Retrieval of Atmospheric Horizontal Visibility by Statistical Regression from NOAA/AVHRR Satellite Data

Based on the atmospheric horizontal visibility data from forty-seven observational stations along the eastern coast of China near the Taiwan Strait and simultaneous NOAA/AVHRR multichannel satellite data during January 2001 to December 2002, the spectral characters associated with visibility were investigated. Successful retrieval of visibility from multichannel NOAA/AVHRR data was performed using the principal component regression （PCR） method. A sample of retrieved visibility distribution was discussed with a sea fog process. The correlation coefficient between the observed and retrieved visibility was about 0.82, which is far higher than the 99.9% confidence level by statistical test. The rate of successful retrieval is 94.98% of the 458 cases during 2001 2002. The error distribution showed that high visibilities were usually under-estimated and low visibilities were over-estimated and the relative error between the observed and retrieved visibilities was about 21.4%.     

Development and potential of space-borne doppler wind lidar

1　Introduction　Globalwindprofiledataprovidepartofthemostimportantparametersinatmosphericdynamics ,involv ingtheglobalatmosphericcyclingofenergy ,transportofwater ,aerosols ,andotherairborneelements .Un derstandingofwindisalsoimportantinoceanicre search .Thatiswhygreatattentionhasbeenpaidtothewinddetection .　Asaprovedfeasiblewinddetectionmethod ,windlidarhasbeendevelopedforabout 30 years .Windve locitycanberetrievedfromtheDopplerfrequencyshiftinthesignalbackscatteredbytheatmosphericelements…     

Field detection of chlorophyll-a concentration in the sea surface layer by an airborne oceanographic lidar

An airborne oceanographic lidar, with a frequency-tripled Q-switched Nd： YAG laser of 355 nm, has been designed to measure chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） concentration in the sea surface layer by the Ocean Remote Sensing Institute, OUC. The field experiment was carried out in the bay which is located south of the Liaodong Peninsula on the 10th of September 2005. After the flight, the raw data were processed and analyzed by the fluorescence-to-Raman ratio method with seawater attenuation coefficients calculated from signal profiles. The results of Chl-a concentration sea water were also compared with those of Chl-a concentration by measurements by lidar are shown. The measurements in clear a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS）.     

Field experiments of multi-channel oceanographic fluorescence lidar for oil spill and chlorophyll-a detection

A Multi-channel Oceanographic Fluorescence Lidar (MOFL), with a UV excitation at 355 nm and multiple receiving channels at typical wavelengths of fluorescence from oil spills and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), has been developed using the Laser-induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique. The sketch of the MOFL system equipped with a compact multi-channel photomultiplier tube (MPMT) is introduced in the paper. The methods of differentiating the oil fluorescence from the background water fluorescence and evaluating the Chl-a concentration are described. Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the field performance of the system, i.e., an experiment in coastal areas for oil pollution detection and an experiment over the Yellow Sea for Chl-a monitoring. In the coastal experiment, several oil samples and other fluorescence substances were used to analyze the fluorescence spectral characteristics for oil identification, and to estimate the thickness of oil films at the water surface. The experiment shows that both the spectral shape of fluorescence induced from surface water and the intensity ratio of two channels (I ₄₉₅/I ₄₀₅) are essential to determine oil-spill occurrence. In the airborne experiment, MOFL was applied to measure relative Chl-a concentrations in the upper layer of the ocean. A comparison of relative Chl-a concentration measurements by MOFL and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) indicates that the two datasets are in good agreement. The results show that the MOFL system is capable of monitoring oil spills and Chl-a in the upper layer of ocean water.     

An analysis and modeling study of a sea fog event over the Yellow and Bohai Seas

In this study, a sea fog event which occurred on 27 March 2005 over the Yellow and Bohai Seas was investigated observationally and numerically. Almost all available observational data were used, including satellite imagery of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-9, three data sets from station observations at Dandong, Dalian and Qingdao, objectively reanalyzed data of final run analysis (FNL) issued by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) results. Synoptic conditions and fog characteristics were analyzed. The fog formed when warm,moist air was advected northwards over the cool water of the Yellow and Bohai Seas, and dissipated when a cold front brought northerly winds and cool, dry air. In order to better understand the fog formation mechanism, a high-resolution RAMS modeling with a 6km×6km grid, initialized and validated by FNL data, was designed. A 48h modeling that started from 12 UTC 26 March 2005reproduced the main characteristics of this sea fog event. The simulated lower visibility area agreed reasonably well with the sea fog region identified from the satellite imagery. Advection cooling effect seemed to play a significant role in the fog formation.     

重力仪与地震计记录的地震波信号频谱特征比较——以芦山7.0地震为例

以芦山MS7.0地震的地震波记录为例,比较分析我国12个地震台的同址gPhone重力仪与CTS-1地震计记录的地震波信号的频谱特征。观测结果表明,震中距大于2 000 km时,两种仪器记录的P波波形基本一致,只在幅度上稍有区别。P波的频谱分析结果表明,震中距较小时gPhone重力仪会遗失一些高频信号,震中距大于2 000 km时,两种仪器记录的P波优势频带均为0~0.3 Hz。     

分量应变和体应变可靠性检验及特殊事件影响对比分析

对泰安台不同类型钻孔应变仪的产出资料进行研究,分析分量应变仪的自检可靠性及其与体应变资料的相关性,以及在抽水干扰情况下的相关性。RZB-3仪两组互相正交的分量应变之和S1+S3、S2+S4的自检相关性达到0.999 9,其与体应变的相关性达到0.998以上。但在抽水干扰情况下,S1+S3、S2+S4自检相关性及与体应变的相关性均较差。     

Simulating dry deposition fluxes of PM10 and particulate inorganic nitrogen over the eastern China seas during a severe Asian dust event using WRF-Chem model

A WRF-Chem model including a comprehensive gas-phase nitrogen chemistry module was used to simulate a severe dust event appearing in the eastern China on 19-25 March, 2002. The modeling result well reproduced PM10 concentrations in various distances from the dust sources and the transport pathway of the dust strom. The results showed that both the concentrations and the dry deposition fluxes of PM10 increased over the China seas during the dust event following the passage of a cold front system. The maximum fluxes of PM10 in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during the dust event were 5.5 and 8.4 times of those before the event, respectively. However, the temporal variations of the dry deposition fluxes of particulate inorganic nitrogen differed over the Yellow Sea from those over the East China Sea. Nitrate and ammonium in the whole northern China rapidly decreased because of the intrusion of dust-loaded air on 19 March. The dust plume arrived in the Yellow Sea on 20 March, decreasing the particulate inorganic nitrogen in mass concentration accordingly. The minimum dry deposition fluxes of nitrate and ammonium in the Yellow Sea were about 3/5 and 1/6 of those before the dust arrival, respectively. In contrast, when the dust plume crossed over the Yangtze Delta area, it became abundant in nitrate and ammonium and increased the concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate inorganic nitrogen over the East China Sea, where the maximum dry deposition fluxes of nitrate and ammonium increased approximately by 4.1 and 2.6 times of those prior to the dust arrival.     

Impacts of wave and current on drag coefficient and wind stress over the tropical and northern Pacific

By taking into consideration the effects of ocean surface wave-induced Stokes drift velocity U,w and current velocityU,c on the drag coefficient,the spatial distributions of drag coefficient and wind stress in 2004 are computed over the tropical andnorthern Pacific using an empirical drag coefficient parameterization formula based on wave steepness and wind speed.The globalocean current field is generated from the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and the wave data are generated from Wave-watch Ⅲ (WW3).The spatial variability of the drag coefficient and wind stress is analyzed.Preliminary results indicate that theocean surface Stokes drift velocity and current velocity exert an important influence on the wind stress.The results also show thatconsideration of the effects of the ocean surface Stokes drift velocity and current velocity on the wind stress can significantly im-prove the modeling of ocean circulation and air-sea interaction processes.     

Review on retrieval of lunar regolith thickness by active and passive microwave measurements

It is one of the imPortant methods to retrieve lunar regolith thickness using active and passive microwave techniques. The retrieval of lunar regolith thickness is based on microwave radiation transfer process simulation in the regolith media. The lunar regolith model is first introduced, and the features of the involved physical parameters are indicated thereafter, such as dielectric constants, surface roughness, particle size and thermal grads of the lunar regolith. The time delay and the migration of the radar echoes from the different interfaces is the key problem for active microwave measurement. And the simulation of the microwave radiative transfer in the regolith media is the important technique for the passive microwave measurement. The important parameters and the physical mechanism for the two measurements are also presented.     

重庆地面气温年极大值渐近分布的拟合试验

利用重庆1951—1996年间地面气温年极大值的记录，分别用韦伯分布、耿贝尔分布、皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布和对数正态分布进行拟合试验，通过统计推断比较，得出重庆地面气温年极大值遵循的渐进分布为韦伯分布和耿贝尔分布。     

典型山区SRTM3与ASTER GDEM数据精度对比分析——以青藏高原东麓深切河谷区为例

目前广泛应用的数字高程模型(DEM)包括SRTM和ASTER GDEM,但在地形影响下,两类数据的误差分布并不均匀。本文选用1:5万地形图DEM及河流要素作为参照,在青藏高原东麓山区开展实验,分别采用"河流-河谷"位置偏移量与高程中误差来评价两类数据的平面精度与垂直精度,结果表明:(1)实验区内SRTM3存在向西南方向的水平位置偏移,平均偏移量为127.8 m,ASTER GDEM则以正西方向偏移为主,平均偏移量为104.1 m,该区域ASTER GDEM的总体平面精度较好;(2)SRTM3数据样本的绝对误差分布相对集中,高程中误差为35.3 m,小于ASTER GDEM样本的高程中误差50.2 m,总体垂直精度优于ASTER GDEM;(3)在平均高程大于4500 m的高海拔区域,两类数据的中误差与高程值正相关,SRTM3中误差随高程增速较慢,垂直精度较ASTER GDEM高;(4)两组数据垂直精度对坡度有较大依赖性,中误差随坡度近似指数曲线增长,在平缓区域SRTM3中误差小于ASTER GDEM。本研究为该类数据在山区的选用及误差修正提供依据。     

中国区域ERA5和MERRA-2再分析资料计算Tm的精度分析

以中国区域89个探空站2017年资料为参考值,对ERA5和MERRA-2再分析资料积分计算的Tm的精度进行评估,并分析2种资料计算的Tm的bias和RMSE的时空变化特性。结果表明：1）以探空站资料为参考值,ERA5和MERRA-2再分析资料计算的Tm的年均bias分别为0.41 K和0.10 K,年均RMSE分别为1.26 K和1.34 K。2）2种资料计算的Tm的bias和RMSE具有相似的时空变化特性,时间上总体表现为夏季精度高、冬季精度稍低,但ERA5再分析资料计算的Tm的bias在全年均表现为正值,而MERRA-2再分析资料计算的Tm的bias在夏季表现为负值,其余时间表现为正值;在空间上,2种资料计算的Tm的bias和RMSE在高程上无明显变化特性,但在纬度上RMSE均表现出随纬度增加而逐渐变大的趋势,总体保持在2.5 K以内。     

高精度DEM数据支持下的田坎系数测算方法研究与典型应用

本文基于山东省基础测绘最新的高精度DEM、坡度图、第三次国土调查0.5m数字正射影像及第二次土地调查田坎系数测算资料,重新选取样方测算了山东省的田坎系数。结果表明：耕地田坎系数与耕地类型、地貌类型之间存在一定规律性,鲁东丘陵区和鲁中南山区同坡度级坡地田坎系数均高于梯田田坎系数,鲁东丘陵区梯田和坡地的田坎系数均高于鲁中南山区的田坎系数。较第二次土地调查田坎系数、第三次国土调查田坎系数总体呈下降的趋势。根据第三次国土调查数据统计,山东省田坎面积约占耕地总面积的3.5%,依然有较大的挖潜潜力。研究结果可为国土调查、耕地保护、粮食面积估算等工作提供重要参考。     

Comparison and error analysis of remotely measured waveheight by high frequency ground wave radar

High frequency ground wave radar (HFGWR) has unique advantage in the survey of dynamical factors, such as sea surface current, sea wave, and sea surface wind in marine conditions in coastal sea area. Compared to marine satellite remote sensing, it involves lower cost, has higher measuring accuracy and spatial resolution and sampling frequency. High frequency ground wave radar is a new land based remote sensing instrument with superior vision and greater application potentials. This paper reviews the development history and application status of high frequency wave radar, introduces its remote-sensing principle and method to inverse offshore fluid, and wave and wind field. Based on the author's "863 Project", this paper recounts comparison and verification of radar remote-sensing value, the physical calibration of radar-measured data and methods to control the quality of radar-sensing data. The authors discuss the precision of radar-sensing data's inversing on offshore fluid field and application of the assimilated data on assimilation.     

纳米SiO2改性甲基三乙氧基有机硅树脂与FEVE氟碳树脂保护性能对比

随着供给侧改革的不断深入,创新驱动和新旧动能转换对新材料研制的需要越来越迫切。古生物化石保护意义重大。根据化石保护的特殊性,笔者所在团队通过大量的试验,研究出了一种新型防护材料——纳米SiO_2改性甲基三乙氧基有机硅树脂。该文从化石保护效果、透气性、防紫外线、抗老化等方面,将纳米SiO_2改性甲基三乙氧基有机硅树脂与FEVE氟碳树脂(氟烯烃-乙烯基醚共聚物)进行了对比,认为纳米SiO_2改性甲基三乙氧基有机硅树脂具有渗透性强,透气性好等特征,FEVE氟碳树脂的耐候性和抗腐蚀性比纳米SiO_2改性甲基三乙氧基有机硅树脂略好。因此,以纳米SiO_2改性甲基三乙氧基有机硅树脂为化石的底层防护材料,FEVE氟碳树脂为化石的表层防护材料,能对恐龙化石起到良好的保护效果。     

����BDS��GPS���ܵ��㶨λ���춥�������ӳٹ��ƱȽ�

??BDS??GPS?????????????￡????????IGS??MGEX???????????????????CODE?o?GPS?????WHIGG?????BDS?????????????GPS??????BDS??????????????????о??????λ??PPP??????????????????????????????????????з?????????????????IGS???????????????????GPS???????????????????????????????????侫???mm????BDS?????????GPS????????侫??????2??cm??GPS??BDS???????????GPS????????????     

CE-318太阳光度计及探空数据反演水汽含量与MODIS近红外水汽产品对比

大气水汽含量是遥感定量反演的重要参数。本文利用CE-318太阳光度计,反演了2014年6月至2016年5月南宁市的大气水汽含量,分析其季节变化特征,并将其与探空数据、MODIS近红外水汽产品数据进行相关性分析。结果表明：（1）南宁市大气水汽含量季节变化特征明显：夏季高达4~6 g/cm²,而冬季则只有2 g/cm²,与南宁地处亚热带地区有关。夏季该地区季风气候盛行,大气水汽含量高,冬季季风气候减弱,大气相对干燥。（2）CE-318太阳光度计反演的大气水汽含量（PW）与探空数据获取的水汽含量之间存在良好的线性相关,相关系数为0.877,平均绝对误差为0.42 g/cm²,平均相对误差为10.96%;而MODIS近红外波段反演的水汽精度较低,平均绝对误差为0.74 g/cm²,平均相对误差为18.74%。     

夜间灯光数据表征的区域经济发展水平对老年人高血压与Ⅱ型糖尿病患病率分布的影响

区域社会经济发展程度与老年慢性病患病率有着极强的正相关关系,而夜间灯光强度是区域经济发展程度的直接反征;因此,使用夜间灯光数据进行老年慢性病研究具有重要的现实意义。本文以湖南省常宁市为研究对象,结合珞珈一号夜间灯光数据和研究区各乡镇老年高血压及Ⅱ型糖尿病患病率统计数据,对常宁市26个乡镇单位老年高血压和Ⅱ型糖尿病患病率的分布特征差异进行了分析,进而通过建立模型模拟了研究区2种老年慢性病患病率的空间分布。研究结果表明:① 研究区夜间灯光均值与老年高血压及Ⅱ型糖尿病患病率的相关性都强于夜间灯光总量,且老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患病率与夜间灯光强度之间的关系要强于老年高血压患病率;② 对于同种慢性病患病率的分布,夜间灯光均值的影响要大于夜间灯光总量,且夜间灯光总量和均值对糖尿病患病率分布的影响均大于老年高血压患病率;③ 居住在高夜间灯光均值地区的老年人患高血压的风险是低夜间灯光均值地区的6.493倍,患Ⅱ型糖尿病的风险为8.556倍;④研究区老年高血压及Ⅱ型糖尿病与夜间灯光均值的一元线性拟合模型精度较高,可以较为精确地在模拟研究区老年高血压和Ⅱ型糖尿病的患病率的空间分布。该研究成果可为夜间灯光数据在疾病研究中的应用和区域性老年人高血压及Ⅱ型糖尿病患病原因分析,及相似病种患病情况的调査和预测提供参考。