.     

TOC-IRMS联用在线高温氧化测定溶解有机碳稳定同位素组成的方法研究

本研究利用总有机碳分析仪联用稳定同位素质谱仪(TOC-IRMS)技术,探讨了高温氧化法测试水体中溶解有机碳(Dissolved Organic Carbon, DOC)含量及稳定碳同位素组成。根据溶解有机碳的组成特征,从氧化难易程度、分子结构等方面选取5种可溶于水的化合物：咖啡因、葡萄糖、邻苯二甲酸、乙酸钾和腐殖酸钠,配置成DOC溶液。通过改变溶液碳含量、氧化温度、通氧量大小,载气流速等参数,研究不同实验条件对DOC碳转化率及δ¹³C值的影响。TOC-IRMS在氧化温度850℃,通氧时长20 s(流速10 cm³/min),载气流速80 cm³/min的条件下,测得5种化合物不同浓度DOC溶液的平均碳转化率为95.69%～103.57%;δ¹³C值与标定参考值基本一致,差值范围为-0.82‰～0.55‰。在上述实验条件下,测得不同类型水样的DOC含量相对标准偏差小于3.7%,δ¹³C值的标准偏差小于0.2‰,结果表明TOC-IRMS联用在线高温氧化法测定不同类型水样的DOC含量...     

预处理方法对海洋微藻Isochrysis zhanjiangenisis脂肪酸组成及稳定碳同位素的影响

This study aims to quantify the effects of different pretreatment methods on the stable carbon isotope values of fatty acids in marine microalgae(Isochrysis zhanjiangenisis).To identify the effects of sample preparation on theδ~(13)C value and the fatty acid composition,we examined eight types of pretreatment methods including:(a) drying the sample followed by direct methyl esterification using HCl-CH_3OH;(b) drying the sample followed by direct methyl esterification using H_2SO_4-CH_3OH;(c) drying the sample by ultrasonic extraction and methylesterification using HCl-CH_3OH;(d) drying the sample by ultrasonic extraction and methyl-esterification using H_2SO_4-CH_3OH;(e) fresh sample followed by direct methyl-esterification using HCl-CH_3OH;(f) fresh sample followed by direct methyl-esterification using H_2SO_4-CH_3OH;(g) fresh sample with ultrasonic extraction followed by methyl-esterification using HCl-CH_3OH,and(h) fresh sample with ultrasonic extraction followed by methylesterification using H_2SO_4-CH_3 OH.The results show that the δ~(13)C values from Groups a–e,g and h fluctuated within 0.3‰,and the δ~(13)C values of Group f were approximately 0.7‰ lower than the other seven groups.Therefore,the different sample pretreatment methods used towards the extraction of fatty acids from marine microalgae may result in different results regarding the stable carbon isotope ratios,and if necessary a correction should be applied.     

Forms and functions of inorganic carbon in the Jiaozhou Bay sediments

Inorganic carbon forms and their influencing factors, mutual transformation and contribution to carbon cycling in the Jiaozhou Bay sediments were discussed. The results show that inorganic carbon in sediments could be divided into five forms:NaCl form, NH₃·H₂O form, NaOH form, NH₂OH·HCl form and HCl form. Thereinto, NH₂OH·HCl form and HCl form account for more than 70% of total inorganic carbon. There was close relationship among every form of inorganic carbon and their correlativity was clearly different with different sedimentary environment except the similar strong positive correlation among NH₂OH·HCl form, HCl form and total inorganic carbon in all regions of the Jiaozhou Bay. All forms of inorganic carbon were influenced by organic carbon, pH, Eh, Es, nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments, but their influence had different characteristics in different regions. Every form of inorganic carbon transformed into each other continuously during early diagenesis of sediments and the common phenomenon was that NaCl form, NH₃·H₂O form, NaOH form and NH₂OH·HCl form might transform into steady HCl form. NaCl form, NH₃·H₂O form, NaOH form and NH₂OH·HCl form could participate in carbon recycle and they are potential carbon source; HCl form may be buried for a long time in sediments, and it may be one of the final resting places of atmospheric CO₂. Inorganic carbon which entered into sediments was about 4.98×10¹⁰ g in the Jiaozhou Bay every year, in which about 1.47×10¹⁰ g of inorganic carbon might be buried for a long time and about 3.51×10¹⁰ g of inorganic carbon might return into seawater and take part in carbon recycling.     

南沙渚碧礁生态系营养关系的稳定碳同位素研究

利用稳定碳同位素分析技术研究了南沙渚碧礁生态系食物网主要生物类群之间的营养关系。结果表明，生物的稳定碳同位素组成与其营养来源有密切关系。浮游植物的δ^13C为-18.3‰，与其所处海域的环境条件一致，浮游动物的δ^13C值变化较大，范围为-20.4‰～-10.9‰,表明可能存在浮游植物和碎屑两种营养来源。珊瑚和砗磲的碳同位素组成（-17‰～-15‰）与浮游动物相差较大，暗示共生虫黄藻可能在这些珊瑚的营养来源中起重要作用。底栖海参（-9.6‰)和蜘蛛螺（-12.5‰)的碳同位不比组成与它们沉积物食性的营养特征吻合。鱼类的δ^13C值变化范围较大（-17.7‰～-10.9‰），未表现出随营养级升高而增大的趋势，说明影响鱼类碳同位素组成的因素比较复杂。     

Iron and inorganic carbon in Liaodong Gulf sediments of Bohai Sea in China

1Introduction Ithasbeenapprovedthatoceanisthenetsink foratmosphericcarbondioxide(Sabineetal.,2000;Milleretal.,2002;Takahashietal.,2002;DeGrandpreetal.,2002;Song,2004).Thereare twoprincipalwaysinwhichcarbonisdrawndown fromthesurfaceocean:thereductionofinor…     

A comparison of lignin and stable carbon isotope compositions in quaternary marine sediments

Organic matter in four Quaternary sediment cores from the Gulf of Mexico and one core from the Washington State coast have been analyzed for lignin and stable carbon isotope compositions. Holocene sequences of all five cores contain organic matter with high relative abundances of ¹³C ($\text{δ}{}^{13}\text{C = ?19.0 to ?22.5\% versus PDB}$) and low lignin concentrations, both of which are consistent with a marine origin. Distinctly lower ¹³C concentrations ($\text{δ}{}^{13}\text{C = ?24.0 to ?25.5\%}$) occur in underlying glacial-age sequences from four of the five cores, including the core from the Washington coast where such trends are previously unreported. Although the carbon isotopic compositions of these Pleistocene sediments are typical of predominantly land-derived organic matter, they contain only about 5% of the lignin found in modern sediments of similar $\text{δ}{}^{13}\text{C}$ from adjacent continental shelves. The lignin-poor organic matter in the glacial-age deposits appears to be either marine-derived or terrigenous material that likely was depleted in vascular plant debris at the time of deposition.     

The long-term effects of crude oil on microbial processes in subarctic marine sediments

Subarctic marine sediments were exposed to fresh and ‘weathered’ crude oil from Cook Inlet, Alaska. The crude oil was thoroughly mixed with the sediment at various concentrations and some of the oil-sediment mixtures were placed on top of unamended sediments. Both sediments with added oil and those overlain by oiled sediments were investigated. These sediments were placed either in trays or aquaria. The trays were incubated in situ near the site from which the sediments were originally collected. The aquaria were maintained at simulated in situ conditions by maintaining a continuous flow of fresh seawater through them. The sediments were exposed to crude oil for periods up to 1.5 years. Sediments exposed to 50‰ fresh crude oil showed significant decreases in nitrogen fixation and denitrification rates and redox potentials. Also observed were increases in CO₂ production rates and methane concentrations. These same changes were observed in sediments exposed to 1‰. When ‘weathered’ crude oil was added to the sediments, the same changes were observed except there was no reduction in nitrogen fixation activity. In most cases, the observed effects were less marked when the sediments were amended with ‘weathered’ crude oil than with the same concentration of fresh crude oil. Untreated sediments that were overlain with treated sediments showed the same changes as those sediments that were thoroughly mixed with crude oil. The presence of fresh crude oil at 50‰ essentially eliminated burrowing activity of the benthic infauna. Under these conditions, there was an accumulation of detritus particles on the oiled sediments that was not present in the untreated controls.