钢筋混凝土框架结构耗能分析

本文从能量的观点,利用CANNY程序对普通钢筋混凝土框架结构进行了分析.通过对3种不同框架结构在不同地震动(31条)输入下的能量反应分析,研究了滞回耗能及阻尼耗能与总输入能的关系.针对本文模型的计算结果,给出了滞回耗能与总输入能关系的表达式,并初步探讨了其影响系数.研究表明,滞回耗能及阻尼耗能与总输入能之间有良好的线性关系.     

公路简支梁桥的地震能量响应分析

利用有限元软件SAP2000建立了某公路简支梁桥的有限元模型,以7条典型强震记录为输入,研究了公路简支梁桥的地震能量响应及其分配规律。结果表明:①地基柔性效应对公路简支梁桥的地震能量响应及其分配规律的影响较小;②当场地土质变软时,地震总输入能、结构阻尼耗能和结构阻尼耗能比均呈递增趋势,而结构滞回耗能和结构滞回耗能比则不断减小,即地基土体作为桥梁动力系统的一部分,增大了系统阻尼,并分担了部分非弹性变形;③随着PGA增大,输入结构的地震能量也增加,导致塑性铰的非弹性变形增加,即结构滞回耗能和结构阻尼耗能增大。     

Stratum energy of coal-bed gas reservoir and their control on the coal-bed gas reservoir formation

Stratum energy of coal-bed gas reservoir, including coal-radix flexibility energy, groundwater flexibility energy and gas flexibility energy (hereinafter "three energy"), depends on the energy homeostasis system, the core process of which is the effective transfer of energy and the geological selective process. Combining with the mechanics experimentations of coal samples, different flexibility energy has been analyzed and researched quantificationally, and a profound discussion to their controls on the coal-bed gas reservoir formation has been made. It is shown that when gas reservoir is surrounded by edge water and bottom water, the deposited energy in the early phase of forming gas reservoir is mostly coal-radix and gas flexibility energy, but the effect of groundwater flexibility energy increases while water-body increases. The deposited energy in the middle and later phase of forming gas reser voir is mostly gas flexibility energy, which is greater than 80% of all deposited energy. In the whole process, larger groundwater body exerts greater influences on gas accumulation. The paper indicated that higher stratum energy is more propitious to forming coal-bed gas reservoir. And higher coal-radix flexibility energy and gas flexibility energy are more propitious to higher yield of gas reservoirs, while higher groundwater flexibility energy is more propitious to stable yield of gas reservoirs. Therefore, the key to evaluating the coal-bed gas reservoir formation is the stratum energy of coal-bed gas reservoir.     

Discussion on the energy partition of volcanic eruption

Energy of volcanic eruption is divided into various ways, such as lava flows, ash production, explosion, ground vibration, air waves and so on. In order to elucidate the cruptive mechanism, energy partition of volcanic eruption in unit time is considered to be a key to solve the problem. In this short paper, partition of eruption energy was calculated for typical three basaltic volcanoes. Ratio of tremor energy to thermal energy is almost the same for both Mihara and Nyragongo in spite of their different eruptive mechanism. Tremor energy was found to be small for Kilauea Volcano compared with the above two volcanoes. This was attributed to the different source mechanism of tremor. Partition of eruption energy was calculated for Also Volcano which showed phreatic explosion in 1958. Kinetic energy is almost ten times of thermal energy. Ratio of energy converted to elastic waves to thermal energy is found to be equivalent to the ratio of energy of elastic waves to the chemical energy in case of explosion of chemical explosives.     

基于结构能量分析的抗震设计新方法的研究

概要介绍了多自由度结构能量分析方法，根据单自由度体系得到的输入能量谱，研究分析了多自由度与单自由度输入能量和耗能的等效性问题，并对一座钢筋混凝土框架结构算例进行了能量计算，对计算结果进行了分析，为能量分析设计方法应用于结构抗震设计进行有益的探索。     

钢筋混凝土框架抗震结构地震能量分布及耗散研究

基于能量平衡原理,对多层钢筋混凝土框架结构的地震输入能量的分布及耗散规律进行了研究。选用8条天然地震波和2条人工波,运用Perform-3D软件,对多层钢筋混凝土框架结构模型在7度罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性能量进行数值仿真计算。计算了钢混框架结构在不同地震波下的地震总输入能量、滞回耗能、阻尼耗能以及滞回耗能占总耗能的比例时程,分析了地震能量在各分量中的分布及分配规律;分析了阻尼比和延性比对地震输入能量的影响,确定了滞回耗能随阻尼比和延性比的变化规律;研究了钢筋混凝土框架结构梁柱构造和竖向侧移刚度变化对地震输入能及其分量的影响,确定了多层钢筋混凝土框架结构滞回耗能沿竖向的分布规律及沿横向在框架构件中的分配,研究了框架结构存在薄弱层情况下的滞回耗能的分布规律。揭示了多自由度钢筋混凝土框架结构地震输入能量及其分布规律,可为基于能量平衡原理的抗震设计理论在工程实际中的运用提供有益的参考。     

Ⅶ度抗震设防下牧区居住建筑节能技术研究

对抗震设防下的牧区居民建筑进行节能设计,在提高能源利用率及降低能源消耗方面具有重要意义。传统的建筑节能技术主要通过降低建筑的热能消耗来提高能源利用,存在节能效果差且单一的问题。对此,在Ⅶ度抗震设防下,采用ANSYS软件,引入Block Lanczos法对牧区居住建筑结构的模态进行分析,计算出建筑地震作用,并通过分析牧区居住建筑围护结构及门窗材质来优化建筑节能技术。实验结果表明,在内蒙古牧区居住建筑采用改进提出的建筑节能技术,可有效降低能源消耗,从而能够有效利用能源,使其具有一定的优势。     

Characteristics of energy dissipation in hyperconcentrated flows

An equilibrium equation for the turbulence energy in of solid-liquid two-phase flow theory. The equation sediment-laden flows was derived on the basis was simplified for two-dimensional, uniform, steady and fully developed turbulent hyperconcentrated flows. An energy efficiency coefficient of suspended-load motion was obtained from the turbulence energy equation, which is defined as the ratio of the sediment suspension energy to the turbulence energy of the sediment-laden flows. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the characteristics of energy dissipation in hyperconcentrated flows. A total of 115 experimental runs were carried out, comprising 70 runs with natural sediments and 45 runs with cinder powder. Effects of sediment concentration on sediment suspension energy and flow resistance were analyzed and the relation between the energy efficiency coefficient of suspended-load motion and sediment concentration was established on the basis of experimental data. Furthermore, the characteristics of energy dissipation in hyperconcentrated flows were identified and described. It was found that the high sediment concentration does not increase the energy dissipation; on the contrary, it decreases flow resistance.     

风垂直切变对大气静力适应过程的影响——第三部分:能量转换

基于前两部分的研究,第三部分从能量转换的角度揭示了风垂直切变对大气静力适应过程的影响.研究显示,对非静态等温大气,初始时刻加以有效势能和有效弹性势能的强迫后,风垂直切变改变了适应过程中扰动能量在各能量形式中的分配比例,这种作用随扰动尺度和时间的变化有显著差异,系统尺度越小影响越显著.比较东风急流模型和西风急流模型显示,负的风切变应力使得四类扰动能量谱随系统尺度的变化趋于平缓,使得微尺度和小尺度(中尺度)系统中扰动垂直动能(扰动水平动能)的比例随时间减小,正的风切变使得扰动能量谱随系统尺度的变化显现跳跃的特征,使得中尺度(微尺度和小尺度)系统中扰动垂直动能(扰动水平动能)的比例随时间减小.风垂直切变引起的动量通量输送是扰动能量与基本气流能量之间交换的通道,当风切变应力和动量输送方向相同时,风垂直切变使得能量向基本态转移,维持基本气流,削弱扰动能量,缩短静力适应过程的周期;当风切变应力和动量输送方向相反时,风垂直切变作用相反;此作用随着扰动尺度的变化差异明显.     

论不同模式大气中的静力适应过程

为了研究大气静力平衡适应过程的本质,利用波动理论和能量转换角度,分别对完全可压缩的等温大气模型、滞弹近似下的等温大气模型和层结中性大气模型进行研究比较.结果表明：大气静力平衡适应过程的本质是声波和混合声重力波对扰动能量的频散过程,滞弹近似模型和层结中性模型均不能完全描述此适应过程;在波动假设下,此三类大气模型中扰动物理量之间的偏振关系同波动的性质有关,气团的运动方程均为椭圆方程,声波和混合声重力波对气团运动的作用差异较显著.
大气静力平衡适应过程中扰动能量以有效势能、有效弹性势能、动能或波动能量的形式存在并相互转换;扰动有效势能与其他形式能量之间的转换与混合声重力波或者重力内波有关,扰动有效弹性势能与其他形式能量之间的转换与声波有关.在完全可压缩的等温大气模型中,扰动有效势能增加1个单位,其中69.9%来自扰动垂直动能,其余30.1%来自扰动有效弹性势能.     

小波尺度域含气储层地震波衰减特征

黏弹性衰减因子Q的可靠估计可通过Q反褶积来提高地震资料的分辨率并有助于振幅分析. 本文从小波理论出发,结合地震波在黏弹性介质中的传播方程,推导出小波尺度域地震波能量衰减公式. 能量衰减公式具有下列性质：（1）Q值越大,能量衰减得越慢;Q值越小,能量衰减越严重;（2）尺度越小,信号中保留的能量越少;（3）对于脉冲源来说在理想的无衰减介质(即Q趋近于∞)中传播时,信号在不同尺度内的能量相同. 利用尺度能量公式,可从反射地震资料中直接估计品质因子Q（即衰减因子）,也可以提取不同尺度的能量衰减剖面作为储层描述的属性参数,用来进行岩性识别和指示气藏,与经典的谱比法相比,避免了谱比法所面临的双时窗问题以及进行谱估计的窗选择问题. 理论模型试验表明了本文方法的正确性和有效性.     

地震动输入能量衰减规律的研究

对所收集到的266条强震记录，将其按场地条件分类，计算了不同场地条件、不同延性系数下的“绝对”和“相对”输入能量反应谱，然后利用两步回归法，得出了不同场地条件下地震动“绝对”和“相对”两种输入能量的衰减规律，分析了场地条件、延性系数、震级及距离等参数对地震动能量谱的影响，并对两种输入能量衰减规律进行了比较。     

Energy balance of simple elastodynamic sources

Complete relations are derived for energy and energy flux of elastic waves generated by an isotropic and double-couple source in a perfectly elastic, homogeneous, isotropic, and unbounded medium. In the energy balance of elastodynamic sources near-field waves play an essential role, transforming static energy into wave energy, andvice versa. For explosive and dislocation sources, the sources surface radiates a positive wave energy that is partially distributed to the medium transforming into static energy. For implosive and antidislocation sources, the source surface generates elastic waves, but it does not necessarily imply that it also radiates a positive wave energy. The energy transported by waves can originate in gradual transformation of the static-to-wave energy during propagation of waves through a stressed medium.On leave from Geophysical Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Boní II/1401, 41 31, Praha 4 Czech Republic     

Characterization of seismic hazard and structural response by energy flux

Seismic safety of structures depends on the structure's ability to absorb the seismic energy that is transmitted from ground to structure. One parameter that can be used to characterize seismic energy is the energy flux. Energy flux is defined as the amount of energy transmitted per unit time through a cross-section of a medium, and is equal to kinetic energy multiplied by the propagation velocity of seismic waves. The peak or the integral of energy flux can be used to characterize ground motions. By definition, energy flux automatically accounts for site amplification. Energy flux in a structure can be studied by formulating the problem as a wave propagation problem. For buildings founded on layered soil media and subjected to vertically incident plane shear waves, energy flux equations are derived by modeling the building as an extension of the layered soil medium, and considering each story as another layer. The propagation of energy flux in the layers is described in terms of the upgoing and downgoing energy flux in each layer, and the energy reflection and transmission coefficients at each interface. The formulation results in a pair of simple finite-difference equations for each layer, which can be solved recursively starting from the bedrock. The upgoing and downgoing energy flux in the layers allows calculation of the energy demand and energy dissipation in each layer. The methodology is applicable to linear, as well as nonlinear structures.     

抗震与减震结构的能量分析方法研究与应用

本文总结了抗震,减震结构能量分析方法的研究及其在设计中的应用情况,包括能量垢要领和原理,结构能量反应方程的建立、地震动总输入能量及结构各部分能量的分析,计算方法及其影响因素,并对能量分析方法与设计方法在抗震,隔震及耗能减震结构体系中的应用做了介绍,提出了该方法在今后研究与应用中应注意的若干问题。     

配置自复位耗能跨低多层钢框架体系的能量系数

利用超弹性SMA螺栓梁柱节点的耗能能力和自复位特性,将其引入到耗能跨而构建"自复位耗能跨",基于既有的节点试验研究结果对结构体系的滞回性能进行了探讨。在此基础上,以具有旗形滞回特征的单自由度体系为工具,对配置自复位耗能跨低多层钢框架体系的能量系数进行推导。能量系数可以合理量化具有旗形滞回规则结构的峰值响应需求,能量系数越低,表明地震动下结构的峰值响应越低。为了阐明滞回参数对能量系数的影响,对具有不同滞回参数组合可代表低多层结构的等效SDOF体系进行了非线性动力分析,参数组合包括周期、屈服后刚度比、延性系数及能量比。同时对能量系数的离散性也进行了分析。结果表明:能量系数及能量系数的离散性受结构周期、屈服后刚度比及延性系数影响较大,受能量比的影响较小。     

基础隔震结构的减震耗能特性分析

根据基础隔震理论,在钢筋沥青隔震礅的基础上,提出一种新型钢结构隔震礅,设计和制作了缩尺房屋模型,并对其进行振动台试验。通过对隔震结构模型的动力特性、地震响应及能量平衡分析,绘制试验过程中的加速度及能量时程曲线,研究钢隔震礅应用于低层框架结构的减震耗能能力。大量工程实例可以看出该隔震礅隔震效果显著,制作简单、价格低廉、耐久性好,适于在广大村镇地区低层框架结构中推广使用。试验表明:隔震结构模型在不同的地震作用下,加速度折减系数处在0.24~0.51之间,且结构的阻尼耗能在振动台试验中占总输入能量的60%~70%,对结构耗能起主导作用,说明该基础隔震装置不仅具有较好的减震耗能特性能,对于控制隔震层的位移也有好的效果。     

变分法在结构抗震验算中的应用

本文介绍了利用变分原理推导的拟势能原理和拟余能原理，把拟势能原理和拟余能原理应用到结构抗震分析中，从而对结构受地震惯性力大小的范围问题进行研究，可以看出拟势能原理和拟余能原理可分别求解结构竖向地震压力的近似上、下限值。     

结构地震临界荷载的上、下限问题研究

本文介绍了利用变分原理推导的拟势能原理和拟余能原理，把拟势能原理和拟余能原理应用到结构地震临界荷载分析中，从而提出了一种计算结构地震临界荷载的新方法，同时从理论上论述了为什么利用拟势能原理和拟余能原理可以分析结构地震临界荷载的上、下限问题．     

Modeling of energy dissipation in structural devices and foundation soil during seismic loading

Though rocking shallow foundations could be designed to possess many desirable characteristics such as energy dissipation, isolation, and self-centering, current seismic design codes often avoid nonlinear behavior of soil and energy dissipation beneath foundations. This paper compares the effectiveness of energy dissipation in foundation soil (during rocking) with the effectiveness of structural energy dissipation devices during seismic loading. Numerical simulations were carried out to systematically study the seismic energy dissipation in structural elements and passive controlled energy dissipation devices inserted into the structure. The numerical model was validated using shaking table experimental results on model frame structures with and without energy dissipation devices. The energy dissipation in the structure, drift ratio, and the force and displacement demands on the structure are compared with energy dissipation characteristics of rocking shallow foundations as observed in centrifuge experiments, where shallow foundations were allowed to rock on dry sandy soil stratum during dynamic loading. For the structures with energy dissipating devices, about 70–90% of the seismic input energy is dissipated by energy dissipating devices, while foundation rocking dissipates about 30–90% of the total seismic input energy in foundation soil (depending on the static factor of safety). Results indicate that, if properly designed (with reliable capacity and tolerable settlements), adverse effects of foundation rocking can be minimized, while taking advantage of the favorable features of foundation rocking and hence they can be used as efficient and economical seismic energy dissipation mechanisms in buildings and bridges.